Lesson: Critical Reading

Topic:

Understanding CIRC-b-FCL Models of Reading

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By Group 4:
Desy Fitriani (2020300033)
Ica April Lianja (2020300035)
Khoiriyah Siregar (2020300068)
Miftahul Mawaddah (2020300013)

Lecturer:
Dr. Eka Sustri Harida, M.Pd.
NIP: 197509172003122002
ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM
TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTYSTATE ISLAMIC
UNIVERSITY
SYEKH ALI HASAN AHMAD ADDARY PADANGSIDIMPUAN
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 2022

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Indeed, all praise belongs only to Allah SWT. We praise, ask for help, ask for forgiveness and
repent to Him. We seek refuge in Allah SWT. From the evil of ourselves and the badness of our actions.
Whoever is guided by Allah SWT, then nothing can lead him astray. And whoever He leads astray, no
one can guide him. We bear witness that there is no god that has the right to be worshiped other than
Allah SWT. and there is no partner for him. And we bear witness that Muhammad SAW. is His servant
and Messenger.

Indeed, the best speech is the word of Allah SWT. and the best guidance is the guidance of Prophet
Muhammad SAW. The worst thing is the addition and every addition is heresy. Every innovation is
misguided, and every misguidance goes to hell.

We are very grateful for being able to finish the paper entitled “Mapping, Summarizing
andParaphrasing”. This paper is one of assignments for the Critical Reading which is taken care of by
Mam Eka Sustri Harida, M.Pd. in addition, we thank all parties who have helped in completing this paper
well.

We realize that this paper still has many shortcomings. Therefore, we sincerely hope for
constructive criticism and suggestions from various parties to improve this paper. We hope that this paper
can be useful for readers and thus may Allah SWT Gives us strength and sincerity to fight for the progress
of the people in all areas of life. Aamiin.

Padangsidimpuan, 27th October 2022.

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 Table of Contents

MAPPING, SUMMARIZING & PARAPHRASING..................................................................................1

A. Introduction & Background.............................................................................................................1
1. Definition of Mapping.................................................................................................................1
2. Definition of Paraphrasing...........................................................................................................1
3. Definition of Summarizing..........................................................................................................1
B. Content............................................................................................................................................1
1. Mapping.......................................................................................................................................1
2. Summarizing................................................................................................................................2
3. Paraphrasing................................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................5

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 MAPPING, SUMMARIZING & PARAPHRASING
A. Introduction & Background

1. Definition of Mapping
Mapping, any prescribed way of assigning to each object in one set a particular object in
another (or the same) set. Mapping applies to any set: a collection of objects, such as all whole
numbers, all the points on a line, or all those inside a circle. For example, “multiply by two”
defines a mapping of the set of all whole numbers onto the set of even numbers. A rotation is a map
of a plane or of all of space into itself. In mathematics, the words mapping, map, and
transformation tend to be used interchangeably.

2. Definition of Paraphrasing
Paphrasing is the process of restating what was read in one's own words. Paraphrasing is a
way for students to tell the main ideas of a text in their own words,which may make the text easier
to understand for other students.

Paraphrasing is a writing skill in which you rephrase or rewrite information from an outside
source in your own words without changing its meaning. Because you include in your rewriting all,
or nearly all, of the content of the original passage, a paraphrase is almost as long as the original.
When paraphrasing it is important to avoid plagiarizing: that is,copying the original text word of
word. A paraphrase is unacceptable when it containts exactly the same vocabulary and sentence
structure as the original.

3. Definition of Summarizing
Summarizing is the process of drawing conclusions or summaries of a text by simply quoting
the important points. Summarizing (summary) must be short, complete, and objective by reading
the parts carefully in order to produce a good summary.

B. Content.

1. Mapping

a. Concept Mapping
Concept Mapping allows students to organize the subtopics and details around the concept the
are learning. Concept mapping allows for quite a bit of flexibility in that students can identify
different subtopics and arrange the details accordingly. It is benefical to students to do a whole-
class concept map on a topic they are familiar with first before you expect them to use this
technique with text.

For example, given the concept of teamwork, students might identify such subtopics as sports,
school, home, and community. Within those subtopics, they would identify appropriate details.

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 Students can use the concept map to summarize or paraphrase the information surrounding each
subtopic. 1

b. The Advantages of Mapping

The advantages of mapping can help students in many ways, including:
1) Planning. For example, a student is give an assignment by the teacher to make a summary
of one of the fields of study. With this task, students make plans for what kind of mind
map will be made.
2) Be more creative. Students will be more creative in understanding the subject matter and
not feel bored or bored with the lesson.
3) Save time. students are not too long record (summarize) the subject matter.
4) Solve the problem. Students who are lazy to take notes with this mind map learn more
diligently and enthusiastically in learning, because it is interesting.

2. Summarizing

a. Concept of Summarizing
To write a summary, a writer will gather the main ideas of an article, essay, television
show or film they’ve read or watched and condense the central ideas into a brief overview.
teaching summarizing shows students how to discern the essential ideas in atext, how to
ignore irrelevant information and how to integrate the central ideas in a meaningful way.

b. Practice of Summarizing
One summarizing strategy developed by Brown, Campion and Day (1981) is referred to as a
rule-based summary strategy. As the name implies, the strategy is one of following a set of
rules or steps that produce a summary. Those rules are as follows :
1) Delete trivial material that is unnecessary to understanding.
2) Delete redundant material.
3) Subtitute superordinate terms for lists.
4) Select a topic sentence, or invent one if it is missing. 2

c. Steps to Write Summary

Here are the 7 steps to writing a summary:
1) Read the material carefully.
2) Reread the material.
3) Write the main idea.
4) Write the summary sentences.
5) Write a draft of your summary
6) Check your information
7) Rewrite your summary

1
SARA CONNOLY,/SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES FOR RAEDING IN THE CONTENT AREAS/, (U.S.A: RACHELLE
CRACCHIOLO,2005).
2
ROBERT J.MARJANO,DKK,/CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION THAT WORKS/, (U.S.A: ASSOCIATION FOR SUPERVISION
AND CURICULUM DEVELOPMENT,2001).

2
 3. Paraphrasing

a. Practice of Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is a procces. What follows is an overview of that procces. You may break it
down for stuents in manageatable chunks. For example, focus only on clarifyinh vocabulary in
one set of lesson, then move to finding the essence of sentence. Then work on sifting out words
an phrase to be avoid when paraphrasing and developing synonyms for them. The worksheets
that follow will aslo be helpful, but studens will require additional modeling and practice from
the teacher.

Prepare for teachinf the skill of paraphrasing by collecting a variety of sentence culled from
the student’s nonfiction reading material. Include sentence that sentences that contain words that
will be unfamiliar to students. the topic sentence in an article from a student magazine or even an
intermediate picture book would be good source.

One the first steps in being able to paraphrase a sentences is making sure that students
understand all the vocabulary contained within it. Write one of your collected sentences on the
board. Ask students to define any unfamiliar vocabulary words by the context, or send them to
their dictionaries or glossaries. Once they can define all of the words in the sentence, they can
turn their attention to rewriting it.
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b. Useful Phrase for Paraphrasing and Summarizing.

When paraphrasing and summarizing ideas, it can be helpful to remember certain traditional
words and phrase. The word and phrase in the chart below can help take the reader from one
thought to another. They can help say more with fewer words, too. In addition, these words
and phrase can help writer organize sumamries, especially when they are summarizing a
longer piece of work.

Sumarizing a topic

And so In all In summary This shows

Briefly In brief That is To conclude
Finally In other word therefore To sum up
generally In short

Comparing topics

Also By comparison likewish similiarly

As Here again moreover So too
As well In the same way

Contrasting topics

3
SARA CONNOLY,/SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES FOR RAEDING IN THE CONTENT AREAS/, (U.S.A: RACHELLE
CRACCHIOLO,2005).

3
 Although Even though On the other hand still
Asnyhow However Otherwise Yet
But Instead of

To show cause and effect

Accordingly Hence Then Thereupon

As a result It follows that Therefore Thus
For example Since

To explain

Actually For instance Namely Such as

Because In fact Of course That is
Fro example In this way

To add information

Add to this And In addition Too

Again As well Next Yet again
Also Besides Then too

To show chronological order

After that Before that Finally In the end Now

Afterwards By that time First In the meantime soon
At least During Second Later
At the same time Earlier Etc. Next 4

4
SARA CONNOLY,/SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES FOR READING IN THE CONTENT AREAS/, (U.S.A: RACHELLE
CRACCHIOLO,2005).

4
 REFERENCES

CONNOLY, SARA. (2005). “Sucessful Strategies for Reading In The Content Areas”.
U.S.A:RECHELLE CRACCHIOLO.

ROBERT J.MARJANO,DKK. (2001). “CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION THAT WORKS”. U.S.A:

Assocoation for supervision and curriculum development.

CUSIPAG N. MARIA, DKK. (2006). “Critical Thinking Through Reading and Writing”. Malate
1004,Manila, Philippines: De La Salle University press,INC.

Kitchin, Rob. The Practice of Mapping.vol.43.hlm.211-215.