School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

ayao
h
P
(blue green algae)
of
y
t
i
s
r
Division Cyanophyta
e
v
i
n
U

. .

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Prokaryotic cells
First algae to appear-fossil history-3.5 billion
years
o
a
Fossils of cyanobacteriastromatolites
y
a
h

P

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

THE FIRST ALGAE !!

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Evolutionary tree

o
a
y

Brown algae
Yellow algae
Gr
ee
n

Re
d

alg

al
ga
e

ae

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

Eukaryote
Prokaryote

Blue green algae

Cyanobacteria

of

a
h
P

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Microfossil Archaean fossil

stromatolite
cyanobacteria

o
a
y

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

a
h
P

Stromatolites Shark Bay, W. Australia

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Cyanobacteria terminology
- Division Cyanophyta
- Cyanobacteria formerly known as BlueGreen Algae

o
a
y

a
h
P

- Cyano = blue
f
o
- Bacteria acknowledges that
they are more closely
y
t
i
related to prokaryotic bacteria
than eukaryotic algae
rs

e
v
i

n
-Microscopic organisms
U
- Found in marine sediments and pelagic zone, freshwater
lakes, soils,
- Live in extreme environments chemically and
temperature.

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Pigment

111
o
a
112

y
a
h
P-
of
y
t
i
rs
e
v
i
113

n
U
-

-

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Thylakoids are not

organizedscattered.

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

o
a (plastid)
y

a
h

P
f

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Pigment

-
-


o
(grass-green)
ya

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

a
h
P

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

cell wall

3

o

a
y

a
h
P

f
o

ity

v
i
n

s
r
e

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

In some genera the mucilaginous sheath

forms a gelatinous matrix

Gelatinou
s matrix
Individual
cells

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

o
a
y

a
h
P

U
Gloeocapsa

Lyngbya

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

(gas vacuole) (pseudovacuole)

o
a
y

a
h

P
f
o
y
t
i

s Microcystis,
r
Anabaena, Nostoc Coelosphaerium

ve

i
n
U

gas vacuole

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

2
1 (single cell or non filamentous form)
Chroococcuso
a
y
Merismopedia, Eucapsis
Anacystis
a
h
P

f
o

ity

v
i
n

s
r
e

Anacystis

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

2 (filamentous form)

Oscillatoria Lyngbyao
a Spirulina
Arthrospira
y
a
h

P
f (trichome)
o

ity

v
i
n

s
r
e

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

(branching)

2 (true branching) (false

branching)

o
a
y

1. (lateral branching)
a
h

P
f

ty

v
i
n

i
s
er

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

2 2 (dichotomous branching)
(apical cell)
2

o
a
y

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

a
h
P

v
i
n (mastiglocladaceous reverse "V"
3 U"V"

shaped branching)
2

"V"

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

2
2

o
a
y
2

a
h

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

Tolypothrix showing characteristic false

branching.

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

(heterocyst)

Order Nostocales Order Stigonematales

o
a
y
a
h

P
f
o
(fibrous)
y
t
i

s
r
e

v
i
n
2 U
(polar nodule)

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Heterocysts
o
a
y

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

a
h
P

U
In Rivularia, the
heterocysts are basal

In Anaboena, the
heterocysts are intercalary

Oscillatoria lacks heterocysts

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Akinetes
Heterocyst

y
t
i
s
r
Cylindrospermumve
i
n
U

o
a
Akinetey
a
h
P
of

Anabaena

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

(heterocyst)

N fixation.

(hormogone) (hormogonia)
o
a

ay

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

h
P

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

1. intercalary heterocyst
Anabaena

o
a
y

of

a
h
P

y
t
i
s heterocyst
r
2. terminal
e
v
2.1
i 2 Anabaenopsis
n
U
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

2.2 basal heterocyst

Calothrix

o
a
y

a
h
2.3 fP
2-3
o
pedicelllate heterocyst Nostochopsis
y
t
i
2.4 rs lateral heterocyst
e
v
Nostochopsis
i
n
U

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

(movement of motility)

Cy o

Family Oscillatoriaceae

a
y
a

h
P

Oscillatoria, Trichodesmium,
Spirulina, Arthrospira,
f
o
Microcoleus, Aphanizomenon Cylindrospermum
y
t
i
Synechococcus, Gloeotheca, Chroococcus
s Microcystis

r
e

v
i
n

(surface
tension)

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

(chromatic adaptation)

o
a
(wavelength) (intensity)

y
a
h

P
f
o

y
t
i
s

r
e
v
i

n
U

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

(nitrogen fixation)
(nitrogenase)
(dinitrogen)

ao

y
h
a

P
f

Gloeocapsa
Aphanothece
Nostoc, Anabaena, Microcoleus, Cylindrospermum,
Anabenopsis, Calothrix, Mastigocladus, Cylindrospermopsis
Tolypothrix

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Nitrogen Fixation in a Heterocyst

o
a
y

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

a
h
P

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

(symbiosis)
Anabaena Nostoc (Azolla)
Nostoc (cycads) (Lichen)
Rivularia Dichothrix
o
a
y Lyngbya, Calothrix,
a
Phormidium Cyanodictyon
h
P
f mucicola
Phormidium
o
Dactylococcopsis ty

v
i
n

i
s
er

Photosynthetic
tissue

Cavity

Anabaena azollae

Anaboen
a
Secretor
y hair

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

(water bloom)
Eutrophication

Microcystis Anabaenopsis,
oSpirulina, Oscillatoria,
Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Nostoc, Nodularia,
a
y
a
Gloeotrichia
h
P

of
y
t
i
s
r
e
iv
n

U

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Satellit e images showing cyanobacteria bloom

in the Baltic Sea, August 1983 .The Baltic Sea
cyanobacteria species Anabaena sp, (A)
Aphanizomenon sp. (B) Nodularia spumigena
(C) (Photo C. Esplund) and the structure of
nodularin

o
a
y

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

a
h
P

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

o

a
y
a
Phormidium Calothrix
Rivularia
h
P Gloeocapsa
f
o
y
Nostoc
t
i
s
r
e Anacystis
v
i
71-91 n Chroococcus turgidus,
U
Anabaena Oscillatoria ,Synechococcus,
Mastigocladus Phormidium

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Blue-green algae
in Morning Glory
Pool, Yellowstone
National Park,
Wyoming

o
a
y

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

a
h
P

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Asexual Reproduction

1
o
a
y
a
h

of
y
t
i
rs
e
iv

n
U

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Asexual Reproduction
(fragmentation)

ao

y
a
h
(hormogonium) (hormogone)

P
f
o (seperation disc) (dead cell)

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

(pseudohormogonium)

(hormocyst)
(hormospore)
o
a
y
a
h
Westiella, Camptylonema,
P
Scytonema, Fisherella, Leptopogon,ofHandeliella Spalaeopogon

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

3
1 (endospore)

Dermocarpa
ao

P
f

y
a
h

2 (exospore) ity
s
r
(bud) e
v
i
n Chamaesiphon
U

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

3
3 (nannocyte)


o
a
y
a
h
Gloeocapsa, Microcystis PChlorogloea

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Anagnostidis and Komarek

4

o
a
y

a
Division Cyanophyta
h
P

Order 1
Order 2
Order 3
Order 4

Chroococcales o
y
t
i
Oscillatoriales
s
r
e
v
i
Nostocales
n
U
Stigonematales

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Order 1 Chroococcales

11

o
a
y

a
h
P

Gloeothece
of

Aphanothece

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

Snowella

Gomphosphaeria

Merismopedia

Synechocystis

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Family 4 Microcystaceae

(gelatinous sheath)

o
a
y

of

a
h
P

Eucapsis

y
t
i
Gloeocapsa
s
r
e
v
i

n
U

Microcystis aeruginosa

Microcystis wesenbergii

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Family 5 Chroococcaceae

2-3
3

o
a
y

v
i
n

U
Chroococcus

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

a
h
P

Cyanosarcina

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Family 8 Chamaesiphonaceae

(substratum)

Cladophora, Oedogonium

o
a
y

Chamaesiphon

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

a
h
P

v
i
n
Chamaesiphon
U

Stichosiphon endospore

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Order 2 Oscillatoriales


6

Family 1 Pseudanabaenaceae
o
a
y aerotopes

a
h
P
f
o
()
y
t
i

s ()
r
e
(constriction)

v
i
U
n

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Family 1 Pseudanabaenaceae

o
a
Pseudanabaena y
a
h
P
of
y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U
Spirulina
Planktolyngbya

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Family 4 Phormidiaceae

Phormidium

o
a
y

a
h
P

Oscillatoria

v
i
n

U
Phormidium

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

vs

Oscillatoria

Microcoleus

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Family 5 Oscillatoriaceae

(cap)
(calyptra)
o
a

y
a

h

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

P
f

calyptra

Oscillatoria

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Family 5 Oscillatoriaceae

Lyngbya

ao

v
i
n

Lyngbya

y
t
i
s
r
e

P
f

y
a
h

Lyngbya

Blennothrix

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Order 3 Nostocales

o
a
y

Family 1 Scytonemataceae

a
(falsehbranching)

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

P
f

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Order 3 Nostocales

Family 2 Microchaetaceae

a
y
a

Tolypothrix

h
P

of (false branch in single)

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Family 3 Rivulariaceae

taper

o
a
y

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

a
h
P

Calothrix
iv

n
U

Rivularia

Gloeotrichia

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Family 4 Nostocaceae



Anabaena

o
a
y Nostoc

a
P
h
of (barrel shaped)

y
t
i
s
r
e
v
i
n
U

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Cylindrospermum

ao

Cylindrospermopsis

ity
rs
e
v

i
n
U

P
f

y
a
h

 Nostoc

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Anabaena

Anabaena
o
Nostoc acommune
Vaucher
y
a

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

Nostochopsis
Branched filament

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Order 4 Stigonematales

2
1

o
3
ya

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

a
h
P

U
Stigonema

Fischerella

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

Nostochopsis -----

2-3

a
y
a

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

h
P

School of Medical Science, University of Phayao

o
a
y

v
i
n

y
t
i
s
r
e

of

a
h
P