Q.

1: Make your assignment on figure of speeches and poetic devices minimum 100 along
with definition and explanation.

Ans. FIGURE OF SPEECH AND POETIC DEVICES:

DEFINITION:

A figure of speech is a phrase of word used in a non-literal sense for rhetorical or rich effect. It
is an expression that is different from its literal meaning.

OR

A figure of speech is a word or phrase using figurative language (language that has other
meaning than its normal definition.

EXPLANATION:

A figure of speech is a way of describing something or someone interestingly and vividly. The
word or phrase may not mean exactly what they suggest, but they paint a clear picture in the
mind of the reader or listener. A figure of speech can be in the form of a phrase or a single word.
The figures of speeches are also known as rhetorical figure.

Figures of speeches rely on implied or suggested meaning, rather than a dictionary definition.
We express and develop them through hundreds of different rhetorical techniques, from specific
types like metaphors and similes.

It is easier to understand than an idiom than an idiom as you do not have to be familiar with the
language to decipher it. Every language has its figure of speech and idioms that are own to that
language. They are used to make writing more interesting.

KINDS OF FIGURE OF SPEECH:

1. ADAGE:
DEFINITION:
 An adage is a short, memorable saying that is considered to be true by the majority of
people. These sayings may give wisdom about life and as their usage increases they are
presumed to display a universal truth. 
EXPLANATION:
A short pointed and memorable saying based on facts and considered true by the majority
of people. Adages are important because they reveal a strong message through a simple
phrase. These phrases are universally understood, and this makes the message easier to
convey to a large audience. It is important for writers to effectively convey the message;
therefore, including adages can be useful in order to achieve this goal.
EXAMPLES:
 All's well that ends well.
2. ALLEGORY:
DEFINITION:
Allegory is a narration or description in which events, actions, characters, settings or
objects represent specific abstractions or ideas.
EXPLANATION:
Allegories deliver difficult messages in easy-to-read stories. That makes them extremely
useful and expressive tools. So for centuries, human beings have used allegories to say
things they couldn’t say any other way. People often use allegories in order to understand
the world around them — whether it’s the world of politics, new technology, or the many
ethical problems that challenge us today.

EXAMPLE:

 All animals are equal but a few are more equal than others.
3. ALLITERATION:
DEFINITION:
In alliteration, words that begin with the same sound are placed close together. Although
alliteration often involves repetition of letters, most importantly, it is
a repetition of sounds.
EXPLANATION:
Alliteration is a useful sound device found in many types of literature but mostly in
poetry. Businesses and advertisers use alliteration to call attention to company names and
products. Many famous quotes and sayings also use alliteration. This is because the
repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words allows rhythm and musicality. It
also makes a phrase easy to memorize and fun to read or say out loud.

EXAMPLE:

 Sally sells seashells by the seashore.

4. ALLUSION:
DEFINITION:
Allusion is basically a reference to something else. It’s when a writer mentions some
other work, or refers to an earlier part of the current work.
EXPLANATION:
Allusion is also found in nearly every work of great literature, as well as in scholarly
works and all kinds of non-fiction. Once you know what to look for, you’ll see it
everywhere! Just keep an eye out for moments when a writer or speaker makes a passing
reference to something else.

EXAMPLE:
  My Mom has a Spartan workout routine.
5. AMBIGUITY:
DEFINITION:
Ambiguity, or fallacy of ambiguity, is a word, phrase, or statement which contains more
than one meaning. Ambiguous words or statements lead to vagueness and confusion, and
shape the basis for instances of unintentional humor.
EXPLANATION:
Ambiguity in literature serves the purpose of lending a deeper meaning to a literary work.
By introducing ambiguity in their works, writers give liberty to readers to use their
imagination to explore meanings. This active participation of the readers involves them in
the prose or poetry they read.
EXAMPLE:
 He is good because he wants to protect his mother.

6. ANACHRONISM:
DEFINIITION:
Anachronism is derived from the Greek word anachronous, which means “against time.”
Therefore, an anachronism is an error of chronology or timeline in a literary piece. In
other words, anything that is out of time and out of place is an anachronism.
EXPLANATION:
Anachronisms appear in literature, paintings, and other works, and it is fascinating to
explore them. Generally, they are considered errors that occur due to lack of research.
EXAMPLE:
 He plucked me open his doublet and offered them his throat to cut.
7. ANAPEST:
DEFINNITON:
Anapest is a poetic device defined as a metrical foot in a line of a poem that contains
three syllables wherein the first two syllables are short and unstressed, followed by a
third syllables that is long and stressed.
EXPLANATION:
It helps create artistic lines with a regular meter in a poem. Since anapest ends in a
stressed syllable, it makes strong rhyming lines that create music in a poem. It plays a
very important role in poetry, and the most common role in verse is that of a comic
meter, which is, the foot used in the limerick for comical effects.
EXAMPLE:
 I must finish my journey alone
8. ANAPHORA:
DEFINITION:
Anaphora is a rhetorical device that features repetition of a word or phrase at the
beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses. Anaphora works as a literary
device to allow writers to convey, emphasize, and reinforce meaning. 
EXPLANATION:
A literary device, anaphora functions as a means of emphasizing words and ideas. Also,
it can also provide a lyrical and artistic effect when used properly. Readers often
remember passages that feature anaphora in the way that they might remember refrains in
music. This not only enhances a reader’s experience and enjoyment of language, but also
expands the writer’s ability to convey and reinforce meaning in their work.
EXAMPLE:
 Go big or go home.
9. ANASTROPHE:
DEFINITION:
Anastrophe is a form of literary device wherein the order of the noun and the adjective in
the sentence is exchanged. 
EXPLANATION:
Anastrophe is a scheme that writers use to move words out of the normal order that they
would be commonly spoken in. Poets often use anastrophe in order to help maintain
rhythm or a rhyme scheme. Though the use of anastrophe is less common in prose, it is
often used in order to create a sense of depth or wisdom to the words being written.
EXAMPLE:
 He spoke of times past and future, and dreamt of things to be.
10. ANTANACLASIS:
DEFINITON:
Antanaclasis is a rhetorical device in which a phrase or word is repeatedly used, though
the meaning of the word changes in each case. It is the repetition of a similar word in
a sentence with different meanings, or a word is repeated in two or more different senses.
EXPLANATION:
Antanaclasis helps in giving an exciting contrast with different meanings of the same
word. It enhances the dramatic and persuasive impact of a piece of writing or speech.
Antanaclasis creates comic effect when used in the form of irony and pun.
EXAMPLE:
 Put out the light, and then put out the light.
11. ANTITHESIS:
DEFINITON:
Antithesis, which literally means “opposite,” is a rhetorical device in which two opposite
ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.
EXPLANATION:
Antithesis emphasizes the idea of contrast by parallel structures of the contrasted phrases
or clauses. The structures of phrases and clauses are similar, in order to draw the attention
of the listeners or readers. 
EXAMPLE:
 Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice.
12. ANTHROPOMORPHISM:
DEFINITION:
Anthropomorphism is a literary device that can be defined as a technique in which a
writer ascribes human traits, ambitions, emotions, or entire behaviors to animals, non-
human beings, natural phenomena, or objects.
EXPLANATION:
It could attract the attention of a wide audience (including children) by presenting
animated characters in tales and animated movies. In literature, it serves as an effective
tool for creating political and social satires. Hence, it has a wider scope than merely to
entertain children.
EXAMPLE:
  Simba in the Lion King.
13. ANTICLIMAX:
DEFINITION:
Anti-climax is a rhetorical device that can be defined as a disappointing situation, or a
sudden transition in discourse from an important idea to a ludicrous or trivial one. It is
when, at a specific point, expectations are raised, everything is built-up, and then
suddenly something boring or disappointing happens — this is an anti-climax. Besides
that, the order of statements gradually descends in anti-climax.
EXPALANATION:
 The word anticlimax comes from the Greek prefix anti-, meaning “against,” and the
word climax, which means “ladder” or “staircase.” Thus, though the definition of
anticlimax is not directly opposite that of climax, it does show that the story line does not
fully reach the same heights that a well thought out climax would.

EXAMPLE:
 Tension builds in a horror movie as a young girl approaches a closed door. There
is a scratching sound coming from behind the door. When she opens it, a cat
comes out.
14. ANTIMETABOLE:
DEFINITION:
Antimetabole is derived from a Greek word which means “turning about.” It is a literary
term or device that involves repeating a phrase in reverse order.
EXPLANATION:
Antimetabole are popular and effective solely because they appeal to reason and are easy
to remember. If the first half is relatable, then the reader or listener will automatically
make sense of the second half.
EXAMPLE:
 “Eat to live, not live to eat.” – Socrates.
15. APHORISM:
DEFINITION:
Aphorism is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. The
term is often applied to philosophical, moral, and literary principles.
EXPLANATION:
Aphorisms often come with a pinch of humor, which makes them more appealing to the
masses. Proverbs, maxims, adages, and clichés are different forms of aphoristic
statements that gain prevalence from generation to generation and frequently appear in
our day-to-day speech
EXAMPLE:
 Youth is a blunder; Manhood a struggle; Old age regret. [Benjamin Disraeli]
16. APOSTROPHE:
DEFINITION:
In literature, apostrophe is a figure of speech sometimes represented by an exclamation,
such as “Oh.” A writer or speaker, using apostrophe, speaks directly to someone who is
not present or is dead, or speaks to an inanimate object.
EXPLANATION:
By employing apostrophe in their literary works, writers try to bring abstract ideas or
non-existent persons to life, so that the nature of emotions they want to communicate
comes across in a better way. It is more convenient for readers to relate themselves to
abstract emotions when they observe them in their natural surroundings. In addition, the
use of apostrophe motivates readers to develop a perspective that is fresh, as well as
creative.
EXAMPLE:
 Oh, Rose, how sweet you smell and how bright you look!
17. ASSONANCE:
DEFINITION:
Assonance is a literary device in which the repetition of similar vowel sounds takes place
in two or more words in proximity to each other within a line of poetry or prose.
EXPLANATION:
Assonance most often refers to the repetition of internal vowel sounds in words that do
not end the same. For example, “he fell asleep under the cherry tree” is a phrase that
features assonance with the repetition of the long “e” vowel, despite the fact that the
 words containing this vowel do not end in perfect rhymes. This allows writers the means
of emphasizing important words in a phrase or line, as well as creating a sense of rhythm,
enhancing mood, and offering a lyrical effect of words and sounds.
EXAMPLE:
 The cat is out of the bag.
18. ASYNDETON:
DEFINITION:
Asyndeton is derived from the Greek word asyndeton, which means “unconnected.” It is
a stylistic device used in literature and poetry to intentionally eliminate conjunctions
between the phrases, and in the sentence, yet maintain grammatical accuracy. 
EXPLANATION:
This literary tool helps in reducing the indirect meaning of the phrase, and presents it in a
concise form. It was first used in Greek and Latin literature Asyndeton is often applied
intentionally in order to give a unique emphasis to the text, thereby drawing the attention
of readers towards a particular idea the author wants to convey.
EXAMPLE:
 An empty stream, a great silence, an impenetrable forest. The air was thick, warm,
heavy, and sluggish. - Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad
19. BALLAD:

DEFINITION:

As a literary device, a ballad is a narrative poem, typically consisting of a series of four-

line stanzas. Ballads were originally sung or recited as an oral tradition among rural
societies, and were often anonymous retellings of local legends and stories by wandering
minstrels in the middle Ages. 

EXPLANATION:

Ballad is a general literary term that does not require a fixed poetic form. Many ballad
poems are variations of the form or departures from it. As a form of narrative verse, ballads
can be poetic or musical, but not all of them are songs. 
EXAMPLE:

 Re-imagination of legends
20. BATHOS:
DEFINITION:
Bathos is a literary term derived from a Greek word meaning “depth.” Bathos is the act of
a writer or a poet falling into inconsequential and absurd metaphors, descriptions, or
ideas in an effort to be increasingly emotional or passionate.
EXPLANATION:
Bathos is a device which, if used skillfully, can really build up a nice comic scene.
Bathos brings a certain degree of wit to a scene by highlighting the contrast in tone.
Initially, it is used to create a serious and powerful dramatic situation.
EXAMPLE:
 The Mary Tyler Moore Show had an episode that involved the death of the clown
Chuckles, who was killed very brutally by a stampeding elephant. Everyone on
the station keeps making jokes about it that Mary does not approve of. 
21. BURLESQUE:
DEFINITION:
Burlesque (pronounced ber-lesk) is a style in literature and drama that mocks or
imitates a subject by representing it in an ironic or ludicrous way; resulting in
comedy. As a literary and dramatic device, the term is often used interchangeably
with parody, though a parody is actually type of burlesque.
EXPLANATION:
Burlesque literature is much more than mere comedy and entertainment. It has been a
major literary and dramatic technique for social activism and commentary for
thousands of years; using humor to attract attention to serious and unresolved issues in
society. 
EXAMPLE:
 The Comedies of Aristophanes
22. CIRCUMLUCATION:
DEFINITION:
 Circumlocution is a form of writing where the writer uses exaggeratedly long and
complex sentences in order to convey a meaning that could have otherwise been
conveyed through a shorter, much simpler sentence.
EXPLANATION:
Circumlocution involves stating an idea or a view in an indirect manner that leaves the
reader guessing and grasping at the actual meaning. Circumlocution is extensively
used in poetry, music, and rhetorical speech. It is, in fact, the embellishment of putting
different words together so as not to say what a person wants not to say.
EXAMPLE:
 It is used when the speaker is unable to choose the right words to express or say
something.
23. CLICHÉ:
DEFINITION:
A cliché is a saying, idea, or element of artistic work that is overused in a culture to
the point of losing its original, more significant, meaning.

EXPLANATION:
Clichés often are annoying to a listener or reader in that they display a lack of
originality on the part of the speaker or writer. Some clichés are also examples
of idiom that are simply far too commonly used in the language
EXAMPLE:
 The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree.
24. CLIMAX:
DEFINNITION:
Climax is the highest point of tension or drama in a narratives plot. Often, climax is
also when the main problem of the story is faced and solved by the main character or
protagonist. 
EXPLANATION:
Climax is the high point of a story. Without climax, a story lacks excitement or an
overarching meaning. Climax is considered an absolutely necessary element of plot.
 Beyond basic stories, climax is an essential element of many poems, movies,
television shows, advertisements, and songs.
EXAMPLE:
 A story about a boy’s crush:
 Conflict: Sam has had a crush on Mary for months, but he does not know how to tell
her how he feels.
 Climax: At the school dance, Sam makes his feelings for Mary known by asking her
to dance.
As can be seen from these short story examples, climax is the most exciting point of
the plot when the conflict is finally faced

25. COLLOPUIALISM:
DEFINITION:
In literature, colloquialism is the use of informal words, phrases, or even slang in a
piece of writing. Colloquial expressions tend to sneak in as writers, being part of a
society, are influenced by the way people speak in that society. 
EXPLANATION:
Colloquial expressions in a piece of literature may give us deep insights into the
writer’s society. They tell us about how people really talk in their real lives. Therefore,
they help a writer to form strong connections with readers.
EXAMPLE:
 Bamboozle – to deceive.
26. COMPARISION:
DEFINITION:
Comparison is a rhetorical or literary device in which a writer compares or contrasts
two people, places, things, or ideas. 
EXPLANATION:
Comparisons occur in literary works frequently. Writers and poets use comparison in
order to link their feelings about a thing to something readers can understand.
EXAMPLE:
 “Come on now, quick as a bunny.”
27. CONCIET:
DEFINITION:
As a literary device, a conceit uses an extended metaphor that compares two very
dissimilar things.
EXPLANATION:
A conceit is often elaborate and controls a large section of a poem or the entire poem.
Conceits are often quite unique and ingenuous, and can present
striking juxtaposition and comparison of the unlike things.
EXAMPLE:
 Dead as a doornail.
28. CONFLICT:
DEFINITION:
In literature, conflict is the result of competing desires or the presence of obstacles that
need to be overcome. 
EXPLANATION:
 Conflict is necessary to propel a narrative forward; the absence of conflict amounts to
the absence of story. all literature requires conflict to have a storyline. Most stories
show a character arc from the beginning of the end, displaying development or
transformation of the main character(s) nature or opinions.
 
EXAMPLE:
 A divorcing couple trying to determine custody rights.
29. CONTRAST:
DEFINITION:
A contrast in literature is any difference between two or more tangible or abstract
entities, such as characters, settings, opinions, tones, and so on. 
EXPLANATION:
The word “contrast” came originally from the Latin words contra- and stare, meaning
“against” and “stand,” respectively. The definition of contrast developed in the
 seventeenth century as a term in fine art, in which it meant to use juxtaposition to
bring out differences in color and form.
EXAMPLE:
 The story revolves around a friendship between these two opposite characters – a
friendship that is particularly charming because of the way the two characters
complement each other’s strengths. The two would never have survived
individually in the rough world of Steinbeck’s novel, but together they’re able to
muddle through…for a while, anyway.
30. DACTYL:
DEFINITION:
A dactyl is a metrical foot with one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed
syllables.
EXPLANATION:
A dactyl is opposite to an anapest, which is comprised of two unstressed syllables
followed by a stressed syllable. The word dactyl comes from the Greek word δάκτυλος
(dáktylos), which means “finger.” If you think of your finger joints, the definition of
dactyl is easy to remember: the longest bone in a finger is first, followed by two
shorter bones.
EXAMPLE:

 Actions speak louder than words.

31. DISCOURSE:
DEFINITION:
In literature, discourse means speech or writing, normally longer than sentences,
which deals with a certain subject formally. 
EXPLANATION:
Originally, it has roots in the Latin language. The term assumes slightly different
meanings in different contexts. In other words, discourse is the presentation of
language in its entirety, while performing an intellectual inquiry in a particular area or
field, such as theological discourse or cultural discourse.
EXAMPLE:
  MACBETH: She should have died hereafter; There would have been a time for
such a word.— To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow ,Creeps in this petty
pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays
have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a
walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and
then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury
signifying nothing.
32. DOPPLEGANGER:
DEFINITION:
Doppelganger (DOPP-el-gang-er) comes from a German word meaning “double-
walker.” It’s a twin or double of some character, usually in the form of an evil twin.
EXPLANATION:
Psychologically, doppelgangers seem to be extremely compelling to human beings –
that’s why they appear so often in mythology, literature, and film.

 
EXAMPLE:
 There is an old mirror in this room. Your frightened reflection moves on its own.
You realize it is you from another time. Your reflection writes on the mirror:
THIS WILL HELP.
33. ELLIPSIS:
DEFINITION:
Ellipsis is a literary device that is used in narratives to omit some parts of a sentence
 Or event, which gives the reader a chance to fill the gaps while acting or reading it out.
EXPLANATION:
 It is usually written between the sentences as a series of three dots, like this: 
“…”Apart from being convenient, ellipses also help in advancing the story. Leaving
out part of a sentence or an event by substituting it with ellipses is often done to either
save time, or as a stylistic element. 
EXAMPLE:
 So…what happened?
34. EPIGRAPH:
DEFINITION:
In literature, an epigraph is a short quotation that is set at the beginning of a text or
section of a text to suggest the theme of what’s to come.
EXPLANATION:
The epigraph can be a quote from a famous person, an excerpt or full text of a poem,
phrase, lyric, or definition. Epigraphs can be a sort of preface or can set the mood or
tone of the following work.
EXAMPLE:
 United States seal and coins: E pluribus Unum (out of many, one).
35. EPISTROPHE:
DEFINITION:
Epistrophe is derived from a Greek word that means “turning upon,” which indicates
the same word returns at the end of each sentence.
EXPLANATION:
Epistrophe is a stylistic device that can be defined as the repetition of phrases or words
at the ends of the clauses or sentences. It is also called “epiphora.” Epistrophe
examples are frequently found in literary pieces, in persuasive writing, and in
speeches.
EXMPLE:
 I’m tired of this job. I’m over this job. I’m done with this job!.
36. EPITHEL:
DEFINITION:
Epithet (pronounced ep–uh-thet) is derived from the Greek phrase epitithenai, meaning
“to add” or “to put on.”
EXPLANATION:
Epithets show just how strong certain character traits or physical traits are, as they
come to replace the actual names of people, places, or things. Also known as
sobriquets, these longstanding nicknames label the most memorable aspects of kings
and queens and also provide simplified names for complicated or scientific concepts.
EXAMPLE:
  Daddy Longlegs is the epithet commonly used for Opiliones spiders.
37. EUPHEMISM:
DEFINITION:
A euphemism is a polite or mild word or expression used to refer to something
embarrassing, taboo, or unpleasant. 
EXPLANATION:
Euphemisms are especially common in reference to bodily functions and illegal
behavior, and to substitute for curse words. 
EXAMPLE:
 In a better place; pass away; meet your maker—to die.
38. EXAGGERATION:
DEFINITION:
Exaggeration is a way of over-emphasizing something, either making it better or worse
than it really is. Exaggeration can be used to communicate the importance of
something, to create a lasting impression, or to evoke stronger feelings than otherwise.
EXPLANATION:
The word exaggeration comes from the Latin word exaggeration, which means
“elevation” or “exaltation.” The original literal root of the word meant to “heap up.”
Thus, the origin of the definition of exaggeration had a very literal meaning about
adding on to something.
EXAMPLE:
 If he saw me like this I would just die.
39. FABLE:
DEFINITION:
A fable is a short piece of fiction that features animals in the role of the protagonist
and usually includes or illustrates a moral.
EXPLANATION:
 The distinguishing feature of a fable is anthropomorphism or personification involved
that leads to a moral lesson being taught. At times, this moral lesson is summed up at
the end of the fable in a short maxim.
EXAMPLE:
  Kung Fu Panda.
40. FARCE:
DEFINITION:
A farce is a lighthearted comedy that centers around a ridiculous plot that usually
involves exaggerated and improbable events.
EXPLANATION:
 Farces usually do not have much character development, but instead rely on absurdity,
physical humor, and a skillful exploitation of a situation. Farce examples also often
occur in just one place where all the events occur.
EXAMPLE:
 It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, and Mad World.
41. FLASHBACK:
DEFINITION:
Flashback defined as “an interruption of the chronological sequence (as of a film or
literary work) of an event of earlier occurrence.”
EXPLANATION:
Flashbacks are interruptions that writers do to insert past events, in order to provide
background or context to the current events of a narrative.  Dream sequences and
memories are methods used to present flashbacks.
EXAMPLE:
 The Bible is a good source of flashback examples.
42. FORESHADOWING:
DEFINITION:
Foreshadowing is a literary device that writers utilize as a means to indicate or hint to
readers something that is to follow or appear later in a story.
EXPLANATION:
It can set up emotional expectations of character behaviors and/or plot outcomes. This
can heighten a reader’s enjoyment of a literary work, enhance the work’s meaning, and
help the reader make connections with other literature and literary themes.
EXAMPLE:
 Symbols, such as blood, certain colors, types of birds, weapons.
43. HENDIATRIS:
DEFINITION:
A hendiatris is a figure of speech where three successive words are used to express a
central idea.
EXPLANATION:
Hendiatris is the model through which various tripartite mottoes are formed. A
tripartite motto is the conventional English term for a motto, a slogan, as well as an
advertising phrase.
EXAMPLE:
 “Wine, women, and song” [Anonymous]
44. HUBRIS:
DEFINITION:
Hubris is an extreme expression of pride or self-confidence in a character. In Greek
mythology and drama, hubris was an affront to the gods, as no mortal should believe
himself to be more powerful than the gods, nor deny them.
EXPLANATION:
The word hubris comes from the Greek word ὕβρις (hybris), which meant “wanton
violence, insolence, outrage” or “presumption toward the gods.”
EXAMPLE:
 Richard Nixon: Already in power as the President of the United States,
Richard Nixon must have thought that his possession as Commander in Chief
made him invincible to defeat. He was implicated in the Watergate scandal,
and ultimately resigned.

45. HUMOR:
DEFINITION:
Humor is a literary tool that makes audiences laugh, or that intends to induce
amusement or laughter.
EXPLANATION:
 Its purpose is to break the monotony, boredom, and tedium, and make the audience’s
nerves relax. The writer uses different techniques, tools, words, and even full
sentences in order to bring to light new and funny sides of life. Humor is often found
in literature, theater, movies, and advertising, where the major purpose is to make the
audience happy.
EXAMPLE:
 Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice is one of her most popular works.
46. HYPERBATON:
DEFINITION:
Hyperbaton has been derived from a Greek word that means “transposition,” and
refers to an inversion in the arrangement of common words.
EXPLANATION:
It can be defined as a rhetorical device in which the writers play with the normal
positions of words, phrases, and clauses in order to create differently arranged
sentences, which still suggest a similar meaning. Hyperbaton is also known as a
broader version of hypallage.
EXAMPLE:
 Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall.

47. HYPERBOLE:
DEFINITION:
Hyperbole is a figure of speech and literary device that creates heightened effect
through deliberate exaggeration. 
EXPLANATION:
Hyperbole is often a boldly overstated or exaggerated claim or statement that adds
emphasis without the intention of being literally true. In rhetoric and literature,
hyperbole is often used for serious, comic, or ironic effect.
EXAMPLE:
 I’m so hungry that I could eat a horse.
48. IAMB:
DEFINITION:
An iamb is a literary device that can be defined as a foot containing unaccented and
short syllables, followed by a long and accented syllable in a single line of
a poem (unstressed/stressed syllables).
EXPLANATION:
f iambic meter is to create a speech that should have a regular pattern. It functions to
make a normal speech fit into heightened formality and dramatic form. Since it gives a
rhythmic sense, it lends the text high drama and formality.
EXAMPLE:
 A bitter pill.

49. IMAGERY:
DEFINITION:
As a literary device, imagery consists of descriptive language that can function as a
way for the reader to better imagine the world of the piece of literature and also
add symbolism to the work.
EXPLANATION:
Imagery draws on the five senses, namely the details of taste, touch, sight, smell,
and sound. Imagery can also pertain to details about movement or a sense of a body in
motion (kinesthetic imagery) or the emotions or sensations of a person, such as fear or
hunger (organic imagery or subjective imagery).
EXAMPLE:
 Taste: The familiar tang of his grandmother’s cranberry sauce reminded him of
his youth.

50. INTERROGATION:
DEFINITION:
a process of asking someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to
get information, sometimes using threats or violence:
 EXPLANATION:
Interrogation (also called questioning) is interviewing as commonly employed by law
enforcement officers, military personnel, and intelligence agencies with the goal of
eliciting useful information. Interrogation may involve a diverse array of techniques,
ranging from developing a rapport with the subject to torture.
EXAMPLE:
 Interrogative: What ship are you?
51. IRONY:
DEFINITION:
As a literary device, irony is a contrast or incongruity between expectations for a
situation and what reality is. 
EXPLANATION:
The word “irony” comes from the Greek character Enron, who was an underdog and
used his wit to overcome a stronger character. The Greek word eironeía derived from
this character and came to mean “dissimulation” or “purposely affected ignorance.”
EXAMPLE:
 Verbal irony: “What a pleasant day” (when it is raining heavily).

52. ISOCOLON:
DEFINITION:
An isocolon is a figure of speech in which there are two or more parts of a sentence
that are identical in length, rhythm, and structure. 
EXPLANATION:
Isocolon creates a strong sense of symmetry and unity whether it is used in rhetoric or
in literature. Isocolon leads to very memorable lines because generally there is a good
deal of rhythm through the repetition of structures.
EXAMPLE:
 “It takes a licking, but it keeps on ticking!”—Timex.
53. JUXTAPOSITION:
DEFINITION:
As a literary technique, the juxtaposition definition is to place two concepts,
characters, ideas, or places near or next to each other so that the reader will compare
and contrast them. 
EXPLANATION:
The word juxtaposition comes from the Latin for “side by side” with “position,”
originally a French word that became standardized into English. In grammar, the use
of juxtaposition is the absence of conjunctions when grouping words in a list, such as
omitting the “but” or “and.”
EXAMPLE:
 Beggars can’t be choosers. To beg and to choose are opposite functions, and
this proverb implies that in fact one cannot be both desperate and have any
choice in the decision or result.
54. KAIROS:
DEFINITION:
Kairos (pronounced “KAI-ros”) in Ancient Greek meant “time” – but it wasn’t just
any time. It was exactly the right time to say or do a particular thing. 

EXPLANATION:
Kairos is important because audience is important. Since rhetoric is about
communication, you have to think about your audience – what they bring to the table,
how they think about the issue, and how they’re likely to respond to your message.
EXAMPLE:
 Political essays and op-eds are almost always kairotic – or at least they attempt
to be. Read any opinion piece in your local newspaper and you’ll find that the
writers are trying to integrate their message with the day’s news and thus show
the relevance of their opinions.

55. LEGEND:
 DEFINITION:
A legend (/ˈlejənd/) is a story about human events or actions that has not been proved
nor documented in real history.
EXPLANATION:
A legend (/ˈlejənd/) is a story about human events or actions that has not been proved
nor documented in real history.
EXAMPLE:
 Legends are often based on creatures that could be real, but haven’t been
proven to exist according to science. These legends often date back centuries
and have been retold generation after generation up until today, where they
remain mysteries. Bigfoot, the Lushness Monster, and the Abominable
Snowman are three prime examples of legends that some people are still
searching for.

56. LIMERICK:
DEFINITION:
A limerick (pronounced LIM-rick) is a five-line poem with a strict rhyme scheme
(AABBA, lines 1,2, and 5 rhyme together, while lines 3 and 4 rhymes togther) and a
reasonably strict meter (anapestic trimester for lines 1, 2, and 5; anapestic diameter for
lines 3 and 4).
EXPLANATION:
The most popular limericks are extremely rude and often racist or sexist, so we won’t
repeat them here. You can look them up on your own if you like. However, no
explanation of the limerick would be adequate without at least a little rudeness, so be
forewarned – this article contains some explicit language!
EXAMPLE:
 Our novels get longa and longa
Their language gets stronga and stronga
There is much to be said
For the life that is led
In illiterate places like Bongo
57. LITOTES:
DEFINITION:
Litotes is an understatement in which a positive statement is expressed by negating its
opposite. This sounds like a strange definition, but a few examples will make the
meaning clear.
EXPLANATION:
Litotes were common in Anglo-Saxon, so it goes back quite a ways. It’s also common
in other languages as diverse as Turkish, Spanish, and Mandarin Chinese. 
EXAMPLE:
 After someone hires you, you might say, “Thank you, ma’am, you won’t regret
it.” The negation is an understatement, of course – what you really mean is that
your boss will be happy with your performance
58. MRTAPROPISM:
DEFINITION:
Sometimes, we just say the wrong things. Other times, we purposely say the wrong
things. In each case, the French phrase mal à propo, meaning “inappropriate,” is a
proper response. Malapropisms are incorrect words used in place of correct words;
these can be unintentional or intentional, but both cases have a comedic effect.
EXPLANATION:
Malapropism is a unique literary device in that it has its origins in a specific comedic
play, The Rivals, in a specific character, Mrs. Malapropos. Richard Sheridan first
showed the play in 1775. Mrs. Malapropos constant malapropisms provide the play
with continual comedy.
EXAMPLE:
 I have good punctuation—I’m never late!
59. MAXIM:
DEFINITION:
A maxim is a brief statement that contains a little piece of wisdom or a general rule of
behavior. Maxims are sometimes written by a single author, for example in the form of
philosophical quotations.
 EXPLANATION:
Maxims are very nearly the same as aphorisms. The only difference is that maxims are
often more straightforward. Whereas aphorisms tend to use metaphor, maxims may or
may not do this.
EXAMPLE:
 Rome wasn’t built in a day.
60. MEIOSIS:
DEFINITION:
Meiosis is a figure of speech that minimizes the importance of something
through euphemism.
EXPLANATION:
The term meiosis comes from the Greek word μειόω, which means “to make smaller”
or “to diminish.” Originally, the definition of meiosis referred to a biological process
in which gametic cells divide. 
EXAMPLE:
 Our Peculiar Institution (slavery in the American south before the Civil War).
61. METAPHORE:
DEFINITION:
A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things. 
EXPLANATION:
As a literary device, metaphor creates implicit comparisons without the express use of
“like” or “as.” Metaphor is a means of asserting that two things are identical in
comparison rather than just similar. 
EXAMPLE:
 Laughter is the best medicine
62. METONYMY:
DEFINITION:
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one object or idea takes the place of another
with which it has a close association. 
EXPLANATION:
 As a literary device, it is a way of replacing an object or idea with something related to
it instead of stating what is actually meant. Metonymy enables writers to express a
word or thought in a different way by using a closely related word or thought. 
EXAMPLE:
 Hollywood (represents associations with the movie industry).

63. METANOIA:
DEFINITION:
Metanoia (pronounced MET-uh-NOY-uh) is a self-correction. It’s when a writer or
speaker deliberately goes back and modifies a statement that they just made, usually
either to strengthen it or soften it in some way.
EXPLANATION:
Metanoia (pronounced MET-uh-NOY-uh) is a self-correction. It’s when a writer or
speaker deliberately goes back and modifies a statement that they just made, usually
either to strengthen it or soften it in some way.
EXAMPLE:
 “To help or, at least, to do no harm.” (The Hippocratic Oath)
64. MOOD:
DEFINITION:
In literature, mood is a literary element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers
through words and descriptions.
EXPLANATION:
Mood is referred to as the Atmosphere of a literary piece, as it creates an
emotional setting that surrounds the readers. Mood is developed in a literary piece
through various methods, including setting, theme, tone, and diction.
EXAMPLE:
 The river, reflecting the clear blue of the sky, glistened and sparkled as it flowed
noiselessly on.
65. MOTIF:
DEFINITION:
Motif is an object or idea that repeats itself throughout a literary work.
 EXPLANATION:
In a literary work, a motif can be seen as an image, sound, action, or other figure that
has a symbolic significance, and contributes toward the development of a theme.
EXAMPLE:
 The river, reflecting the clear blue of the sky, glistened and sparkled as it flowed
noiselessly on.
66. NARRATIVE:
DEFINITION:
Narrative is a report of related events presented to listeners or readers, in words arranged
in a logical sequence. 
EXPLANATION:
A story is taken as a synonym of narrative. A narrative, or story, is told by a narrator
who may be a direct part of that experience, and he or she often shares the experience as
a first-person narrator. Sometimes he or she may only observe the events as a third-
person narrator, and gives his or her summation.
EXAMPLE:
  Faerie Queen, by Edmund Spenser, is an example of narrative poetry.
67. ONOMATOPOEIA:
DEFINITION:
Onomatopoeia, pronounced on-uh-mat-uh–pee–uh, is defined as a word which imitates
the natural sounds of a thing. 
EXPLANATION:
It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more
expressive and interesting.
EXAMPLE:
 The buzzing bee flew away.
68. OXYMORON:
DEFINITION:
Oxymoron is a figure of speech pairing two words together that are opposing and/or
contradictory.
EXPLANATION:
This combination of contrary or antithetical words is also known in conversation as a
contradiction in terms. As a literary device, oxymoron has the effect of creating an
impression, enhancing a concept, and even entertaining the reader.
EXAMPLE:
 Only choice.

69. PALLINDROME:
DEFINITION:
It is defined as a number, a word, a sentence, a symbol, or even signs that can be read
forward as well as backward, or in reverse order with the same effects and meanings.
EXPLANATION:
In English, Ben Jonson was the first writer to introduce this term in the middle of the
17th century. There are two types of palindrome: word-unit palindrome, and one-line
palindrome.
EXAMPLE:
 Lewd, did I live and evil I did dwell.
70. PARABLE:
DEFINITION:
Parable is a figure of speech, which presents a short story, typically with a moral lesson
at the end. 
EXPLANATION:
Parable is a great teaching tool, because it often uses symbolic imagery and metaphors
that the audience can easily recognize. Thus, the storyteller can convey complicated
moral truths in such a way that they become relatable and understandable to one’s own
life.
EXAMPLE:
 God can change time.

71. PARADOX:
DEFINITION:
A paradox is a statement that appears at first to be contradictory, but upon reflection
then makes sense.
EXPLANATION:
This literary device is commonly used to engage a reader to discover an underlying logic
in a seemingly self-contradictory statement or phrase. As a result, paradox allows
readers to understand concepts in a different and even non-traditional way.
EXAMPLE:
 less is more

72. PARODY:
DEFINITION:
Parody is an imitation of a particular writer, artist, or genre, exaggerating it deliberately
to produce a comic effect.
EXPLANATION:
Parody is an imitation of a particular writer, artist, or genre, exaggerating it deliberately
to produce a comic effect.
EXAMPLE:
 The Daily Show.
73. PARALLELISM:
DEFINITION:
Parallelism, also known as parallel structure, is when phrases in a sentence
have similar or the same grammatical structure.
EXPLANATION:
In its most basic usage, parallelism provides a phrase with balance and clarity.
Parallelism also serves to give phrases a pattern and rhythm.
EXAMPLE:
 Every time you smile at someone, it is an action of love, a gift to that person, a
beautiful thing.
74. PATHETIC FALLACY:
DEFINITION:
The pathetic fallacy is a figure of speech in which the natural world (or some part of it)
is treated as though it had human emotions.
EXPLANATION:
the pathetic fallacy is not a logical fallacy (i.e. an error of reasoning), but rather a simple
image or figure of speech. However, if taken literally it definitely constitutes a fallacy.
EXAMPLE:
 Nature abhors a vacuum.
75. PERIPETEIA:
DEFINITION:
Peripeteia is a sudden change in a story which results in a negative reversal of
circumstances.

EXPLANATION:
Peripeteia is also known as the turning point, the place in which the tragic protagonist’s
fortune changes from good to bad. This literary device is meant to surprise the audience,
but is also meant to follow as a result of a character’s previous actions or mistakes.
EXAMPLE:
 A conman has been getting away with huge cons for his entire life, but the police
have slowly been getting closer to catching him. At last, he is caught just miles
away from his getaway boat.
76. PERSONA:
DEFINITION:
Persona is a Latin word for a type of mask that was worn by stage actors at that time,
which represented their character.
EXPLANATION:
Persona can refer to the characters in any dramatic or literary work.  But it has another
special meaning in literary studies, where it refers to the voice of a particular kind of
character—the character who is also the narrator within a literary work written from the
first-person point of view.
EXAMPLE:
 In terms of social / psychological personae, many politicians present the persona
of being conscientious (caring and honest) and responsible. They want to be seen
as caring about the people they represent, whether this is true or not.
77. PERSONIFICATION:
DEFINITION:
Personification is a kind of metaphor in which you describe an inanimate object, abstract
thing, or non-human animal in human terms. It is used to create more interesting and
engaging scenes or characters
EXPLANATION:
Personification is very common in both literature and everyday
speech. Although literally, the sun cannot smile, the leaves cannot dance without legs,
and the wind cannot whisper because it doesn’t have a mouth, we apply human
characteristics and create these metaphors to describe a scene.
EXAMPLE:
 Science-fiction novels were his constant companions.
78. PLATITUDE:
DEFINITION:
A platitude (pronounced plat-i-toad) repeats obvious, simple, and easily understood
statements that have little meaning or emotional weight. 
EXPLANATION:
Although platitudes are ultimately to be avoided, they can be found frequently in
everyday conversation.  Most writers and speakers aim to avoid platitudes, for fear of
accusations of simple-mindedness or oversimplification of complicated subjects.
EXAMPLE:
 Nobody’s perfect.
79. PLEONASM:
DEFINITION:
A pleonasm is when one uses too many words to express a message. A pleonasm can
either be a mistake or a tool for emphasis.
EXPLANATION:
Pleonasm (pronounced ˈplē-ə-ˌna-zəm) is derived from the Greek
phrase pleonasms meaning “excessive.” A pleonasm is a literary term, literary tool, and
literary device.
EXAMPLE:
 I heard it with my own ears
80. POLYSYNDETON:
DEFINITION:
Polysyndeton (pronounced pah-lee-sin-de-ton) is a literary device that uses
multiple repetitions of the same conjunction (and, but, if, etc.), most commonly the word
“and.”
EXPLANATION:
Polysyndeton comes from Greek meaning many connected. Polysyndeton is used
extensively in Shakespeare and in the King James Bible. These two sources have
profoundly shaped the modern English language, meaning we’re used to hearing
Polysyndeton in all forms of elevated speech – even if most people aren’t aware that this
device has a name.

EXAMPLE:
 “Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers.” (the
U.S. Postal Service Creed)
81. PROLOGUE:
DEFINITION:
Some works of literature start with a prologue (pronounced PRO-log), a short
introductory section that gives background information or sets the stage for the story to
come.
EXPLANATION:
 The prologue is usually pretty short, maybe a few pages (five minutes or so in a film).
But it may be the most important section of the story, and if readers skip it they may be
lost for the entire story.
EXAMPLE:
 What’s past is prologue. (William Shakespeare, The Tempest)
82. PUN:
DEFINITION:
A pun is a joke based on the interplay of homophones — words with the same
pronunciation but different meanings. It can also play with words that sound similar, but
not exactly the same. The joke’s humor (if any) comes from the confusion of the two
meanings.
EXPLANATION:
The point of a pun is to make the reader laugh. It tends to be a pretty heavy-handed form
of comedy (not at all subtle or dry), so puns create a “jokey” tone for your writing. 
EXAMPLE:
 The tallest building in town is the library — it has thousands of stories!
83. REPITITION:
DEFINITION:
Quite simply, repetition is the repeating of a word or phrase. It is a common rhetorical
device used to add emphasis and stress in writing and speech.
EXPLANATION:
Repetition is widely used in both poetry and prose; throughout all genres and forms of
literature and oral tradition. Aside from helping stress or highlight important thoughts
and points, repetition can be a key tool for authors and speakers in developing style,
tone, and rhythm.
EXAMPLE:
 The big stairs led up to a big house with a big front door. Breathe, breathe,
breathe, I told myself. I only have to stay for one second, be afraid for one
second, not scream for one second. I can do it. I can win the bet. I can prove I’m
brave.
84. SARCASM:
DEFINITION:
Sarcasm is a form of verbal irony that mocks, ridicules, or expresses contempt. It’s
really more a tone of voice than a rhetorical device.
EXPLANATION:
Sarcasm comes from the Greek words “sark” meaning “flesh,” and “asmos” meaning “to
tear or rip.” So it literally means “ripping flesh” – a pretty bloody image for a type of
speech that we use all the time!
 EXAMPLE:
 Oh yes, you’ve been sooooo helpful. Thanks sooooo much for all your help.
85. SATIRE:
DEFINITION:
The formal definition of satire is “the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to
expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices.”
EXPLANATION:
There are two important things to remember about satire:

 It makes fun of a person, idea, or institution

 Its purpose is not just to entertain, but also to inform or make people think.
EXAMPLE:
 The famous comic strip Calvin & Hobbes was renowned for its satire. The comic
takes on everything from politics and science to parenting. Calvin himself
satirizes selfish, lazy, media-saturated Americans, while his father satirizes the
opposite extreme.
86. SIMILE:
DEFINITION:
Simile (pronounced sim--uh-lee) is a literary term where you use “like” or “as” to
compare two different things and show a common quality between them.
EXPLANATION:
A simile is different from a simple comparison in that it usually compares two unrelated
things. Similes are an important tool that makes language more creative, descriptive, and
entertaining. 
EXAMPLE:
 She moved like a deer.
87. SOLILOQUY:
DEFINITION:
A soliloquy (pronounced so-LILL-oh-kwee) is a kind of monologue, or an extended
speech by one character.
EXPLANATION:
In a soliloquy, though, the speech is not given to another character, and there is no one
around to hear it. Instead of another character, the soliloquy is delivered to a surrogate, to
the audience, or to no one in particular.

EXAMPLE:
 In the graphic novel Watchmen, Dr. Manhattan delivers a chapter-length
soliloquy on his decision to leave Earth for the solitude of Mars. Of course, there
is no one around to hear him speak, but nonetheless he narrates his thoughts out
loud, reflecting on his memories of Earth and the demands being placed on him
by petty, warmongering earthlings
88. SPONDEE:
DEFINITION:
Spondee is a poetic device that is not as common as other metrical feet, like iamb and
trochee. 
EXPLANATION:
It is one of the most commonly used five metrical feet, including
iambic meter, trochaic meter, dactylic meter, and anapestic meter. It rarely occurs in
poetic forms. Also, usually poets do not use spondaic meter in the entire poem, as it does
not add a basis to the metrical line.
EXAMPLE:
 Cry cry, Troy burns or let Helen go.
89. SPOONERISM:
DEFINITION:
Spoonerism refers to the practice of interchanging the first letters of some words in order
to create new words or even to create nonsensical words in order to create a humorous
setting.
EXPLANATION:
 While they are often unintentional and known as a “slip of the tongue”, in literature
they are welcomed as witty wordplay.
EXAMPLE:
  The phrase “flesh and blood” being spoken as a character as “blesh and flood” in
urgency and heightened emotion.
90. STEREOTYPE:
DEFINITION:
Stereotyping is assuming that “they’re all alike.” It’s looking at a whole group of people
and assuming that they all share certain qualities. 

EXPLANATION:
Stereotypes are very common in popular culture, and can be found in literature as well –
mostly due to a lack of information or awareness on the part of the writer but also for
comedic effect.
EXAMPLE:
 Asians are good at math.
91. SURREALISM:
DEFINITION:
Surrealism (pronounced suhr-REAL-ism) is a literary and artistic movement in which
the goal is to create something bizarre and disjointed, but still somehow understandable.
EXPLANATION:
Surrealist paintings and novels often have a dreamlike quality – they sort of make sense,
but they’re extremely bizarre and hard to follow.
EXAMPLE:
 Video games have recently started employing surrealism, especially in the horror
genre. For example, the first-person shooter E.A.R. puts the player in a series of
creepy, abandoned spaces squaring off against supernatural enemies.
92. SYNECDOCHE:
DEFINITION:
A synecdoche (pronounced si-nek-duh-kee) is a figure of speech which allows a part to
stand for a whole or for a whole to stand for a part. When using synecdoche, you refer to
your car as your “wheels” and a handful of quarters, dimes, and pennies as the “change”
needed to pay the meter.
EXPLANATION:
The word synecdoche is derived from the Greek phrases synecdoche and ekdechesthai,
meaning “to sense” and “to understand.”
EXAMPLE:
 A boy has been admitted to the hospital. The nurse says, “He’s in good hands.”
93. SYNESTHESIA:
DEFINITION:
In literature, synesthesia (sin-uh s-thee-zhee-uh), (also spelled synaesthesia) is
a rhetorical device that describes or associates one sense in terms of another, most often
in the form of a simile.
EXPLANATION:
The term is derived from the neurological condition of the same name, where some
people experience an actual link between their senses, where one sense stimulates
another—for instance, they may feel like they hear a color, smell a shape, or taste a
texture. 
EXAMPLE:
 The bright field of wildflowers smelled like purple, magenta, yellow, white and
green.
94. TAUTOLOGY:
DEFINITION:
a tautology- defining or explaining something by saying exactly the same thing again in
different words. 
EXPLANATION:
tautologies are used unknowingly and editors work to delete tautologies in order to
create writing that is clear and that uses just the right amount of words.
EXAMPLE:
 We’re meeting at ten a.m., two hours before noon.
95. TONE:
DEFINITION:
Tone does not mean quite the same thing in literature as it does for the way people
speak, but it’s pretty close; it refers to the “feel” of a piece of writing.
EXPLANATION:
t’s a more complex and general quality than, say, an “angry tone of voice”; instead it is
closer to the meaning of “style” or “voice” in writing, possibly referring to any or all of
the stylistic qualities the writing, such as formality, dialect, and atmosphere.
EXAMPLE:
  Jane Austen’s novels are about wealthy families in the English countryside and
the social conventions that rule their lifestyles; accordingly, the tone of her
novels tends to be formal and grammatically precise (though certainly not
without humor)! On the other hand, J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye is about a
bitter, lonely teenage boy, and so the tone is much more informal, biting, and
sarcastic.
96. TRICOLON:
DEFINITION:
Tricolon is a rhetorical term that consists of three parallel clauses, phrases, or words,
which happen to come in quick succession without any interruption. 
EXPLANATION:
The origin of this rhetorical device is traced to the Greek word tricolon, meaning
“section of a sentence.” These three parallel words, phrases, or clauses have almost the
same length, though this condition is not strictly followed.
EXAMPLE:
 Pirates of Caribbean (by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio)

97. TROPE:
DEFINITION:
The word trope can refer to any type of figure of speech, theme, image, character,
or plot element that is used many times
EXPLANATION:
It must be used multiple times to be a ‘trope’ but it is also possible talk about something
that’s a trope in only one novel or one author’s works if it is used many times.
EXAMPLE:
 Tropes can also occur in other art forms. For example, the chord progression
known as the “12-Bar” is a trope of blues, rock, and country music. This specific
 chord progression is used in thousands of different songs, and no one knows who
(if anyone) originally invented it.
98. TRUISM:
DEFINITION:
A truism (TROO-ism) is a bland statement. It’s something that might sound wise or
meaningful on the surface, but that’s very obvious and doesn’t add any new ideas or
information. 
EXPLANATION:
Truisms can be tough to detect because they’re subjective – in other words, where you
see a truism, someone else might see a profound insight! The difference is entirely up to
each reader. You know you’ve got a truism on your hands when you read a sentence and
your first thought is, “Duh…”
EXAMPLE:
 A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.
99. UNDERSTATEMENT:
DEFINITION:
Understatement is when a writer presents a situation or thing as if it is less important or
serious than it is in reality.
EXPLANATION:
It describes something with less strength than would be expected. Understatement is the
opposite of hyperbole or overstatement.
EXAMPLE:
 There’s some water in the Atlantic Ocean.
100. WORDPLAY:
DEFINITION:
Wordplay (or word play, and also called play-on-words) is the clever and witty use of
words and meaning.
EXPLANATION:
It involves using literary devices and techniques like consonance, assonance, spelling,
alliteration, onomatopoeia, rhyme, acronym, pun, and slang (to name a few) to form
amusing and often humorous written and oral expressions. 
EXAMPLE:
 Everybody knows Dr. Seuss for his completely unique wordplay and rhymes.