SAGAR INSTITUE OF RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF REPORT FOR MAJOR PROJECT

Introduction:
Project report in this manual refers to a documented report of the process followed and the results of
major project conducted by a student in fulfillment of the requirements in bachelor degree. This report
will outline the report format for Major Project. These rules must be adhered strictly.
Group Members:
Maximum of 5 students per group allowed for taking up Major Project
No of Copies to be submitted to department:
Total of 6 copies have to be submitted to department, out of which 5 copies will be the individual reports
of each student & 1copy will the group report. A soft copy (pdf format) should be submitted to
Department in CD along with report.
The report will be hard winded having Navy Blue as the front cover with text printed in fonts of golden
color.
Formatting:
MAIN HEADING SUB HEADING MAIN TEXT
FONT Arial, Arial, Times New Roman
SIZE 14 12 12
LINE SPACING 1.5

TOP BOTTOM LEFT RIGHT

PAGE SETUP
1” 1” 1” 1”
Arrangement of Content:
The sequence in which the contents in the report should be arranged is as follows:
1. Cover Page (Specimen copy-1)
2. Certificate of Approval (Specimen copy-2)
3. Declaration (Specimen copy-3)
4. Acknowledgment (Specimen copy-4)
5. Abstract (Specimen copy-5)
6. Table of Contents (Appendix 1)
7. List of Figures (if any) Appendix 2 )
8. List of Tables (if any) (Appendix 3 )
9. List of Symbols (if any) (Appendix 4 )
10. Abbreviations (if any) (Appendix 5 )
11. Chapters
12. References (Appendix 6)
13. Appendices (if any)
Chapters to be included:
The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 parts (i) Introductory chapter, (ii) Chapters developing the
main theme of the project work (iii) and Conclusion.

The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided into several
divisions and sub-divisions.
 Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.
 Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the reference where
they are cited.
 Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed directly
underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material they annotate.
The chapters that should be included in the reports are as follows:
Introduction
Brief Literature survey
Present Work (It will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided into
several divisions and sub-divisions depending on type & volume of work. For e.g. Block diagram & its
description, circuit designing, PCB layout & development process, description of components etc.)
Result & Discussion
Conclusion & future scope

Cover Page - A specimen copy of the Title page of the project report is given in Specimen copy-1.
Title Page – A specimen copy of the Title page of the project report is given in Specimen copy-2.
Certificate – A specimen copy of the Acknowledgment of the project report is given Specimen copy-3.
Acknowledgment- A specimen copy of the Acknowledgment of the project report is given Specimen
copy-4.
Abstract – It is a heart of the report. Abstract should be one page synopsis of the project report and it
must clearly give the overview of the project (Avoid unnecessary things in abstract)
(Specimen copy-5).
Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all material following it as well as any material
which precedes it. The title page and Certificate of approval will not find a place
among the items listed in the Table of Contents but the page numbers of which are in
lower case Roman letters. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the
matter under this head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents of the project report
is given in Appendix 1.
List of Figures – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the figures in the
text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head
(Appendix 2).
List of Tables – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the tables in the text.
One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head
(Appendix 3).
List of Symbols - The list should provide the detail of the symbols used in the report. One and a half
spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head (Appendix 4).
Abbreviations – Abbreviation list should provide the details of the abbreviations used in the report in
alphabetical order. One and a half spacing should be adopted or typing the matter
under this head (Appendix 5).
Page numbering - The preliminary parts (Acknowledgement, Abstract, Table of Contents, List of
symbols, List of figure, List of Tables) are numbered in roman numerals (i, ii, etc).
The first page of the first chapter (Introduction) onwards will be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 etc at the bottom, centered.
Numbering sections, subsections, equations, figures etc. - A word on numbering scheme used in the
project is in order. It is common practice to use decimal numbering in the project. If
the chapter number is 2, the section numbers will be 2.1,2.2, 2.3 etc. The subsections
in section 2.2 will be numbered as 2.2.1, 2.2.2 etc. Unless essential, it is not necessary
to use numbers to lower levels than three stages. Similarly, it is useful and convenient
to number the figures also chapter-wise. The figures in chapter 4 will be numbered as
Figure 4.1: Figure Name, Figure 4.2: Figure Name etc. This helps you in assembling
the figures and putting it in proper order. Similarly, the tables are also numbered as
Table 4.1: Table Name, Table 4.2: Table Name etc. All figures and tables should have
proper captions. Usually the figure captions are written below the figure and table
captions on top of the table. All figures should have proper description by legends,
title of the axes and any other information to make the figures self explanatory. The
same numbering scheme can be used for equations also. Only thing to be remembered
is that references to the figures are made like Figure 4.2: Figure Name, and equations
as Eqn (5.8).
List of References –The reference material should include the author name, title, year in details as shown
in Appendix 7. Do not mention the references of the websites in the report.
Appendices – Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which is included in the main
text may serve as a distraction and cloud the central theme. Appendices should be
numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc. Tables and
References appearing in appendices should be numbered and referred to at
appropriate places just as in the case of chapters.
SPECIMEN 1- COVER PAGE
 PROJECT TITILE

Synopsis of Major Project

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

Submitted To

RAJIV GANDHI PRODYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P)

Submitted by

Name of Scholar

Enroll No

Under the supervision of

Name of Guide

SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

(Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

BHOPAL (M.P.)

Month- Year
 SPECIMEN 2
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
 SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The undersigned certify that they have read and recommended to the Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering for acceptance, a project report entitled “…………………….” submitted by

………. (students name) in partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical &

Electronics Engineering.

…………………………..
(Supervisor Name)
Supervisor
Full designation
Department

……………………………..
(HOD Name)
Head of Department
Full designation
Department
SPECIMEN 3
DECLARATION
 SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

DECLARATION

I ………………..(Name of Scholar) , a student of “Bachelor of Engineering” in Sagar

Institute of Research & Technology” , session................ , Bhopal (M.P.) here by informed that
the work presented n this dissertation entitled “…………………………………”(Project Title)
is the outcome of my own work, is bonafide and correct to the best of my knowledge and this
work has been carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented does not
infringe any patented work and has not been submitted to any other University or anywhere else
for the award of any degree or any professional diploma.

Name of Scholar

Enroll No
 SPECIMEN 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take an opportunity to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to my guide and the pivot
of this enterprise,........................... who is most responsible for helping me to complete this work.
He/She showed me different ways to approach the problems and the need to be persistent to
accomplish my goal. His/Her discernment in the choice of topic, his/her confidence in me when I
doubted myself and his/her admirable guidance are some cogent reasons that make me over that
without his/her support this thesis would be a chimera.

I am also thankful to ..................... , Head of Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

for cooperation and support to complete this work. I would also like to express my thanks to Dr.
S C Bhageria Director SIRT Bhopal providing necessary facilities. I would also convey my
Thanks to …………………and ………………of Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering for their continuous support. Thanks are due to all the staff members and lab staff of
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SIRT for providing all help and support.

Name of Scholar

Enroll No
SPECIMEN 5
ABSTRACT
 SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

ABSTRACT

Over recent years the MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) system has become a popular technique in
wireless communication. MIMO is a system with multiple transmitting and multiple receiving antennas.
With increasing the number of transmitting and receiving antennas significant improvement in the bit
error rate (BER) was observed than that with single transmitting and single receiving antenna system.
Also with increase in the number of transmitting and receiving antennas the data rate of the system was
found increased, hence considerable improvement in an information rate. Performance of the bit error rate
probability of the cha nel with variable signal to noise ratio will change with channel quality in case of
the non adaptive modulation scheme. In some application, system will require the minimum BER. Hence
fixed modulation scheme will not perform better in such application. With the use of the adaptive
modulation scheme, system will automatically cope up with the changing channel condition and
accordingly selects the modulation scheme for maintaining minimum required BER. The throughput of
the system was found improved with the use of adaptive modulation in MIMO system. For simulation
Rayleigh channel model has been considered.
 APPENDIX-1
TABLE OF CONTENT
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certificate of Approval………………………………………….. i

Declaration……………………………………………………… ii

Acknowledgement………………………………………………. Iii

Abstract………………………………………………………….. iv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

1.1 AC BRIDGES 1

1.2 DC BRIDGES 1

1.3 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 2

CHAPTER 2 THEORY 3

CHAPTER 3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4

CHAPTER 4 PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5

CHAPTER 5 DERIVIATION 6

CHAPTER 6 COMPONENTS USED IN CIRCUIT 7-21

6.1 TRANSFORMER 7-11

6.1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE 8

6.1.2 INDUCTION LAW 9

6.1.3 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 10

6.1.4 LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER 11

CHAPTER 7 ADVATAGES 22

CHAPTER 8 DISADVATAGES 22

CHAPTER 9 APPLICATION OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 22

CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION 23

REFRENCES

APPENDICES
 APPENDIX-2
LIST OF FIGURE
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No Description of Figure Page No

Fig. 3.1 Circuit Diagram 4

Fig.4.1 Practical Circuit Diagram 5

Fig.6.1 Transformer 7

Fig.6.2 Figure Of Transformer 8

Fig.6.3 Circuit Diagram Of Transformer 9

 APPENDIX-3
LIST OF TABLE
 LIST OF TABLE

Table No Description of Figure Page No

Table. 3.1 Summary of resistors 4

Table. 4.1 Resistor ratings 5

Table. 6.1 Transformer ratings 7

 APPENDIX-4
LIST OF SYMBOLS
 LIST OF SYMBOLS
m Number of transmit antennas

n Number of receive antennas

hi,j Channel matrix element

H Channel matrix

y Received signal

x Transmit signal vector

P Total transmit power

 APPENDIX-5
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
 ABBREVIATIONS

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

BER Bit Error Rate

db Decibel

iid independent identical distributed

LOS Line Of Sight

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

MISO Multiple Input Single Ouput

MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error

PDF Probability Density Function

QAM Quadtrature Amplitude Modulation

Rx Receiver

SIMO Single Input Multiple Output

SISO Single Input Single Output

APPENDIX-6
REFRENCES
References

[1] R. Gowarishankar and M. F. Demirkol, “Adaptive M-QAM Modulation for MIMO Systems”, IEEE
2005, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA, 2005

[2] A. Svensson, “An Introduction to Adaptive QAM Modulation Schemes for Known and Predicted
Channels”, Proceedings of the IEEE | Vol. 95, No. 12, December 2007

[3] T. S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice” Second Edition, Prentice Hall,
2003

[4] S. Haykin, “Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.