ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K

MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION
TO BOTANY

BOTANY
 It is the scientific study of plants. This definition
FIGURE 1-3 Ferns have FIGURE 1-4 Of all
requires an understanding of the concepts “plants” several features in common terrestrial plants, mosses
and “scientific study.” with flowering plants; they have the least in common
 have leaves, stems, and with flowering plants. They
SCIENTIFIC STUDY roots; however, they never have structures called
produce seeds, and they have “leaves” and “stems,” but
PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD neither flowers nor wood. these are not the same as
 Source of information. All accepted information in flowering plants. They
can be derived only from carefully documented have no roots at all.
and controlled observations or experiments.
 Phenomena that can be studied. Only tangible
phenomena and objects are studied, such as heat,
plants, minerals, and weather.
 Constancy and universality. Physical forces that
control the world are constant through time and
are the same everywhere.
 Basis. The fundamental basis of the scientific FIGURE 1-5 Fungi such as (A) mushrooms and (B)
method is skepticism, the principle of never being brackets are not considered to be plants. They are never
certain of a conclusion, of always being willing to green and cannot obtain their energy from sunlight. Also,
 consider new evidence. their tissues and physiology are quite different from those
of plants. Fungi are important to plants, however, because
STEPS IN CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENT
many fungi break down dead material in the soil such as
fallen leaves and rotting tree trunks; as the fungi cause
PLANTS these materials to rot, they release minerals and enrich the
 Plants have so many types and variations that a soil.
simple definition has many exceptions, and a  Biologists no longer consider fungi to be plants
definition that includes all plants and excludes all because recent observations show that fungi
nonplants may be too complicated to be useful. differ from plants in many basic biochemical
 Biologists do not agree about whether certain and genetic respects.
organisms—particularly algae—are indeed plants.
 Memorizing a terse definition, more is gained by
understanding what plants are, what the
exceptional or exotic cases are, and why botanists
disagree about certain organisms.

FIGURE 1-6 These green FIGURE 1-7 These brown

FIGURE 1-1 This evening
primrose (Oenothera) is
obviously a flowering plant. It
has a short stem and
numerous simple leaves; its
extensive root system is not
visible here.
FIGURE 1-2 Conifers, like
this spruce (Picea),
produce seeds in cones;
the conifers, together with
the flowering plants and a
few other groups, are
known as seed plants.
algae do not look much like algae (Fucus), commonly
plants, but many aspects of called kelp, have very plant-
their biochemistry and cellular like bodies as a result of
organization are very similar convergent evolution: they
to those of plants. Some are not true plants. Their
green algae were the biochemistry,
genetics,
ancestors of land plants; anatomy, and reproduction
although not considered to be differ greatly from those of
true plants, they are obviously plants
closely related to plants.
PLANTS HAVE A SCIENTIFIC NAME
 ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE

 Each name consists of two words: a genus

(pronounced GEE nus) name and a specific
epithet
Example:
 genus Prunus has several species with edible
fruits, and they are distinguished by their species
epithet
 Cherries are Prunus avium, peaches are Prunus
Kingdom Plantae: (plants)
persica, and apricots are Prunus armeniaca
consists of multicellular eukaryotes that carry out
 The name of cherries is not just “avium,” it is both photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to the
words: Prunus avium chemical energy in food. Most plant species live on land.
 the genus name is always capitalized but the Division Bryophyta: mosse
species epithet is not (it is not Prunus Avium) Division Pteridophyta: ferns
 Both words are italicized or underlined Division Coniferophyta: conifers
in botany, family names are always capitalized and Division Magnoliophyta: flowering plants
always end in “-aceae” (pronounced as if you are
spelling the word “ace”: AY see ee). Prunus is in the HOW MANY SPECIES?
rose family Rosaceae (pronounced rose AY see ee),
along with roses (Rosa), apples (Malus), strawberries
(Fragaria), and many others. A very few families have
old, alternative endings, but those are rarely used. For HOW MANY ENDANGERED?
example, the modern name for the mustard family is
Brassicaceae (with the “-aceae” ending); the old family
name, Cruciferae, is almost never encountered except
in older publications. For animals, family names end in VASCULAR VS NON-VASCULAR PLANTS
“-ae.” We humans are Homo sapiens in the family
Hominidae; other members of our family are
chimpanzees (Pan), gorillas (Gorilla), and orangutans SOME NEWLY DISCOVERED PLANT SPECIES IN THE
(Pongo). PHILIPPINES
EUKARYOTES
Pyrostria arayatensis

Nepenthes cabanae

Medinilla malabrigoi

Amorphallus calcicollus

Tristaniopsis flexuosa
Within kingdom Plantae, many botanists recognize about
17 divisions; only the four most familiar are listed here.
Many botanists conclude that algae should be included in SOME BRANCHES OF BOTANY
kingdom Plantae.
Some people use the term Angiospermophyta. PLANT BIOLOGY SPECIALTIES 
DOMAIN EUKARYA
 Anatomy

 Morphology 
 ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE

 Plant physiology

 Cytology FOOD AND BEVERAGE RESEARCH

 Genetics
IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS TO MAN 
 Taxonomy
Food
 Ecology
 What are the top crops as stable food for man?
 Ethnobotany
Air
 Paleobotany
Water
 Phenology
Shelter and clothing
 Systematics
Health and well-being

Physical health
APPLIED BOTANY
Mental health and well-being
 Agronomy

 Horticulture
LESSON 2: PLANT CELL
 Postharvest science

 Biotechnology THE CELL THEORY

 Plant breeding

 Plant tissue culture ORIGIN OF THE FIRST CELL

 Plant pathology

 Agrostology
THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
 Phycology

 Forestry
How did life on earth begin?
CURRENT TRENDS IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH

Stage 1: Organic molecules formed from

PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH
simple inorganic molecules 
 Which locally available plants were studied against
Covid-19?
Reducing atmosphere hypothesis

 Miller’s experiment

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND CLIMATE Deep Sea Vent Hypothesis

CHANGE RESEARCH
Extraterrestrial Hypothesis

ASSISTANCE TO AGRICULTURE
 ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE

Stage 2. Formation of more complex

organic polymers
Features

Stage 3. Polymers become enclosed by a

Parts, functions, composition, etc..
boundary
Cell Wall

Features of protobionts that make them the ▪ Primary

precursor of living cells ▪ Secondary

▪ Middle lamella
Types of protobionts ▪ Plasmodesmata

Stage 4. Cells evolve by chemical selection Endomembrane system

RNA world

Chemical selection Plasmamembrane/Cell membrane

Chemical evolution ▪ Fluid Mosaic Model

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIRST LIVING Protoplasm

CELLS
▪ Protoplasm vs protoplast

▪ Protoplasm vs cytoplasm
EVOLUTION OF AUTOTROPHY
▪ Cytoplasm vs cytosol

ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTES
Nucleus

PROKARYOTIC CELL
Ribosomes
Features
▪ Bound
Parts
▪ Free
Uses/Importance to man

Endoplasmic reticulum
EUKARYOTIC CELL
▪ Rough
 ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE

▪ Smooth Short distance

▪ Apoplastic route

Golgi apparatus ▪ Symplastic route

▪ Transmembrane route

Central Vacoule

 Long distance

Mitochondria

TYPES OF MEMBRANES

Chloroplasts Freely permeable

Selectively permeable

Microbodies Completely impermeable

▪ Peroxisomes

▪ Glyoxysomes TYPES OF TRANSPORT

Cytoskeleton Passive Transport

▪ Microtubules/Tubulin polymers

▪ Microfilaments/Actin filaments Diffusion

Why are cells so small Osmosis

LESSON 3: TRANSPORT IN Tonicity

PLANTS   Isotonic

 Hypotonic

Plants transport water, carbohydrates,  Hypertonic

minerals, and other nutrients from one organ to
another — between roots, leaves, flowers, and
fruits. WATER POTENTIAL

 Solute potential

TRANSPORT CAN BE  Pressure potential

 ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE

 2n=46
Humans have 23 kinds of chromosomes and 2
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
sets of chromosomes in a cell.
Rice
Oryza sativa
Channel protein  n=24
▪ Ion channels  2n=48
How many kinds of chromosomes are there in a
▪ aquaporin cell?
Carrier protein  24
How many sets of chromosomes are there in a
cell?
 2
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
THE CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE
▪ Sodium potassium pump
• Chromosomes
▪ Proton pump
• Chromatin
▪ Co-transport
• Chromatids

• Centromere – constriction narrow area

LESSON 4: CELL DIVISION  • Kinetochore – where spindle fibers attach
 Most eukaryotic cell have diploid cells • Chromosome arms
or a diploid phase in their life cycle.
• Classification of chromosomes
PLOIDY
 Metacentric
• Diploid
 Acrocentric
 Chromosomes occur in pairs
 Each one is called a homologue  Telocentric
 Chromosomes = 2n  Submetacentric
• Polyploid

• Haploid CELL CYCLE

 Only 1 member of each chromosome • Interphase
 Chromosomes = n
 Gametes  G1 phase

 S phase

CHROMOSOMES NUMBER  G2 phase

Humans  M phase
Homo sapiens
 n=23
 ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY BY: MOHAMIDIN K
MAMALAPAT
BS MEDICAL BIOLOGY DATE: OCTOBER 1, 2022
SUBJECT: GENERAL BOTANY LECTURE

TYPES OF CELL DIVISION

• Mitosis GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE TWO

CELL DIVISION PROCESS.
 Prophase
• Mitosis
 Metaphase
• Meiosis
 Anahase

 Telophase LESSON 5: THE PLANT TISSUE

• Meiosis

 Meiosis I (Reductional division)

▪ Prophase I

• Leptotene stage

• Zygotene stage

• Pachytene stage

• Diplotene stage

• Diakinesis

▪ Metaphase I

▪ Anaphase I

▪ Telophase I

o Meiosis II (Equational division)

▪ Prophase II

▪ Metaphase II

▪ Anaphase II

▪ Telophase II

CYTOKINESIS

• Phragmoplast

• Cell plate