NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
Human Sexuality
✽ Is a multidimensional concept.
✽ It can be defined broadly by stating that
sexuality integrates the somatic (bodily),
emotional, intellectual, & social aspects of being
a human sexual being.
✽ It involves the anatomy &
physiology of the human body, as
well as one’s attitudes & feelings
about oneself
❇ Biologic gender – is the term used to denote
chromosomal sexual development: male (XY) or female
(XX)
❇ Gender / sexual identity – is the inner sense a
person has of being male or female
❇ Gender role – is the behavior a person conveys
about being a male or female.
Components Of Sexuality
1. Reproductive Sexuality - involves the
biological aspects of conception &
procreation. It also includes the sexual
response
2. Gender Sexuality - deals w/ the social &
emotional aspects of being a man or a
woman.
3. Erotic Sexuality - refers to sexual love
and arousing sexual desires.
Types of Sexual Orientation
❇ Heterosexuality – one who finds sexual
fulfillment with a member of opposite gender
❇ Homosexuality – a person who finds sexual
fulfillment with a member of his or her own sex.
- usually they prefer to be called as “gay” for
men & “lesbian” for women.
1 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21
❇ Bisexuality – people are bisexual if they
achieve sexual satisfaction from both
homosexual and heterosexual relationship
❇ Transexuality – is an individual who,
although one biologic gender, feels as is he or
she should be of the opposite gender-sex
change operations (synthetic vagina/penis).
Sexual Expression
❇ Celibacy – abstinence from sexual activity.
The ability to concentrate on the means of
giving and receiving love other than through
sexual expressions.
❇ Transvestism – individual who dresses to
take on the role of the opposite sex
❇ Voyeurism – sexual arousal by looking at
another’s body. Almost all children and
adolescents pass through a stage when
voyeurism is appealing.
❇ Sadomasochism – involves
inflicting pain (sadism) or receiving
pain (masochism) to achieve sexual
satisfaction
❇ Masturbation – self-stimulation for erotic
pleasure. Children between ages 2 to 6 years
discover masturbation as an enjoyable activity
as they explore their bodies.
❇ Exhibitionism – revealing one’s genitals in
public.
❇ Pedophiles – interested in sexual encounters
with children.
Disorder of Sexual Functioning
❇ Erectile Dysfunction
–formerly referred to as impotence
–inability to produce or maintain an erection long
enough for vaginal penetration or partner satisfaction.
 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION

❇ Premature Ejaculation

–ejaculation before penile contact.

–can be unsatisfactory and frustrating to both partners
–can be psychological

❇ Failure to achieve orgasm

–can be due to poor sexual technique

–or possible negative attitudes toward sexual
relationships
Excitement
❇ Vaginismus

–involuntary contraction of the muscles at the outlet of
the vagina when coitus is attempted.
–This muscle contraction prohibits penile penetration
❇ Dyspareunia
–pain during coitus
–can be due to endometriosis
❇ Inhibited Sexual Desire
–lack of desire for sexual relations may be a concern of
young or middle-aged adults. Support or a caring sexual
partner or relief of the tension causing the stress allows
a return to sexual interest.
Human Sexual Response
 Sexuality has always been a part of human
life, but it is only in the past few decades that it
Plateau
has been studied scientifically. One common
finding of researchers has been that feelings
and attitudes about sex vary widely: the sexual
experience is unique to each individual, but
sexual physiology (i.e., how the body responds
to sexual arousal) has common features.
2 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21
 occurs with physical and psychological
stimulation (i.e., sight, sound, emotion, or
thought) that causes parasympathetic nerve
stimulation. This leads to arterial dilation and
venous constriction in the genital area. The
resulting increased blood supply leads to
vasocongestion and increasing muscular
tension.
 In women, this vasocongestion causes the
clitoris to increase in size and mucoid fluid to
appear on vaginal walls as lubrication. The
vagina widens in diameter and increases in
length. The nipples become erect.
 In men, penile erection occurs, as well as
scrotal thickening and elevation of the testes. In
both sexes, there is an increase in heart and
respiratory rates and blood pressure.
 The plateau stage is reached just before
orgasm. In the woman, the clitoris is drawn
forward and retracts under the clitoral prepuce;
the lower part of the vagina becomes extremely
congested (formation of the orgasmic
platform), and there is increased nipple
elevation.
 In men, the vasocongestion leads to
distention of the penis. Heart rate increases to
100 to 175 beats per minute and respiratory
 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION

rate to approximately 40 respirations per  Within the context of producing offspring, the
minute. reproductive system has four functions:
 To produce egg and sperm cells
Orgasm
 To transport and sustain these cells
 To nurture the developing offspring
 Orgasm occurs when stimulation proceeds
 To produce hormones
through the plateau stage to a point at which
the body suddenly Reproductive development
discharges accumulated sexual tension.
 A vigorous contraction of muscles in the
 Gonad is a body organ that produces sex cells (the
pelvic area expels or dissipates blood and fluid
ovary in females and the testis in males)
from the area of congestion. The average
 Mesonephric ducts develops in males
number of contractions for a woman is 8 to 15
 Paramesonephric ducts develops in females
contractions at intervals of 1 every 0.8 seconds.
 In men, muscle contractions surrounding the Physiology of Onset
seminal vessels and prostate project semen into
the proximal urethra. These contractions are
followed immediately by three to seven  Puberty is initiated by hypothalamic-pituitary – gonad
propulsive ejaculatory contractions, occurring complex.
at the same time interval as in the woman,  Puberty usually starts in Girls at 10-13 years old and
which force semen from the penis. Boys starts at 12-14 years old.

Resolution Puberty is the stage of life at which secondary sex

changes begin.
 Resolution is a 30-minute period during which
the external and internal genital organs return Girls (estrogen)
to an unaroused state.  Growth Spurt
 For the male, a refractory period occurs  Increase in the transverse diameter of the pelvis
during which further orgasm is impossible.  Breast development
 Women do not go through this refractory  Growth of pubic hair
period, so it is possible for women who are  Onset of menstruation
interested and properly stimulated to have  Growth of axillary hair
additional orgasms immediately after the first.  Vaginal secretions
Boys (testosterone)
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF MALE AND  Increase in weight
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  Growth of testes
 Growth of face, axillary & pubic hair
The Reproductive System  Voice changes
 The major function of the reproductive system is to  Penile growth
ensure survival of the species. An individual may live a  Increase in height
long, healthy, and happy life without producing  spermatogenesis
offspring, but if the species is to continue, at least some
individuals must produce offspring.
3 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21
 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION

Female and Male Reproductive

System Homologues

Female Male
 Clitoral glans  Penile glans
 Clitoral shaft  Penile shaft
 Labia majora  Scrotum
 Ovaries  Testes
 Skene’s glands  Prostate
 Bartholin’s glands  Cowper’s glands

Role of Androgens
• The main reproductive organs of the male
Androgenic hormones body are the testes, which produce sperm and also
male hormones, in the form of testosterone.
- responsible for muscular development,
physical growth, and an increase in sebaceous gland
secretions causing typical acne in both boys & girls.

- produced by adrenal cortex & testes (males)

Functions of the Male Reproductive System

 Production of gametes
 Male sex cells, i.e., sperm
 Synthesis of androgens
 Male sex hormones, e.g. testosterone
 Delivery of sperm into the female reproductive tract.

Penis
 Tubular structure located above the scrotum,
composed of shaft and glans.
 Half of it is an internal root and half is the external
visible shaft.
 Soft and flaccid (2.5 to 4 inches).
 Erection- blood vessels in the shaft become
congested, penis become hard and erect (5.5 to 7
inches)

4 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21

 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION

 Glans penis base then contracts → Trapping both venous and

 The distal end of the organ is bulging sensitive ridge arterial blood in the 3 sections of erectile tissue
of tissue which has the external urinary meatus at its → Leading to distention and erection of the penis.
tip.
 Corona SCROTUM
 The proximal margin of the glans.  loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind the
 Prepuce penis
 Also called the foreskin.  rugated, skin covered muscular pouch suspended
 Loose skin attached to the shaft, allowing for from the perineum
expansion during erection.  contains testes, epididymis, and the lower portion of
 Retractable casing of skin that protects the nerve the spermatic cord
sensitive glans at birth. • Contains male gonads (testes)
 help regulate the temperature of sperm through
 Frenulum contraction and relaxation and moving closer to and
 Ventral fold of tissue attaches the skin to the further away from the perineum
glans.  the looseness of the scrotum is intentional to provide
Contains the urethra as well as 3 erectile bodies: expansion and contraction
2 dorsal erectile tissues known as the corpora  lowers Tby 3C
cavernosa
1 midventral tissue known as the corpus
spongiosum

Surrounds penile urethra

Expands distally to form the glans penis

 Cool Temperature
 Scrotum contracts and draws the testes closer to the
body for warmth.
 Warm Temperature
 Scrotum becomes very loose and allow the testes
to hand further away from the near of the body. High
temperature can cause delicate sperm cell to die.

Testes
 Two ovoid glands, 2 to 3 cm wide that lie in the
scrotum (walnut size)
 Sexual excitement → Nitric acid is released from the  Surrounded by 2 tunics:
endothelium of blood vessels → Result in engorgement • Tunica vaginalis
or an increase in the blood flow to the arteries  Derived from the parietal peritoneum.
of the penis → The Ischiocavernosus muscle at the • Tunica albuginea
5 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21
 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION

Feel smooth and are freely movable within the

scrotum.

In most males, one testis is slightly larger than the

other and is suspended slightly lower in the scrotum
than the other (usually the left one) for less possibility
of trauma to them.

Spermatozoa do not survive at the body temperature

It is suspended outside the body where the

temperature is approximately 1 F lower than the body
temperature and sperm survival is ensured.

Each testis is encased by a protective white fibrous

capsule and is composed of a number of lobules, each
lobule containing interstitial cells (Leydig’s Cell) and
seminiferous tubules.
Epididymis
 seminiferous tubule of each
testis leads to a tightly coiled
tube, the epididymis
 Approximately 20 ft long
 Site of sperm maturation and
storage
 Responsible for conducting
sperm from the testis to the vas
deferens.
 Seminiferous Tubules
 Contains smooth muscle to
-Produce spermatozoa
propel sperm during ejaculation
 Leydig’s Cell
 Sperm are immobile and
-Responsible for producing of the male
encapable of fertilization as they
hormone testosterone.
passed or are stored at the
epididymis level
 It takes 12-20 days to travel
the length of the epididymis
 A total of 64 days to reach
maturity

 Aspermia – absence of sperm

Oligospermia – less than 20 million per mL
 These are problems that do not appear to respond
immediately to therapy but rather only after 2 months.

6 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21

 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
Vas Deferens (Ductus Venosus)
 It carries sperm from epididymis through the inguinal
canal into the abdominal cavity where it ends at the
seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts. It is about 40cm
long.
The vas deferens serves a transport function and
the area of the ampulla serves as a storage reservoir of
sperm for release at ejaculation.
 Sperm mature as they passed through the vas
deferens.
 It is believed that the vas deferens acts as reservoir
for sperm between ejaculation.
Seminal Vesicles
 2 convoluted pouches that lie along the lower portion
of posterior surface of the bladder and empty into the
urethra by way of ejaculatory ducts
 Secrete seminal fluid
 Sperm become increasingly motile
because of viscous portion of the semen
secreted by these glands which serves as nutrients and
more favorable pH
7 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21
Ejaculatory ducts
➢ These are formed by the fusion of the vas
deferens and the seminal vesicles.
➢ The ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra.
➢ The ejaculatory ducts are part of the
human male anatomy, which cause the reflex
action of ejaculation. Each male has two of
them.
➢ They begin at the vas deferens, pass
through the prostate, and empty into the
urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. During
ejaculation, semen passes through the ducts
and exits the body via the penis.
Prostate Gland
➢ a chest-nut size gland that lies just below the
bladder, the urethra passes through the center
of it, like the whole donut.
➢ When added to the secretion from the seminal
vesicles and the accompanying sperm from the
epididymis, this alkaline fluid further protects
sperm from being immobilized by the naturally
low pH level of the urethra
Bulbourethral Glands
2 bulbourethral or Cowper’s gland lie
beside the prostate gland and by short
ducts empty into the urethra.
Secrete an alkaline fluid that helps
counteract the acid secretions of the
urethra and ensure the passage of
spermatozoa.
 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION

 Produce small droplets of fluid during sexual activity
that neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and aid
in the transport of sperm.
 5% semen
Urethra
a hollow tube leading from the base of the
bladder, which after passing through the prostate gland
continues to the outside through the shaft and glans of
the penis.
3 sections
– the head carries the male’s haploid number
of chromosomes (23)
–the part that enters the ovum at fertilization
– the tail specialize in motility
▪ sperm maybe stored in the male genital
system for 42 days
▪ sperm can live only 2-3 days in the female
genital tract once ejaculated.
Female Reproductive System

▪ Prostatic
Within the prostate
▪ Membranous
Within the urogenital
diaphragm
▪ Penile (spongy)
Within the penis

The seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s gland

produce a liquid called a seminal plasma.

Seminal Plasma

Aids in the transport of sperm Functions of the Female Reproductive

Provides energizing nutrients for the sperm
Contains form of sugar – fructose, mucous,
salts, water, base buffers and coagulators to aid
the sperm in their journey.
System
 It produces the female egg cells necessary for
reproduction, called the ova or oocytes.

The sperm collectively make up the semen.  It is designed to transport the ova to the site of
fertilization.
 Semen / seminal fluid
 If fertilization does not take place, the system is
Thick, creamy white fluid with the consistency
designed to menstruate.
of mucus or egg whites
 It produces female sex hormone that maintain the
Normal amount is 2 mL – 6 mL per ejaculation
reproductive cycle.
Fertile man will dispel 20-160 million sperm
per ejaculate.

 Spermatozoon

– is made up of a head and a tail

8 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21
 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
Mons Veneris / Pubis
 The mons veneris is a pad of adipose tissue located
over the symphysis pubis, the pubic bone joint.
 It is covered by a triangle of coarse, curly hairs.
 The purpose is to protect the junction of the pubic
bone from trauma.
 It contains many nerve ending that makes the mons
pubis sensitive to touch and pressure.
Labia Majora
 Consists of 2 rounded folds of fatty tissue. It is
analogous to the scrotum.
 The outer lips separates downward from the mons
and meet again below the vagina introitus.
 It contains multitude of sebaceous and sweat glands.
 It also serves as protection for the external genitalia
and the distal urethra and vagina.
9 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21
Labia Minora
 Located posterior to the mons pubis veneris, spread 2
hairless folds of connective tissue.
 It has 2 smaller lips located within the labia majora.
 It appears thin pale pink in color. When stimulated, it
turns to dark red or dark pink due to presence of blood
vessels, no hair; smooth in texture.
 The internal structure is covered with mucous
membrane, and the external portion with skin.
Clitoris
 It is a small rounded organ of erectile tissue at the
forward junction of the labia minora, covered by a fold
of skin called prepuce.
 The clitoris is sensitive to touch and temperature and
is the center for sexual arousal and orgasm in the
female.
 It contains erectile tissue blood vessels and nerves.
 It is made up of erectile tissue which many large and
small venous channels surrounded by large amount of
involuntary muscle tissue, the ischiocarvernosa
facilitate erection of the organ.
 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
 The clitoris measures 5 – 6 mm. long and 6 – 8
mm.across.
 It has very rich blood and nerve supplies.
Functions :
 Stimulate and elevate levels of sexual tension.
 Serve as a landmark in locating urethral opening
during catheterization.
Vestibule
 It is a flattened smooth
surface inside the labia.
 The openings of the bladder
or the urethra, and the uterus
or the vagina, are both arise
from the vestibule.
Urethral meatus /
urethral orifice
• although not a true part, it is
considered as part of the
reproductive system because of
its closeness and relationship to
the vulva.
Vulvovaginal / bartholin’s gland
• pair of small, pea –sized glands
located within the substances of
the labia majora
• they correspond to the
bulbourethral or Cowper’s gland
in male
• the gland secretes a small
amount of clear, viscid mucus
duringsexual excitement.
10 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21
Paraurethral / skene’s gland
• a pair of small glands lying on each
side of the urethra
• they produce a small amount of
mucus and are especially susceptible
to gonorrheal infection
• it is homologous to male prostate
Vaginal orifice / introitus
• occupies the lower portion of the
vestibule and varies
considerably in size and shape
• the vagina has an abundantly
vascular supply
Fourchette
 is the ridge of tissue formed by the posterior joining
of the labia minora and the labia major
 this structure is sometimes cut (episiotomy) during
childbirth to enlarge the vaginal opening
Perineum
 located just posterior to the fourchette
 This is a muscular area, that’s easily stretched during
child birth to allow enlargement of the vagina and
passage of the fetal head.
- Many exercises (Kegel’s, squatting & tailor-
sitting) are aimed at making the perineal
muscle more flexible to allow easier
expansion during birth without tearing of
this tissue.
Hymen
 Is a tough but elastic semicircle of tissue that covers
the opening to the vagina in childhood.
 It is comprised mainly of connective tissue both
elastic and collagen. Both surfaces are covered by
stratified squamous epithelium.
 The hymen can be broken through strenuous physical
 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
activities or masturbation.
 It is often torn during the time of first sexual
intercourse.
Ovary
 It is approximately 4 cm long by 2 cm in diameter and
approximately 1.5 cm thick or the size and shape of an
almond.
Each ovary contains approximately 200,000 to
400,000 follicles during female’s childbirth.
 It secretes hormones ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE
which initiate and regulate menstrual process.
11 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21
Layers of ovaries:
 Tunica albuginea - dense and dull white and serves as
protective layer.
 Cortex – main functional part because it contains ova,
graafian follicles, corpora lutea, degenerated corpora
lutea (corpora albicantia).
 Medulla – or central portion of the ovary is composed
of loose connective tissue.
Functions:
ovulation
hormone production
These also a counterpart to the
testes of male organ.
Fallopian Tubes
 Slender structure that extends
from either side of the uterus and
end in a fringed fashion near each
ovary.
 It transports mature ovum from
the ovary to the uterus and to
provide place for fertilization of the
ovum.
It takes about 3 days for an egg to travel the length, but
unfertilized egg lives only 24 hours.
If unfertilized it will die before it arrives in the uterus.
 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION

Functions:
site of fertilization
provide transport for the ovum from the ovary to the
uterus
serve as a warm, moist, nourishing environment for
the ovum or zygote

Parts of the Fallopian Tube

1. Interstital portion
 lies within the uterine wall
 approximately 1 cm in length
 lumen is 1 mm in the diameter
Uterus
2. Isthmus
 next distal portion  Pear-shaped approximately 3 inches long, located
 2 cm in length between the urinary bladder and the rectum.
 this portion is cut and sealed in tubal ligation  Its primary purpose is to house and nurture a
pregnancy.
3. Ampulla  It receives the ovum from the fallopian tube, to
Longest portion provide a place for implantation and nourishment
5 cm length during fetal growth and it furnish protection to a
Fertilization of ovum occurs growing fetus expel from the women’s body.
4. Infundibular
 Most distal segment
 2 cm in length
 Funnel shape
 The rim of the funnel is covered by fimbriae or small
hairs that help to guide the ovum into the fallopian
tube.

The wall of the fallopian tube is made up of 4 layers:

 Peritoneal (serous) – covers the tubes.

 Subserous (adventitial) – contains the blood and
nerve supply
 Muscular - responsible for the peristaltic movement
of the tube.
 Mucosal – composed of ciliated and unciliated cells The uterus consists of three divisions:
with the number of ciliated cells more abundant at the
1.) the body or corpus – portion of the structure
fimbria.
that expands so greatly to contain the growing
fetus.

12 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21

 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
a. The portion of the uterus between the
points of attachment of the fallopian
tube is called fundus.
b. Fundus is the portion that can be
palpated to measure uterine growth
and the force of uterine contraction
during labor.
2.) isthmus – short segment between the body &
cervix; during pregnancy, this portion also
enlarges greatly to aid in accommodating the
growing fetus.
- it is the portion of the uterus that is cut
when a fetus is delivered by CS
3.) cervix – lowest portion of the uterus
cervical canal – central cavity
internal cervical os – junction of the
canal at the isthmus
external cervical os – distal opening to
the vagina
The cervical mucosa has 3 functions:
provide lubrication for the vaginal canal
act as a bacteriostatic agent
provide an alkaline environment to shelter deposited
sperm from the acidic vagina.
 Secretory cells of the cervix produce about 20
– 60 ml of mucus / day.
 At time of ovulation, this mucus becomes
thinner and more alkaline.
13 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21
provide an alkaline environment to shelter deposited
sperm from the acidic vagina.
 Secretory cells of the cervix produce about 20
– 60 ml of mucus / day.
 At time of ovulation, this mucus becomes
thinner and more alkaline.
 Mucus provides for the energy needs of the
sperm, protects sperm from environment of the
vagina
 Mucus provides for the energy needs of the
sperm, protects sperm from environment of the
vagina, and protects them from phagocytes.
 At other times, mucus becomes thick and can
form a cervical plug which impedes passage of
pathogens.
Layers of uterus
 Perimetrium – a part of visceral
peritoneum
 Myometrium – bulk of uterus –
three layers of muscle that
contract under influence of
oxytocin during labor.
 Endometrium – highly vascular
mucosa
• Stratum functionalis – shed during
menstruation
• Stratum basalis – deeper, permanent layer,
gives rise to new stratum functionalis
 Vagina
 Passageway for sperm and menstrual flow receptacle
for penis during intercourse
 Inferior portion of birth canal
 Capable of considerable distention (stretching)
 Mucosa is continuous with that of uterus and consists
of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION

 Contains large stores of glycogen which decomposes Nipple

to organic acids –lower pH = less susceptible to  Composed of smooth
infection & less hospitable to sperm muscle that is capable of
erection on manual or
Mammary glands
sucking stimulation.
 Accessory organs of the female reproductive system
 Approximately 20 small
 Modified sweat glands
openings through which milk
 Function is to synthesize, secrete and eject milk is secreted.
(lactation)
 On stimulation, it transmits
 Lie over the pectoralis major muscles sensations to the posterior
 Are attached to fascia by the suspensory ligaments (of pituitary gland to release
Cooper) oxytocin.
 Breast size is determined more by fat than by  Oxytocin- acts to constrict milk gland cells and push
glandular tissue. milk forward into the ducts that lead to the nipple

Areola
 Darkly pigmented area
surrounding the nipple.
 Rough surface owing many
sebaceous gland, called
MONTGOMERY’S TUBERCLES.
 It contains the opening of
sebaceous and sweat glands
(Montgomery glands) that secrete lubricating
substances for the nipple.

Ampulla
 Portion of the duct just posterior to the nipples
serves as reservoir for milk before
breastfeeding.

Breasts or Mammary Glands

 Breasts are located anterior to the pectoral muscle. In
many women, breast tissue extends well into the axilla.
 Each breast has 15-20 lobes made up of several
lobules. Lobules are made of milk-secreting cells
14 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21
 NCMA 217: CARE OF THE MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENT
WEEK 2A: HUMAN SEXUALITY
WEEK 2B: ANATOMY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
WEEK 2C: PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION

arranged in alveoli.
 All the glands in each lobe produce milk by acini cells
& deliver it to the nipple by lactiferous duct.
 Milk production is stimulated mostly by prolactin with
some help from estrogen & progesterone.

Gynecomastia

 Increase in male breast size

 Most evident in obese boys
 Normal change of puberty

15 TRANSCRIBED BY : RACHELLE CAMBA BSN 2-A-21