Introduction

A mango is a juicy stone fruit (drupe) produced from numerous species of tropical trees belonging to the flowering
plant genus Mangifera, cultivated mostly for their edible fruit. Most of these species are found in nature as wild mangoes.
The genus belongs to the cashew family Anacardiaceae. Mangoes are native to South Asia, from where the "common
mango" or "Indian mango", Mangifera indica, has been distributed worldwide to become one of the most widely
cultivated fruits in the tropics. Other Mangifera species (e.g. horse mango, Mangifera foetida) are grown on a more
localized basis.

Mangoes have been cultivated in South Asia for thousands of years and reached Southeast Asia between the fifth and
fourth centuries BCE. By the 10th century CE, cultivation had begun in East Africa. The 14th-century Moroccan traveler
Ibn Battuta reported it at Mogadishu.
Cultivation came later to Brazil, Bermuda, the West Indies, and Mexico, where an appropriate climate allows its growth.

The mango is now cultivated in most frost-free tropical and warmer subtropical climates; almost half of the world's
mangoes are cultivated in India alone, with the second-largest source being China. Mangoes are also grown in Andalusia,
Spain (mainly in Málaga province), as its coastal subtropical climate is one of the few places in mainland Europe that
permits the growth of tropical plants and fruit trees. The Canary Islands are another notable Spanish producer of the fruit.
Other cultivators include North America (in South Florida and California's Coachella Valley), South and Central America,
the Caribbean, Hawai'i, south, west, and central Africa, Australia, China, South Korea, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and
Southeast Asia. Though India is the largest producer of mangoes, it accounts for less than 1% of the international mango
trade; India consumes most of its own production.

Many commercial cultivars are grafted on to the cold-hardy rootstock of Gomera-1 mango cultivar, originally from Cuba.
Its root system is well adapted to a coastal Mediterranean climate. Many of the 1,000+ mango cultivars are easily
cultivated using grafted saplings, ranging from the "turpentine mango" (named for its strong taste of turpentine to the
Bullock's Heart.
Dwarf or semi dwarf varieties serve as ornamental plants and can be grown in containers. A wide variety of diseases can
afflict mangoes.

Worldwide, there are several hundred cultivars of mango. Depending on the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape,
sweetness, skin color, and flesh color which may be pale yellow, gold, or orange. Mango is the national fruit of India and
Pakistan, and the national tree of Bangladesh. It is the unofficial national fruit of the Philippines.

The following are among the more widely grown mango cultivars, listed by the country in which they were selected or are
most extensively cultivated:
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region

Alampur
India
Baneshan

Alice United States

Almaas Pakistan
"King of
mangoes", very
sweet with
fibreless pulp, rich
in vitamin A and
C, founded mainly
in Devgad &
Ratnagiri Districts
of Maharashtra,
India. This
cultivar is
Alphonso India, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates
available in
February till end
of May. The dates
of availability of
mangoes vary by
geography,
climate, and
weather. The
"King of
Mangoes" is a
marketing term.

Amrapali India
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
Anderson is a
seedling of
Sandersha that
was planted at the
residence of Mrs.
L.F. Anderson in
Miami, Florida.
Anderson is a
large mango,
Anderson United States
growing in length
from 26–34 cm.
[Mangoes: A
Guide To
Mangoes In
Florida, p. 30]
The eating quality
was listed as
"fair."
Angie mango is a
dwarfing mango
tree from Florida
with excellent
eating quality.
Angie has a
resinous taste,
similar to the
Carrie mango.
Angie Florida, United States Angie is
considered to be a
disease-resistant
mango, but in
high humidity
environments,
Angie's new leaf
growth is
susceptible to
mango scab.
Small in size and
flesh without fibre
Anwar Latore Multan, India|Punjab (India, Pakistan) . Peak season is
mid-July to
August.
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region

Ataulfo Ecuador, Mexico

Badami mangoes
are also known as
Badami Karnataka, India
the Alphonso of
Karnataka state.

Bailey's
United States
Marvel

The largest
volume mango
cultivar in the
world, this
medium-large
fruit ripens to a
golden-yellow
exterior and a
straw-yellow to
golden-yellow
interior. Very
Banganapalli India
juicy, slightly
tangy with little or
no fibre and a
creamy texture. It
originates from
the erstwhile
princely state
of Banganapalle,
in present-
day Andhra
Pradesh, India.
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
It is also known as
Bangalora [3]
India Kilimooku
mangoes

Bennet
United States
Alphonso

Beverly is an
almost fiber-less
late season
Beverly United States mango. In South
Florida, fruiting as
late as August or
October.

Black and
India Kerala Black and Rose
Rose

Bombay is a
vigorous mango
tree that bears
fruit in June–July
in South Florida.
Bombay India, United States It is susceptible to
anthracnose.
Bombay is the
parent of the
White Perie
mango of Hawaii.

Brahm Kai
United States
Meu

Brooks Australia, United States

 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
The Ataulfo
(mango) and Mani
lita mango
cultivars
originated from
Carabao
the Philippine
(Philippine Philippines
Mango variety. It
Mango)
can be traced back
in the Manila-
Mexico galleon
trade in the years
1600-1800s. [4]

Carrie is a
seedling of a
Sophie Fry from
the residence of
Mr. Lawrence H.
Zill of Boynton
Beach, Florida. It
was named in
honor of Mr. Zill's
mother, Carrie.
The Carrie mango
turns slight yellow
when ripe, but
what it lacks in
Carrie United States
color, it makes up
in taste. The
Carrie mango has
a strong resinous
flavor that is
desired by some
and despised by
others. A Carrie
mango must be
allowed to ripen
on the tree and
develops a strong
"musky" flavor
when over-ripe.
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
Chaunsa (also
referred to as
'Chausa') is a pale
yellow, slightly
green succulent
variety of mango
when ripe. Closer
to its ripening, the
Chaunsa India, Sindh, Pakistan
mango skin will
be soft to touch
and will appear
wrinkly. Chaunsa
is harvested in the
summer months
(June–
September).
Chinnarasam
Nuzvid in Andhra Pradesh of India
u
Cherukurasa
Nuzvid in Andhra Pradesh of India
mu
Coconut Cream is
part of the
selective breeding
program by Zills
High Performance
and is patented.
The fruit tastes
like coconut
Coconut
United States cream pie. The
Cream
tree is ugly in
appearance
because the
branches grow in
arcs and curve
around, making a
complex tree
canopy.
Choc Anan is
known as the
ever-bearing
Chok Anan Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Thailand
mango tree
because of its
potential to have a
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
mango crop
during the
summer and
winter. Some
speculate that
removing the
summer crop may
increase the
chances of a
winter crop by
allowing the tree
to save the energy
that would have
been used for fruit
production in the
summer.
Cogshall is from
Pine Island,
Florida. It is an
excellent eating
quality, but is not
Cogshall United States commercially
available because
of a very short
shelf-life and thin
skin that would
bruise easily.

Cushman United States

stories about its

origin but the
Dasheri India, Nepal, Pakistan,
owners say it is a
"chance" seedling.

Dot is an
exceptional
Dot United States tasting mango.
Dot is a seedling
of the Carrie
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
Mango planted at
Lawrence Zill's
Boynton Beach,
Florida home. The
dot mango is
highly susceptible
to anthracnose, so
it should not be
planted in high
humidity
locations.
Grown in Digha,
Patna, Bihar, and
Siraha. Known for
Dudhiya
India, Nepal its distinctively
Malda
sweet, yellowish
pulp and thin
skin.
[5][6][7][8]

Duncan mango
was patented by
David Sturrock of
West Palm Beach,
Florida. The
patent has long
Duncan United States since expired.
Duncan fruits in
clusters and has
excellent disease
resistance. It is a
mid-late season
mango.

Earlygold United States

Edward is an
excellent eating
quality mango,
Edward United States
but is considered
to be a shy bearer
(little fruit).
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region

Eldon United States

Emerald United States

Fazli (mango) Bangladesh

Fajri Kalan Pakistan

Fairchild United States

Fascell United States

Florigon is a
seedling of a
Saigon planted on
the property of
Mr. John C.
Kaiser, Fort
Lauderdale,
Florida. The
Florigon tree is
Florigon United States vigorous. Florigon
is considered to be
one of the most
disease resistant
varieties of
mangoes in high
humid climates,
although the
flavor is not on
par with many of
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
the newer
varieties.

Ford United States

The Gary mango

is considered
delicious by many
with a hint of
Gary United States
coconut flavor.
Gary is considered
very susceptible to
anthracnose.
The Gir Keshar
mango is famous
for its colour and
smell. Ripe fruit
Gir Kesar India, United Arab Emirates gives a world's
best smell and
taste. The taste
and smell makes
them expensive.
Glenn is a sweet,
mild mango. The
tree is vigorous, to
a medium size.
Glenn Italy, United States The canopy is
rounded. The ripe
fruit has a very
pleasant sweet
smell.
Golapkhas/G
India
ulabkhas

Gold Nugget United States

 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
Golden
United States
Lippens
Graham is from
Trinidad.
Compared with
Graham Trinidad
many modern
mangoes, Graham
seems bland.
Green
Sri Lanka, India
Willard
Haden is the
"parent" of many,
many other
varieties of
mangoes in the
India, Australia, Brazil, Costa
United States.
Haden Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, U
Haden was a
nited States
Mulgoba seedling.
The original
Haden tree still
stands in Coral
Gables, Florida.
Hatcher United States
Heidi South Africa

Himayat / Im
India
am Pasand

Himsagar Bangladesh, India, Nepal

Ice Cream United States

In Japan this
variety is
Australia, Costa Rica, United marketed as Apple
Irwin
States, Taiwan, Japan (Okinawa) Mango, and in the
case of imports
from Japan one
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
needs to take care
not to confuse it
with the Apple
Mango grown in
the Philippines.
Also known as the
Jingu Ivory
mango, or Ivory
mango, this long,
thin mango is
named for its
resemblance to a
young elephant's
tusk. It has thin,
smooth skin. The
flesh contains
very few fibres,
and constitutes
Ivory China approximately 82
percent of the
fruit. It was first
introduced
into Yunnan,
China from
Thailand in 1914.
The actual tree
that was the first
to be imported
still grows, and
during one year
produced almost
500 kg of fruit.
[9]

Jacquelin United States

Jakarta United States

 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region

Jean Ellen United States

A colourful,oval
shaped mango
with almost flat
sides. Has a
sweet-tart flavour
and a dwarf
Julie Caribbean growth habit.
Originated in the
Caribbean and is
still very popular
throughout the
region. Julie is a
high fiber mango.
Kalepad Andhra Pradesh, India
Katchamitha
originated
from India, but
has become one of
the most common
cultivars in
the Philippines wh
ere it is commonly
called the "Indian
Katchamitha India, Philippines mango". It is
commonly eaten
while still green
and crispy and has
a mildly sweet
taste. The flesh is
fibrous when ripe
compared to the
native carabao
mango. [10][11]
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
Keitt (pronounced
"kit") is one of the
latest season
mangoes in South
Florida (United
States), with fruit
Australia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Italy, South
Keitt into October.
Africa, United States
Backyard Keitt's
in South Florida
regularly get to 2
pounds, and
occasionally as
large as 5 pounds.

Kensington
Australia, Italy, United States
Pride

The original Kent

tree still stands in
Australia, Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Kent Coral Gables,
Israel, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, United States
Florida (United
States)
Kohu Amba Sri Lanka
Kothapalli Also known as
Pithapuram, Andhra Pradesh of India
Kobbari Kobbari Mamidi.
Lakshmanbho
India
g
Lancetilla can
bear 5 pound fruit,
but the eating
quality is
considered subpar
Lancetilla Honduras, United States
among mango
connoisseurs. The
fruit is prone to
splitting on the
tree.
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region

Langra India, Pakistan, Bangladesh

Lemon
Myanmar
Meringue

Lippens United States

Large kidney
shaped mango that
ripens to a golden
yellow colour
with piquant flesh
Commonly
Madame exported to the
Haiti
Francis United States in
spring; often a
feature of NYC
fruit stands.
Madame Francis
is a high fiber
mango.
Mahachanok is an
oblong
commercial
mango from Asia,
with yellow to
orange color
exterior when
ripe. Described as
Mahachanok Asia, United States
a fiberless, sweet,
and pleasant
mango. The
leaves of the tree
are dark green and
slimmer than
many other mango
trees.
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region

Mallika India, Nepal, United States

Malwana
Sri Lanka
(mango)
Manilita United States
Large mango
grows in clusters,
seedling of
Chaunsa.
Manohar Punjab, India
Exceptional
complex flavor
good sweetness.
Very vigorous.
Teardrop shaped
with a narrow
point. Ripens to a
Momi K [12]
Hawaii, United States reddish orange
blush. Flesh has
creamy
consistency.
Muhammad
Pakistan
Wala

Small mango with

a comparatively
Mulgoba India, United States
big seed. Parent of
the Haden mango.

Fruit is elongated,
with a prominent
Nam Doc
Thailand, United Arab Emirates beak, and is
Mai
normally yellow
with green spots.
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
Fruit weigh 9 to
12 oz, with the
general shape of a
fat cashew nut.
They are smooth-
skinned and bright
yellow upon
ripening and have
no blush. The
flesh is deep
yellow or orange.
There is no fiber
and a rich,
aromatic flavor
Neelam India, Pakistan
that is over-
powering to the
unaccustomed
palate. They have
a late ripening
season and can be
stored for an
extended time.
Fruit should be
harvested when
mature green and
ripened at room
temperature off
the tree.

Osteen Italy, Spain, United States

Paige

Palmer Australia, Brazil, United States

 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
Panakalu Andhra Pradesh of India
Panchadharak
Andhra Pradesh of India
alasa

Parvin United States

Pina Colada is
part of the
selective breeding
program by Zills
High
Performance. Pina
Pina Colada United States Colada is a small
fruit that packs a
lot of flavor. The
tree is
unproductive and
susceptible to
anthracnose.
Peddarasamu Nuzvid in Andhra Pradesh of India
See Carabao
Philippine
(mango).
Pickering
Pim Seng
Mun
Pineapple
Pleasure
Po Pyu Kalay Myanmar
Pram Kai See Brahm Kai
Mea Meu.
An extremely
popular variety
in South India, a
fully ripe Raspuri
Raspuri Karnataka, India
(Rasa
in Kannada means
Juice) mango
harvested at the
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
right time and
ripened naturally
can beat them all,
including the
Alphonso, in taste
as well as amount
of juice per
mango. Many
people,
especially Kannad
igas, do not even
ask for any
another variety
except Raspuri
in Bengaluru.
Red Willard Sri Lanka
Rosa
Rosigold is
considered one of
the earliest season
mangos in South
Florida. The
quality is
considered
average, [according to
Rosigold United States
but at a time
whom?]

of year when there

are no fresh
mangoes, it is in
its own class.
Rosigold is
susceptible to
anthracnose.

Ruby United States

Ryan
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region

Saigon United States

Fruit is large at 20
ounces with a
San Felipe Cuba striking oxblood
color; the flesh is
yellow.

Saharni Pakistan
(in
Urdu Sammar me
Sammar
Pakistan, India ans fruit and
Bahisht
Bahisht means
Paradise)

Sensation South Africa, United States

Shan-e-
Pakistan
Khuda

Sindhi mango
cultivated
in Sindhri town M
Sindhri Mirpur Khas district, Sindh province of Pakistan irpur
Khas district, Sind
h province
of Pakistan
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region

Sophie Fry United States

Southern
United States
Blush
Spirit of 76 is a
seedling from
Lawrence Zill's
residence. The
Spirit of '76 United States
mango is fiberless
and has a very
pleasant sweet
flavor.
One of the older
cultivars from
Florida, but still
good tasting. It is
a large mango, but
Due to its size, it
has uneven
Springfels United States
ripening. The
uneven ripening is
known as "jelly
seed," where the
flesh around the
seed is overripe
and soft.
Sunrise

Sunset United States

Swarnarekha Andhra Pradesh of India

Sweet Tart
Tess Pollack
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
One of the most
commonly sold
Brazil, Costa mangoes in the
Tommy Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Italy world. has
Atkins , Mexico, South Africa,United Arab extremely long
Emirates, United States, Venezuela shelf life. Hard
and oblong
exterior.
Torbert United States

Totapuri India

Turpentine is a
small, high fiber
mango that is poly
embryonic mango.
Turpentine United States Turpentine is used
as a rootstock in
Florida for
grafting other
mango varieties.
Ugly Betty
Large, oblong
mango. Sweet,
mild flavor, but
Valencia
South Africa, United States the fruit is prone
Pride
to splitting on the
tree. The tree is a
vigorous grower.

Van Dyke Italy, United States

Vellai
Sri Lanka
Kolomban
Young mango was
Young United States renamed the
"Tebow" (after the
 Common Origin/
Image Notes
name(s) region
American football
player) for
marketing
purposes.
Zill is a seedling
of Haden planted
in 1922 by Carl
King of Lake
Zill South Africa, United States
Worth, Florida
(US). Vigorous
tree, fruit is good
eating quality.

List of mango cultivars by nation

Asia
 Bangladesh: Amrapali, Ashini, Fazli, Himsagar, Khirshapat, Langra, Lokhon-bhog, Raj-bhog
 Cambodia: Cambodiana
 China: Baiyu, Guixiang, Huangpi, Huangyu, Macheco, Sannian, Yuexi
 India: priyoor mango Alphonso, Amrapali, Alampur Baneshan, Badshahpasand,
[13]

Bangalora, Banganapalli, Black and Rose, Bombay, Bombay Green, Badami, Cheruku
[13]

Rasalu, Chinna Rasalu, Thalimango, Chitoor, Rumani, Maharaja Pasand, Chinnarasam, Unda
manfa, Dusehri, Ela Manga, Gaddamar, Gadam Mary, Fajri Kalan, Fernandian, Fajli,
HusanNara, Gulabkhas, Himayath, Himsagar, Imam Pasand, Imam Hussain
[13]

Mango, Jehangir, Ottu Mangai, Langra Benarsi, Pedda Rasalu, Surkha, Totapuri, Kalepad,
Kishen Bhog, Komanga, Kothapalli Kobbari, Kuttiyattor, Kalami, Gir
Kesar, Lalbaug, Langra, Maldah, Malgis, Mallika, Malgoa, Mankur (Goa), Mankurad,
[13]

Moovandan, Nagulapalli Rasalu, Nattuma, Nannari, Neelum, Neeleshan, Panchadara Kalasa,

Puliyan, Panduri Mamidi, Payri, Priyor, Rani, Rajapuri, Raspuri, Ratna, Rayal Special,
Sindoori, Safeda, Sammar Bahisht, Suvarnarekha, Totapuri Vanraj, Yahya Mariam Mango,
Zardalu.
 Indonesia: Arumanis/Harumanis, Gadung/Gedong, Manalagi, Cengkir/Indramayu, Gajah,
Bapang, Lalijiwo, Kueni, Golek, Kemiri, Boled, Bengkulu, Situbondo, Kelapa, Alor,
Selaputih, Kedundang, Wani
 Japan (Okinawa): Irwin
 Malaysia: Apple Mango, Apple Rumani, Arumanis, Golek, Kuala Selangor, Malgoa, Maha-
65, Tok Boon
 Myanmar: Aung Din (အအအအအအအအ), Ma Chit Su (အအအအအအအ), Po Pyu Kalay, Sein Ta
Lone (အအအအအအအအအအအ), Shwe Hin Tha (အအအအအအအအအအ)
 Nepal: Alphonso, Amrapali, Dusehri, Bombay, Mallika, Pharsi aamp, Supadi aamp, Sindure
aamp and other local cultivars.
 Pakistan: Almaas, Alphonso, Anmol, Anwar Rataul, BaganPali, Chaunsa, Chok anan,
Collector, Dusehri, Desi Ada Pamato, Desi Badam, Desi Gola, Desi Badshah, Dilkash, Fajri,
 Gulab Janhu, Gulab Khas, Lahoti, Lal Badshah, Langra, Malda, Muhammad Wole, Nawab
Puri, Neelum, Rani Phool, Sindhri, Saroli, Sawarnarika, Saleh Bhai, Saib, Shan-e-Khuda,
Taimuria, Toofan, Wanghi, Zafran
 Philippines: Apple Mango, Carabao or Kinalabaw, Indian, Piko, Paho, Pahohutan
 Singapore: Apple Mango, Arumanis, Golek, Kaem Yao, Mangga Dadol
 Sri Lanka: Dampara, Hingurakgoda, Karutha Kolomban, Malwana[under-ground] amba,
Parrot Mango and Peterpasand, Petti amba, Rata amba, Vellai Kolomban, Wild Mango,
Willard, Mee Amba, Kohu Amba, Pol Amba, Giraa amba, Red Willard, Green
Willard, Mallika, TJC Mango.
 Taiwan: JinHwang, Red JinHwang, TaiNong No. 1, Irwin
 Thailand: Selected Mango varieties in Thai alphabet order.
 ก: แกว 007 Kaeo 007, กระแตลืมรงั Kratae Luemrang, กระสวย Krasuay, กลว้ ย Kluay, กะล่อนทอง
Kalonthong, การะเกด Karaket, กาละแม Kalamae, กา˚ ปั่น Kampan, แกม้ แดง Kaemdaeng, แกว้ ขาว Kaeo
Khao, แกว้ เขียว Kaeo Khieo, แกว้ ทวาย Kaeo Tawai, แกว้ ลืมคอน Kaeo Luemkon, แกว้ ลืมรงั Kaeo
Luemrang, แกว้ สามปี Kaeo Sampi, แกว้ หอม Kaeo Hom.
 ข: ขอชา้้ ง Khochang, ขายตึก Khaituek, ข้ใต้ ี Khitai, ข้ทุี บ Khithup, ขนทิพย์ Khunthip, เขียวไข่
กาKhiaokhaika, เขียวภูเก็ต Khiaopuket, เขียวเสวย Khiaosawoey, เขียวเสวยรจนา
Khiaosawoey Rotchana, ไขตึก Khaituek.
 ค: คลา้้ ยเขียวเสวย Khlay Khiaosawoey, คอนก Khonokkaeo, คา้้ งคาวลืมรงั Khangkao Luemrang, คา
แกว
Kham, คุ Ku.
 ง: งาขาวหรืองาหม่นยาว Nga Khaomonyao, งาเขียว Nga Khiao, งาชา้้ ง Nga Chang, งาดาบ Nga Dap, งาแดง
Nga Daeng, งาทอ้ งเรือ Nga Thongruae, งาหม่น Nga Mon, เงาะ Ngo.
 จ: จนทร์เจา้้ ขา Chanchaokha, จา˚ ปา Champa, เจา้้ คุณทิพย์ Chaokhunthip, เจา้้ พระยา Chaopraya, เจา้้ เสวย
Chaosawoey.
 ช: ชา้้ งตกต้ึ ก Changtoktuek, โชคโสภณ Chok Sopon, โชคอนนต้์ Chok anan, โ ตก์ า้้ นชมพู Chok
ชคอนน
Anankanchompu.
 ต: ตลบนาค Talapnak, ตะเพ้ี ยนทอง Tapianthong, ตบเป้็ ด Tuppet, ตาเตะหลาน Ta Te-Lan, แตงกวา
Thaeng Kwao.
 ท: ทวายเดือนเกา Thawai Dueankao, ทองขาว Thongkhao, ทองขาวกลม Thongkhaoklom, ทองขาวยาว
Thongkhaoyao, ทองเจา้้ พฒน์ Thongchaopat, ทองดา Thongdam, ทองดา˚ กลายพนธ์ุ้ Thongdam Klaipan,
ทองดา˚ มีรอ่ ง Thongdam Mirong, ทองแดง Thongdaeng, ทองทวาย Thongthawai, ทองประกายแสด
Thongprakaisat, ทองปลายแขน Thongplaikhean, ทองไม่รวู ้ าย Thongmairuwai, ทุเรียน Thurian, ทูลถวาย
Thunthawai, เทพนิมต ิ ร Thepnimit, เทพรส Thepparot.
 น: นวลจนทร้์ Nuanchan, นวลแตง Nuanthaeng, นา Nathap, น้า˚ ดอกไม้ Nam Doc Mai, น้า˚ ดอก วาย
ทบ ไมท
Namdokmai Thawai, น้า˚ ดอกไมเ้้ บอร์ 4 Namdokmai No.4, น้า˚ ดอกไมเ้้ บอร์ 5 Namdokmai No.5,
น้้ า̊ ดอกไมพระประแดง Namdokmai Phrapradaeng, น้้ า̊ ดอกไมส้้ ้ี ทอง Namdokmai Sithong, น้้ า̊ ดอกไมส้้ ุ้ พรรณ
Namdokmai Suphan, น้า˚ ตาลจีน Namtan Chin, น้า˚ ตาลเตา Namtan Tao, น้า˚ ตาลปากกระบอก Namtan
Pakkrabok, น้า˚ ตาลทรายหนก Namtansainak, น้า˚ ผงึ้ Nampueng.
 บ: บานเยน Banyen, บุญบนดาล Bunbandan, เบา Bao.
 ผ: ผา้้ ข้ริ ี ว้ ห่อทอง Pakhirio Hothong.
 พ: พญาล้ื มเฝ้้ า Payaluemfao, พญาเสวย Payasawoey, พรวนขอ Phruankho, พราห ขอ Phram
มณ้์ กน
Konkho, พราหมณ์ เน้ือแดง Phram Nueadaeng, พราหมณ์ เน้ือเหลือง Phram Nuealueang, พดั น้า˚ ผ้งึ
 Phatnampueng, พ้ิมเสนกลายพนธุ้ ้์ Phimsen Klaipan, พ้ิมเสนแดง Phimsen Daeng, พ้ิ มเสนเปร้้ ้ี ยว Phimsen
Preow, พิมเสนมน Phimsen Man, เพชรบา้้ นลาด Phetbanlat.
 ฟ: ฟ้ าลน Falan, ฟ้ าแอปเปิ ล Fa-apple, แฟบ Faep.
 ม: มนโฑ Monto, มะปราง Maprang, มะลิลา Malila, มนบางขนศรี Manbangkhunsi, มนค่อม Mankom,
มนทวาย Manthawai, มนทวายนกั รบ Manthawai Nakrop, มนทองเอก Manthong Aek, มนทะลุฟ้ า
Manthalufa, มนบา้้ นลาด Manbanlat, มหาชนก Mahachanok, มนพิเศษ Manpiset, มนสะเด็ด
Mansadet,มนสายฟ้ า Mansaifa, มนหมู Manmu, มนหยด Manyot, มนหวาน Manwan, มนแห้ว Manhaeo,
มนอยธุ ยา Man Ayuthaya, เมล็ดน่ิ ม Maletnim, แม่ลูกดก Maelukdok, แมวเซา Maeosao.
 ย: ยายกล่า Yaiglam.
 ร: รจนา Rotchana, ระเด่นขาว Radenkhao, ระเด่นเขียว Radenkhiao, แรด Raet.
 ล: ล่า La, ลิน ้ งูเห่า Lin Nguhao, ลูกกลม Lukklom, ลูกแดง Lukdaeng, ลูกโยนพระอินทร์ Lukyon Phra-in,
เล้็ บม้ื อนาง Lepmuenang.
 ศ: ศาลายา Salaya.
 ส: สงั ขยา Sangkhaya, สามปี Sampi, สามฤดู Samruedu, สายทิพย์ Saithip, สายน้า˚ คา้้ ง Sainamkang, สายฝน
Saifon, สาวนอ้ ยกระทืบหอ Saonoi Kratuepho, สา˚ ป่ ั น Sampan, สีสม้ Sisom, แสงทอง Saengthong.
 ห: หงษทอง Hongthong, หงษสา Hongsa, หงสาวด้ี Hongsawadi, หนองแซง Nongsaeng, หนง้ ั ก
ลางวน้ ั Nangklangwan, หมอนทอง Monthong, หวานน้า˚ ผ้งึ Wannampueng, หอยแครง Hoikrang,
หอระฆงัHorakang, หินทอง Hinthong, แห้ว Haeo, แห้วหลวงอิงค์ Haeo Luanging.
 อ: อกร่อง Okrong, อกร่องกะทิ Okrong Kati, อกร่องขาว Okrong Khao, อกร่องเขียว Okrong Khiao,
อกร้่ องทอง Okrong Thong, อกร้่ องทองดา̊ กลายพน้ ั ธุ้ ้์ Okrong Thongdamklaiphan, อกร้่ องไทรโยก Okrong
Saiyok, อกร้่ องพ้ิกุ้ ลทอง Okrong Phikunthong, อกร้่ องภรณ้์ ท้ิ พย้์ Okrong Phonthip, อกร้่ องมน Okrong
Man, อกร่องหอมทอง Okrong Homthong, อ่อนมน Onman, อนทรชิิ ต Inthorachit, ไอฮวบ Ai-Huap
 Vietnam: Cao Lãnh Cát Chu mango, Bình Định Elephant mango, Hoà Lộc Sand mango

Oceania
 Australia: B74 (known by the brand name Calypso), Brooks, Green
[14]

eating, Haden, Irwin, Keitt, Kensington Pride, Kent, Nam Doc Mai, Palmer, R2E2, Honey
Gold.
 Hawaii: Hawaiian Common, Gouveia, Hawaiian Dwarf, Kurahige, Mapulehu, Momi K,
Pope, Rapoza, Sugai, Turpentine
Africa
 Cameroon: Améliorée du Cameroun
 Egypt: Alphonso, Hindi, Hindi Besennara, Beid El Agl, Oweisi, Fuss Oweis, Taymoor,
Zebdiah, Mesk
 Kenya: Apple Mango, Batwi, Boubo, Ngowe
[15]

Apple mango
 Mali: Amelie, Kent
 Réunion island: Carotte, Jose, Lucie, Auguste
 South Africa: Fascell, Haden, Keitt, Kent, Sensation, Tommy Atkins, Zill
 Sudan: Alfonso, Bez el-Anza, Oweisi, Taymoor
 Tanzania: Boribo Muyini, Dodo, Mawazo, Sindano
 Zambia: Heidi, Kent, Sensation, Tommy
Americas
 Brazil: Coquinho, Haden, Manga Espada, Manga Espada de Ouro, Manga
Rosa, Palmer, Tommy Atkins
 Costa Rica: Haden, Irwin, Keitt, Mora, Tommy Atkins
 Cuba: San Felipe, Prieto, Toledo
 Ecuador: Ambassador, Alphonso, Ataulfo, Criollos, Haden, Julie, Keitt, Kent, Reina, Tommy
Atkins
 Guatemala: Haden, Kent, Tommy Atkins
 Haiti: Francine (Madame Francis), Muscas, Labiche, Baptiste, Rosalie, Poirier, Corne, Fil
 Honduras: Haden, Kent, Lancetilla, Tommy Atkins
 Mexico: Ataulfo, Haden, Irwin, Kent, Manila, Palmer, Sensation, Tommy Atkins, Van Dyke,
Petakon, Oro, Criollo, Niño, Miyako.
 Peru: Criollos, Haden, Keitt, Kent, Tommy Atkins
 Suriname: Rood borsje, Tetéé
 US (California): Keitt, Haden, Timotayo, Manila
 US (Florida): Alampur Baneshan, Alice, Alphonso, Anderson, Angie, Bailey's
Marvel, Bennet Alphonso, Beverly, Bombay, Brahm Kai Meu, Brooks, Carabao, Carrie,
Chok Anon, Cogshall, Cushman, Dot, Duncan, Earlygold, East
Indian, Edward, Eldon, Emerald, Fairchild, Fascell, Florigon, Ford, Gary,
Gaylour, Glenn, Gold Nugget, Golden Lippens, Graham, Haden, Hatcher, Ice
Cream, Irwin, Ivory, Jakarta, Jean Ellen, Julie, Keitt, Kensington Pride, Kent, Lancetilla,
Langra Benarsi, Lippens, Mallika, Manilita, Mendoza, Mulgoba, Nam Doc Mai, Nam Tam
Teen, Neelum, Nu Wun Chan, Okrung, Osteen, Palmer, Parvin, Pascual, Philippine,
Pickering, Po Pyu Kalay, Rosigold, Ruby, Rutledge, Saigon, Sensation, Sophie Fry, Southern
Blush, Spirit of '76, Springfels, Sunset, Suwon Tip, Tebow, Toledo, Tom Dang, Tommy
Atkins, Torbert, Turpentine, Valencia Pride, Van Dyke, Zill
 Venezuela: Haden, Keitt, Kent, Tommy Atkins
 West Indies: Amélie, Black (blackie), Bombay, Dou-douce, East Indian, Graham, Haden,
Julie (St. Julian), Long, Madame Francis, Rose, Spice-Box, Starch
Europe
 Malta: Keitt, Maya, Kensington Pride, Glenn, Irwin
 Italy: Kensington Pride, Glenn, Tommy Atkins, Keitt, Maya, Van Dyke, Osteen, Kent [16]

Middle East
 Israel: Haden, Omer, Shelley, Keitt, Kent, Maya, Nimrod, Palmer, Tommy Atkins, BD-4-98
Scientific names Common names

Mangifera indica Linn. Mampalam (Sul.)

Mangifera anisodora Blanco Mampalang (Sul.)

Mangifera domestica Gaertn. Manga (Tag.)

Mangifera fragrans F.-Vill. Mangachupadera (Span.)

Mangifera rostrata Blanco Mangang-kalabau (Tag.)

Mangifera sylvatica F.-Vill. Mangang-piko (Tag.)

Mangka (Ig.)

Paho (P. bis)

Pao (Bon.)

Mango (Engl.)

Other vernacular names

ARABIC: Manja, Manga, Mangô, Mangu.
ARMENIAN: Mang, Mango.
ASSAMESE: Aam, Aamro, Ghariyam.
BENGALI: Aama, Amchur. (আম)

BURMESE: Thayeq dhì, Thayeq.

CHINESE: Mi wang, Wang guo, Guo, Ma meng, Mang guo (芒果)

CZECH: Amčur , Mangovník indický.

DANISH: Mango, Mangofrugt, Mangotræ.
DUTCH: Manga, Mangga, Manja, Mangoestanboom, Mangostanboom.
ESTONIAN: India mangopuu (tree), Mangopulber.
FINNISH: Mango, Mangopuu.
FRENCH: Mangue, Manguier.
GEORGIAN: Mango.
GERMAN: Indischer Mangobaum, Mango, Mangofrucht, Mangobaum, Mangopalme.
GREEK: Magko, Mangko.
GUJARATI: Aambo, Ambodiya, Marvo.
HAUSA: Mangoro, Mangwaro.
HEBREW: Mango.
HINDI: Āma, Am chur, Āmacura, An̄ cūra, Kaccā āma. (आम)

ICELANDIC: Mangó.
ITALIAN: Mango
JAPANESE: Anchaa, Mangoo, Mangou.
KANNADA: Āmra, Maavu, Māvina haṇṇu, Mavinkai churu.
KHMER: Svaay.
KOREAN: Mang go.
LAOTIAN: Mak mouang, Mwàngx.
LITHUANIAN: Indinis mangas.
MALAY: Ampelam, Mangga, Mangga, Mempelam.
MALAYALAM: Amram, Choothaphalam, Manga, Maav, Maavu,
MARATHI: Amba, Amchuur, Aamchuur.
NEPALESE: Aanpa, Amacura.
NORWEGIAN: Mango.
ORIYA: Aamba, Amchura.
PERSIAN: Anbeh.
POLISH: Drzewo mangowe, Mango indyjskie.
PORTUGUESE: Manga, Mangueira.
PUNJABI: Amb.
RUSSIAN: Манго, Mango
SANSKRIT: Aamra, Ambrah, Amra chuta, Madhuula Madhuulaka, Madhuuli, Madhuulii.
SINHALESE: Amba, Dumpara, Etamba, Amba gasa.
SLOVAKIAN: Mangovník indický.
TELUGU: Amramu, Māmiḍi, Māmiḍi kāya, Māmiḍi paṇḍu, Myāṅgō.
THAI: Mamuang. ( มะมว่ ง )

URDU: Aam, Amba, Amchur, Amchur.

Uses
Edibility / Nutritional
- Good source of iron (deficient in calcium); excellent source of vitamins A, B, and C.
- Fruit contains citric, tartaric and mallic acids.
- Food: As fruit or mango-ade. Makes a delicious ice cream. Slice and served with cream and
sugar, taste has slightly similarity to peaches. Mangoes are canned with syrup, dried and candied,
jammed. Unripe mangoes are chutneyed, or pickled in brine.
- Young, fresh leaves are used in native dishes like "kasui." Also, prepared as tea.
Folkloric
- In the Philippines, decoction of root is considered diuretic.
- Bark and seeds are astringent. In Cambodia, used in hot lotions for rheumatism and leucorrhea.
- In India and Cambodia, solution of the gum from the bark is swallowed for dysentery.
- Resin is used for aphthous stomatitis.
- Cough: Drink infusion of young leaves as needed.
- Diarrhea: Take decoction of bark or kernel as tea.
- Fluid extract, or infusion, used in menorrhagia, leucorrhea, hemorrhoidal bleeding, and
hemorrhage from the lungs, nasal catarrh, and for lumbrici.
- Gum resin from the bark and fruit is used as sudorific; also as antisyphilitic.
- Root bark is a bitter aromatic, and in Sind, used for diarrhea and leucorrhea.
- Decoction of leaves with a little honey used for loss of voice.
- Gum resin from bark, mixed with coconut oil, used for scabies and other parasitic skin diseases.
- Juice of leaves used for dysentery.
- Tea of leaves with a little honey used for hoarseness and aphonia, 4 glasses daily.
- Powdered dried leaves, 1 tbsp to a cup of warm water, 4 times daily, used for diabetes. Also,
decoction of 10-15 fresh mango leaves used for the same purpose.
- Ashes of burned leaves used for scalds and burns.
- Infusion of young leaves used in asthma and cough.
- Tea of powdered dried flowers, 4 times daily for diarrhea, urethritis.
- Juice of peel of unripe mangoes used for skin diseases.
- Seed is vermifuge and astringent.
- Seed is considered astringent, vermifuge; given in obstinate diarrhea and for bleeding piles.
- Kernel or stone from the green mango considered an anthelmintic.
- For asthma, bleeding piles, chronic dysentery, hematemesis, menorrhagia, leucorrhea, and
round worms, powdered seed is given, with or without honey.
- In Indian traditional medicine, seeds used for vomiting, dysentery, diarrhea. Paste is made from
seed, honey and camphor and applied over the vagina to make the vagina contracted and firm.
Others
- Dye: Yellow coloring produced from the leaves, bark, and fruit, called "peori dye" in India.

Mangoes are generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh varies across
cultivars; some, such as Alphonso, have a soft, pulpy, juicy texture similar to an overripe plum,
while others, such as Tommy Atkins, are firmer, like a cantaloupe or avocado, with a fibrous
texture.
The skin of unripe, pickled, or cooked mango can be eaten, but it has the potential to
cause contact dermatitis of the lips, gingiva, or tongue in susceptible people.
Mangoes are widely used in cuisine. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in chutneys, pickles, dhals
and other side dishes in Bengali cuisine, or may be eaten raw with salt, chili, or soy sauce. A
summer drink called aam panna comes from mangoes. Mango pulp made into jelly or cooked
with red gram dhal and green chillies may be served with cooked rice. Mango lassi is popular
throughout South Asia, prepared by mixing ripe mangoes or mango pulp with buttermilk and
sugar. Ripe mangoes are also used to make curries. Aamras is a popular thick juice made of
mangoes with sugar or milk and is consumed with chapatis or pooris. The pulp from ripe
mangoes is also used to make jam called mangada. Andhra aavakaaya is a pickle made from raw,
unripe, pulpy, and sour mango, mixed with chili powder, fenugreek seeds, mustard powder, salt,
and groundnut oil. Mango is also used in Andhra Pradesh to make dahl preparations. Gujaratis
use mango to make chunda (a spicy, grated mango delicacy).
Mangoes are used to make murabba (fruit preserves), muramba (a sweet, grated mango
delicacy), amchur (dried and powdered unripe mango), and pickles, including a spicy mustard-
oil pickle and alcohol. Ripe mangoes are often cut into thin layers, desiccated, folded, and then
cut. These bars are similar to dried guava fruit bars available in some countries. The fruit is also
added to cereal products such as muesli and oat granola. Mangoes are often prepared charred in
Hawaii.
Unripe mango may be eaten with bagoong (especially in the Philippines), fish sauce, vinegar,
soy sauce, or with dash of salt (plain or spicy). Dried strips of sweet, ripe mango (sometimes
combined with seedless tamarind to form mangorind) are also popular. Mangoes may be used to
make juices, mango nectar, and as a flavoring and major ingredient in ice cream and sorbetes.

Mango is used to make juices, smoothies, ice cream, fruit bars, raspados, aguas frescas, pies, and
sweet chili sauce, or mixed with chamoy, a sweet and spicy chili paste. It is popular on a stick
dipped in hot chili powder and salt or as a main ingredient in fresh fruit combinations. In Central
America, mango is either eaten green mixed with salt, vinegar, black pepper, and hot sauce, or
ripe in various forms.

Pieces of mango can be mashed and used as a topping on ice cream or blended with milk and ice
as milkshakes. Sweet glutinous rice is flavored with coconut, then served with sliced mango as a
dessert. In other parts of Southeast Asia, mangoes are pickled with fish sauce and rice vinegar.
Green mangoes can be used in mango salad with fish sauce and dried shrimp. Mango with
condensed milk may be used as a topping for shaved ice.

Food constituents
Nutrients
The energy value per 100 g (3.5 oz) serving of the common mango is 250 kJ (60 kcal), and that
of the apple mango is slightly higher (330 kJ (79 kcal) per 100 g). Fresh mango contains a
variety of nutrients (right table), but only vitamin C and folate are in significant amounts of the
Daily Value as 44% and 11%, respectively.
Phytochemicals
Major flavor chemicals of 'Alphonso' mango from India
Numerous phytochemicals are present in mango peel and pulp, such as the triterpene,
lupeol. Mango peel pigments under study include carotenoids, such as the provitamin A
compound, beta-carotene, lutein and alpha-carotene, and polyphenols, such as quercetin,
kaempferol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechins and tannins. Mango contains a unique xanthonoid
called mangiferin.
Phytochemical and nutrient content appears to vary across mango cultivars. Up to 25
different carotenoids have been isolated from mango pulp, the densest of which was beta-
carotene, which accounts for the yellow-orange pigmentation of most mango cultivars. Mango
leaves also have significant polyphenol content, including xanthonoids, mangiferin and gallic
acid.
 The pigment euxanthin, known as Indian yellow, is often thought to be produced from
the urine of cattle fed mango leaves; the practice is described as having been outlawed in 1908
because of malnutrition of the cattle and possible urushiol poisoning. This supposed origin of
euxanthin appears to rely on a single, anecdotal source, and Indian legal records do not outlaw
such a practice.

Flavor
The flavor of mango fruits is conferred by several volatile organic chemicals mainly
belonging to terpene, furanone, lactone, and ester classes. Different varieties or cultivars of
mangoes can have flavor made up of different volatile chemicals or same volatile chemicals in
different quantities. In general, New World mango cultivars are characterized by the dominance
of δ-3-carene, a monoterpene flavorant; whereas, high concentration of other monoterpenes such
as (Z)-ocimene and myrcene, as well as the presence of lactones and furanones, is the unique
feature of Old World cultivars. In India, 'Alphonso' is one of the most popular cultivars. In
'Alphonso' mango, the lactones and furanones are synthesized during ripening; whereas terpenes
and the other flavorants are present in both the developing (immature) and ripening fruits.
Ethylene, a ripening-related hormone well known to be involved in ripening of mango fruits,
causes changes in the flavor composition of mango fruits upon exogenous application, as well. In
contrast to the huge amount of information available on the chemical composition of mango
flavor, the biosynthesis of these chemicals has not been studied in depth; only a handful of genes
encoding the enzymes of flavor biosynthetic pathways have been characterized to date

Cultural Management
Location. The mango grows to a good size and casts a dense shade, but the roots are
not destructive. It requires full sun and perfect air drainage. It does best at the top or
middle level of a slope. A windbreak should be provided in exposed areas. The trees
may also need staking. In places where there is intense heat exposure, it needs the
shade of other trees. In the garden or near the coast, plant against a south wall, or in
an area surrounded by paving, to provide maximum heat. In the greenhouse, full
light and free air movement are important to avoid disease.

Soils and Climate. Mangoes are adapted to many soil types, it will grow in almost
any well-drained soil whether sandy, loam or clay, but avoid heavy, wet soils. A pH
between 5.5 and 7.5 is preferred. They are somewhat tolerant of alkalinity. For good
growth, mangoes need deep soil to accommodate their extensive root systems.

Mangoes can be grown on a wide range of soil types, from light sandy loams to red clay soils. Soil pH of 5.5 to 7.5 is preferred. Deep
rich soils give the best production and fruit quality. Well drained soils are recommended. Moderately sloping sites are also recommended
to prevent water logging. Deep soils without impermeable layers permit the development of deep taproots that aids in drought tolerance
and wind resistance.

Mangoes grow best in seasonally wet/dry climate zones of the lowland tropics. A dry and/or cool season causes uniform floral initiation
and tends to synchronize bloom and harvest. Mango does not attain a truly dormant state, but ceases growth at temperatures below 55-
60oF. Temperatures below 60 or above 100°F at flowering can cause flower abortion, loss of pollen viability, and occasionally seedless
fruit development (small).

Mangoes will grow from sea level to an elevation of about 1,500 feet, but mangoes are most productive below 1,200 feet. Mango is best
adapted to hot, dry leeward areas that receive less than 60 inches of rainfall annually, but supplemental irrigation is desirable for highest
yields in those areas. Trees have a high water requirement during fruit maturation. Anthracnose disease often destroys both flowers and
developing fruits in humid, high-rainfall areas. Dry weather during the flowering period is best for fruit production. Wind can damage
flowers and reduce yields. High winds can knock fruit off trees or cause scarring, since the fruit hang on long, pendulous floral branches
at the periphery of the canopy. Mango trees should be protected from strong winds, but windbreaks that shade or compete with them
should be avoided.

Planting Design, Training, Pruning. Prior to planting, field should be deeply ploughed, harrowed and leveled. Pits of proper size should
be dug at appropriate distances and filled by adding sufficient quantity of farmyard manure. The seedlings to be planted should be
procured from reliable nurseries few days before actual transplanting.

1. Time of planting: The best time for planting is when there is sufficient moisture in the atmosphere. In the area of heavy
rainfall, the best time of planting mango is the end of the rainy season. In tracts where the rainfall is less, the planting can be
done in the early part of the monsoon for better establishment. The planting should be done in the evening; otherwise if the
day turns out to be unusually hot or dry, the plants may wither due to excessive loss of water. If the sky is overcast, planting
can be done during daytime also
2. Planting distance: The planting distance varies according to variety, the
fertility level of the soil and general growth conditions in the area. Where
the growth is excessive, the distance should be 14 x 14 m, but in the dry
zones where the growth is less, it can be regulated to about 10 x 10 m. For
high density planting, the distance can be 5 x 3 or 5 x 2.5 or 3 x 2.5 or 2.5
x 2.5 m.

For increased early production, an extra tree may be planted in between

mango placement and the center of a 200-square meter to be removed
later when overcrowding is prevalent. Unfortunately, however, this extra
tree is seldom removed due to Philippine cultural practices, which leads
to overcrowding.

3. Size of pits: In locations where the soil is loamy and deep, pits of 0.5 x
0.5 x 0.5 m be dug at desired distances. However, in shallow and hill soils, the pits should at last be of 1 x 1 x 1 m size.
4. Filling of pits: The pits should be filled with the original soil mixed with 50 kg well rotten farmyard manure. In the top two-
third portion, the proportion of the manure and soil may be kept as 1:3. In case of stony soils, it is better to remove all the
stones from the excavated material and remaining soils should be mixed with soil scrapped from the left over area. The pits
should invariably be filled before the rainy season, so that there is maximum settling down before the advent of heavy rainfall
and much before planting.
5. Planting of mango seedling: The plant with its ball of earth intact should be taken out of the soil or pot. The plant can then be
placed with the help of a planting board in the centre of the pit by excavating as much soil as necessary to accommodate the
root-ball. The moist soil of the pit is then pressed all around the root ball to complete the planting process. A small basin is
then made and the plant is properly watered. The planting should not be done so high as to expose the upper roots. It is always
better to adjust it at the same height/depth at which it was in the seedling
bag or the nursery bed.
6. Training and pruning: Normally, mango trees require very little pruning
or training. However, the training of the plants in the initial stages is very
essential to give them proper shape. In formative years, trees may be
pruned to have one main trunk clear of branching up to about 3 ft. After
that, they assume a desirable rounded canopy shape naturally. When the
graft has branched too low, the process of training becomes very
important. At least 75 cm of the main stem should be kept free from
branching and the first leader/main branch may be allowed after that. The
main branches should be spaced in such a way that they grow in different
directions and are at least 20 to 25 cm apart, otherwise there are chances
of breakage due to smaller crotch angles and heavy top. The branches
which exhibit tendency of crossing and rubbing each other should be
removed in the pencil thickness stage, otherwise they break by rubbing
each other at a later stage and create complications. Secondly, if the center is closed, the fruits produced are of poor quality
having less coloration in the absence of sufficient sunlight. By following the above practice and after giving proper shape to
the trees, there will be much less scope for future pruning except removal of diseased, pest infested or dried shoots/wood.

More importantly, the few fruits set in a tree's first years of fruiting should be removed to speed up tree development.
Interculture. Interculture in orchards is necessary for the proper upkeep of any
mango orchard. The removal of weeds not only avoids the competition for essential
nutrients but also creates better physical soil environment for plant growth,
particularly root development. It also helps in water movement in soil and in
controlling some of the insect pests. Moreover, it ensures proper incorporation of the
applied plant nutrients in soil and reduces their loss.

Frequency and the time of interculture operations vary with age of the orchard and
existence of intercrops. Immediately after planting the mango, the weed problem
may not exist, but it is advisable to break the crust with hand hoe each time after 10
to 15 irrigations. However, subsequent hoeing may be done depending on weed
growth in the basin. If the intercrops are not being raised in the pre-bearing stage
due to some reasons, the area between the basins should be ploughed at least three
times a year, (i.e., pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and in the last week of November).
Interculture operations are equally important for the bearing mango orchards. First ploughing should be done before the onset of rains.
This will help in checking run-off losses and facilitate maximum retention of water in the soil. Orchard may be ploughed again after the
rainy season is over in order to suppress weed growth and to break capillaries. Third ploughing may be done in the last week of
November or first week of December to keep in check the proliferation of other pests/insects.

Pruning. Healthy trees require little pruning, although pruning to stimulate new
growth promotes uniform annual bearing. Removing some flower clusters during a
heavy bloom year may also alleviate alternate bearing. Sap and debris can cause
severe dermatitis. It is best to avoid burning pruning or litter.

Developing trees should be trained to eliminate low branches less than 3 feet from
the ground, leaving three to four main branches on the trunk at different heights.
Pruning of well-formed older trees is usually confined to removal of dead branches.
Pruning is preferably done after fruiting, before a growth flush occurs. Pruning can
also be done to restrict tree size for small yards/orchards or when more than 51 trees
per hectare are planted.

Some delay in flowering can be expected from new growth produced in response to
pruning.

As the tree grows older, it may be hedged and topped to control size. This is done in the summer after harvest, and if light, does not
impact next year's crop since fruit are borne terminally on growth flushes that occur after pruning. Severe pruning will decrease fruiting
the following year, however.

Irrigation. Amount and frequency of irrigation depends upon the type of soil,
prevailing climatic conditions, especially rainfall to be given and its distribution and
age of trees. No irrigation is required during the monsoon months unless there are
long spells of drought. Irrigation should start when the weather warms. Continue
every one to two weeks, more often in light soils, nearly continuously in areas where
soil water retention is low. Irrigation may be discontinued when rains are sufficient
to maintain soil moisture.

During the first year when the plants are very young with shallow root system, they
should be watered every 2 to 3 days in the dry season. Trees in the age group of 2 to
5 years should be irrigated at 4 to 5 days interval. The irrigation interval could be
increased to 10 to 15 days for 5 to 8 years old plants during dry season. Although
hot, dry weather is favorable to fruit development, supplementary irrigation between
flowering and harvest is advisable for good yields. When trees are in full bearing
stage, generally 2 to 3 irrigations are given after the fruit set. Irrigation should be given at 50 percent field capacity. After harvesting,
watering is then increased after one to two months to initiate a new bloom and growth cycle.

Generally, intercrops are grown during the early years of plantation and hence frequency and method of irrigation has to be adjusted
accordingly. It is advisable to irrigate the mango plants in basins around them, which can be connected in series or to the irrigation
channel in the centre of rows. The intercrops need to be irrigated independently as per their specific requirements. In mono-cropping of
mango, basin irrigation is preferable with a view to economize water use.
Fertilization. Soil fertility has a direct effect on all aspects of crop growth and
development. In some cases, post-harvest disorders can be linked directly to the
deficiency of a particular mineral, but often other environmental factors such as
water stress are involved. "Spongy tissue" symptoms in mango have been linked to
mineral deficiency and copper and iron deficiencies cause abnormal peel
development in citrus fruits.

Nutrient uptake in mango is from large volume of soils. Therefore, it is able to

sustain growth even in low fertility soils. However, its efficient management
involves the replenishment of the nutrients used-up by the tree for its growth and
maintenance, harvested produce and natural losses from soils through leaching and
run off. Even the under-nourished trees can be revived by suitable supplementation
of nutrients through fertilizers.

Mango trees require regular applications of nitrogen fertilizer to promote healthy growth flushes and flower production. Organic
fertilizers perform best, since the trees are subject to fertilizer burn. Young trees are particularly sensitive to over-fertilizing, but respond
well to fish emulsion. Sandy soils require more fertilizer than loam or clay.

Fertilizer may be a 1:1:1 or 1:2:2 N-P-K ratio formulation, such as 14-14-14 or 10-20-20 N-P-K. During tree establishment, phosphorus
(P) is important for root development. Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are needed by bearing trees for good yields.

The idea of applying manure to fruit bearing trees is also to secure regular fruit
production. Application of manure to mango plants starts right from planting
operation in the orchard. First application is made at the time of filling of the pits.
Fertilizer application during the first year of planting may be given as 100 g N, 50 g
P2O5 and 100 g K2O per plant. The above dose should be increased every year up
to 10 years in the multiple of first year's dose. Accordingly, a 10-year-old tree
should receive 1 kg N, 500 g P2O5 and 1 kg K2O. This dose should continue to be
applied in subsequent years also. Application of 50 kg well-decomposed organic
manure should be given each four year to create proper soil physical environment.
For trench application of fertilizers, 400 g each of N and K2O and 200 g of P2O5
per plant should be given.

Fertilizers may be applied in two split doses, one half immediately after the
harvesting of fruits and the other half 3 to 4 months later, in both young and old
orchards, followed by irrigation if there are no rains. Supplemental N and foliar application of 3 percent urea in sandy soils is
recommended before flowering, when vegetative growth flushes rather than flowering occur. Slow-release fertilizer formulations are
preferred, except for supplemental N applications, which should have rapid release.

The mixture of recommended dose of fertilizers should be broadcast under the canopy of plant leaving about 50 cm from tree trunk in
old trees. The applied fertilizer should be incorporated well up to the dept of 15 cm soil. To increase fertilizer use efficiency, fertilizers
should be applied in 25 cm wide and 25 to 30 cm deep trenches dug around the tree 2 m away from trunk.

Diseases. Mango suffers from several diseases at all stages of its life. All the parts of the plant, namely, trunk, branch, twig, leaf, petiole,
flower and fruit are attacked by a number of pathogens including fungi, bacteria and algae. They cause several kinds of rot, die back,
anthracnose, scab, necrosis, blotch, spots, mildew, etc. Some of these diseases like powdery mildew are of great economic importance as
they cause heavy losses in mango production. Major diseases of mango and their control measures are discussed below.

1. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum state of Glomerella cingulata Ston, Spaull and Schrenk): The anthracnose disease is of
widespread occurrence. The disease causes serious losses to young shoots, flowers and fruits under favorable climatic
conditions of high humidity, frequent rains and a temperature of 24-32oC. It is also affects fruits during storage. The disease
produces leaf spot, blossom blight, withertip, twig blight and fruit rot symptoms. Tender shoots and foliage are easily affected
which ultimately cause “die back” of young branches. Older twigs may also be infected through wounds which in severe cases
may be fatal.
 Depending on the prevailing weather conditions blossom blight may vary in
severity from slight to a heavy infection of the panicles. Black spots develop
on panicles as well as on fruits. Severe infection destroys the entire
inflorescence resulting in no setting of fruits. Young infected fruits develop
black spots, shrivel and drop off. Fruits infected at mature stage carry the
fungus into storage and cause considerable loss during storage, transit and
marketing. The fungus perpetuates on twigs and leaves of mango or other
hosts. Since the fungus has a long saprophytic survival ability on dead twigs,
the diseased twigs should be pruned and burnt along with fallen leaves for
reducing the inoculum potential.

Control: Trees may be sprayed twice with Bavistin (0.1%) at 15 days interval
during flowering to control blossom infection. Spraying of copper fungicides
(0.3%) is recommended for the control of foliar infection.

2. Sooty mould (Meliola mangiferae): The disease is common in the orchards

where mealy bug, scale insect and hopper are not controlled efficiently. The
disease in the field is recognized by the presence of a black velvety coating (i.e., sooty mould on the leaf surface). In severe
cases the trees turn completely black due to the presence of mould over the entire surface of twigs and leaves. The severity of
infection depends on the honey dew secretion by the above said insects. Honey dew secretions from insects sticks to the leaf
surface and provide necessary medium for fungal growth. The fungus is essentially saprophytic and is non-pathogenic because
it does not derive nutrients from the host tissues. Although no direct damage is caused by the fungus, the photosynthetic
activity of the leaf is adversely affected due to blockage of stomata.

Control:

 Pruning of affected branches and their prompt destruction prevents the spread of the
disease.
 Spraying of 2 per cent starch is found effective.
 It could also be controlled by spray of Nottasul + Metacin + gumacasea (0.2% + 0.1%
+ 0.3%).

Postharvest Diseases: The mango fruit is susceptible to many postharvest diseases caused by
anthracnose (C. gloeosporioides) and stem end rot (L. theobromae) during storage under ambient
conditions or even at low temperature. Aspergillus rot is another postharvest disease of mango.

Control: Pre-harvest sprays of fungicides could control the diseases caused by latent infection of
these fungi. Postharvest dip treatment of fruits with fungicides could also control the diseases
during storage.

The following treatments are suggested:

 Three sprays of carbendazim (0.1%) orthiophante-methyl (0.1%) at 15 days interval

should be done in such a way that the last spray falls 15 days prior to harvest.
 Postharvest dip treatment of fruits in carbendazim (0.1%) in hot water at 52+1oC for 15
minutes.

Pests. More than 492 species of insects, 17 species of mites and 26 species of nematodes have been
reported to be infesting mango trees. Almost a dozen of them have been found damaging the crop to
a considerable extent causing severe losses and, therefore, may be termed as major pests of mango.
These are hopper, mealy bug, inflorescence midge, fruit fly, scale insect, shoot borer, leaf webber
and stone weevil. Of these, insects infesting the crop during flowering and fruiting periods cause
more severe damage. The insects other than those indicated above are considered as less injurious to
mango crop and are placed in the category of minor pests. A brief description of the biology and
control of major pests of mango is given below.

1. Hopper: Of all the mango pests, hopper is considered as the most serious and widespread pest. Idioscopus clypealis Lethierry,
Idioscopus nitidulus (Walker) and Amritodus atkinsoni Lethierry are the most common and destructive species of hoppers
which cause heavy damage to mango crop. Large number of nymphs and adult insects puncture and suck the sap of tender
parts, thereby reducing the vigor of the plants. Heavy puncturing and continuous draining of the sap cause curling and drying
 of the infested tissue. They also damage the crop by secreting a sweet sticky substance which encourages the development of
the fungus Maliola mangiferae, commonly known as sooty mould which affects adversely the photosynthetic activities of the
leaves. Shade and high humidity conditions are favorable for their multiplication. Such conditions usually prevail in old,
neglected and closely planted orchards. The female hoppers lay 100-200 eggs on mid rib of tender leaves, buds and
inflorescence. In summers the total life cycle occupies 2-3 weeks.

Control:

1. Chemical: Three sprays of 0.15 per cent Carbaryl or 0.04 per

cent Monocrotophos or 0.05 per cent Phosphomidon or 0.05
per cent Methyl Parathion have been found very useful in
controlling the pest population. First spray should be given at
the early stage of panicle formation. The second spray at full
length stage of panicles but before full bloom and the third
spray after the fruits are set and have attained pea stage are
recommended.
2. Biological: Biological control agents such as the predators
Mallada boninensis and Chrysopa lacciperda, the egg parasite
Polynema sp. and a preparation of the fungus Beauveria
bassiana are the important useful bio-agents to control this pest.
3. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): The continuous use of
pesticides though controls the pests but pose some other
serious problems like killing of pollinators and natural
enemies, development of resistance to insecticides and residues
which are on fruits hazardous to human population. Besides,
the high cost of pesticides, labor and maintenance of
equipments are other limiting factors in pest control. Integrated
pest management is gaining momentum to take care of these
problems. To manage mango hopper pest, avoid dense planting
and keep the orchard clean by regular ploughing and removal
of weeds. Pruning of overcrowding and over lapping branches
should be done on a regular basis. Chemical spray is to be
minimized whenever necessary. The use of insect growth
regulator Buprofezin (0.0125 %) is also suggested as one of the
sprays.
2. Mealy bug: (Drosicha mangiferae) Green is the most common mealy bug and causes severe damage to mango crop
throughout the country. Nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and reduce the vigor of the plant. Excessive and continuous
draining of plant sap causes wilting and finally drying of infested tissue. They also secrete honey dew, a sticky substance,
which encourages the development of a fungus Maliola mangiferae, termed as sooty mould.

The adult male is winged and small, female is bigger and wingless. The
female, after copulation, crawl down the tree in the month of April-May
and enter in the cracks in the soil for laying eggs in large numbers
encased in white egg sacs. The eggs lie in diapause state in the soil till the
return of the favorable conditions in the month of November - December.
Just after hatching, the minute newly hatched pink to brown colored
nymphs crawl up the tree. After climbing up the tree they start sucking
the sap of tender plant parts. They are considered more important because
they infest the crop during the flowering season and if the control
measures are not taken timely, the crop may be destroyed completely.

Control:

o Mechanical: Polythene (400 gauge) bands of 25 cm width

fastened around the tree trunk have been found effective barrier to stop the ascent of nymphs to the trees. The band
should be fastened well in advance before the hatching of eggs, i.e., around November - December.
 o Chemical: Application of 250 g per tree of Methyl Parathion dust 2
per cent or Aldrin dust 10 per cent in the soil around the trunk kills
the newly hatched nymphs which come in contact with the
chemical. Spraying of 0.05 per cent Monocrotophos or 0.2 per cent
Carbaryl or 0.05 per cent Methyl Parathion have been found useful
in controlling early instar nymphs of the mealy bug.
o Biological: Menochilus sexmaculatus, Rodolia fumida and
Sumnius renardi are important predators in controlling the nymphs.
The entomogenous fungus Beauveria bassiana is found to be an
effective bio-agent in controlling the nymphs of the mealy bug.
o Integrated Pest Management (IPM): The IPM schedule of mealy
bug is very important and useful if timely operations are done.
Flooding of orchards with water in the month of October kills the
eggs. Ploughing the orchards in the month of November exposes
the eggs to the sun’s heat. In the middle of December, 400-gauge
alkathene sheet of 25 cm width may be fastened to the tree trunk
besides raking the soil around the tree trunk and mixing of 2 per
cent Methyl Parathion dust. The dust may also be sprinkled below
the atkathene band on the tree. The congregated nymphs below the band may be killed by any of the suggested
insecticides. The above IPM schedule holds promise to control the mealy bug but the spores of the fungus
Beauveria bassiana will further ensure the reduction of the pest population.
3. Fruitfly: The oriental fruitfly is one of the most serious pests of mango in the country which has created problem in the export
of fresh fruits. Daccus dorsalis, D. zonatus and D. correctus are the most common fruitflies which cause serious damage to
mature mango fruits. The adult flies are dark brown in color and measure 7 mm in length and 4 mm across the wings. The
females have tapering abdomen which ends in an ovipositor. The female punctures the outer wall of the mature fruits with the
help of its pointed ovipositor and insert eggs in small clusters inside the mesocarp of mature fruits. After hatching, the larva
feeds on the pulp of the fruit which appears normal from outside but drops down finally. The mature maggots fall down into
the soil for pupation. The emergence of fruitfly starts from March onwards and the maximum population is recorded during
April-May which coincides with fruit maturity. The population declines slowly from June to July after which it is non-existent
up to March.

Control:

0. Chemical: The adult fruitflies can be controlled by bait sprays of

carbaryl (0.2%) + protein hydrolysate (0.1%) or molasses starting at
pre-oviposition stage (first week of April), repeated once after 21
days. Another method to control these flies is to hang traps
containing a 100 ml water emulsion of methyl euginol (0.1%) +
Malathion (0.1%) during fruiting (April to May). About 10 such
traps are sufficient for one hectare of orchard.
1. Integrated pest management (IPM)
 Collection and proper disposal of the infested and
dropped fruits.
 Ploughing the orchards and exposing the diapausing
pupae to sun’s heat. Releasing of parasite and predator
during December to February are helpful in reducing the
pest population.
 Monitoring and destruction of emerging adult with
methyl euginol traps.
 Early harvesting of mature fruits.
 Selective and need based bait spray.
 Hot water treatment or vapor heat treatment (VHT) of
fruits before storage and ripening for killing the larvae.
4. Scale insects: Scale insects are considered serious pest on mango in certain
parts of the country. Pulvinaria polygonata, Aspidiatus destructor, Ceroplastis
sp. and Rastococus sp. are some of the most common scale insects infesting
 mango crop. The nymphs and adult scales suck the sap of the leaves and other tender parts
and reduce the vigor of the plants. They also secrete honeydew which encourages the
development of sooty mould on leaves and other tender parts of the mango plant. In case
of severe scale infestation, growth and fruit bearing capacity of the tree is affected
adversely.

Control: Pruning of the heavily infested plant parts and their immediate destruction
followed by two sprays of Monocrotophos (0.04 %) or Diazinon (0.04 %) or Dimethoate
(0.06 %) at an interval of 20 days have been found very effective in controlling the scale
population.

5. Shoot borer (Chlumetia transversa) : Larvae of this moth bore into the young shoot
resulting in dropping of leaves and wilting of shoots. Larvae also bore into the
inflorescence stalk. The adult moths are shining grey in color and measure about 17.5 mm
with expanded wings. Hind wings are light in color. Female moths lay eggs on tender
leaves. After hatching, young larvae enter the midrib of leaves and then enter into young
shoots through the growing points by tunneling downwards. The full grown larva is dark
pink in color with dirty spots and measures about 22 mm in length. There are four
overlapping generations of the pest in a year and it overwinters in pupal stage.

Control: The attacked shoots may be clipped off and destroyed. Spraying of Carbaryl
(0.2%) or Quinalphos (0.05%) or Monocrotophos (0.04%) at fortnightly intervals from the
commencement of new flush gives effective control of the pest. A total of 2-3 sprays may
be done depending on the intensity of infestation.

6. Stem borer (Batocera rufomaculata): Stem borer attacks a variety of fruit

trees including mango. Damage is caused by the grub of this beetle as it feeds
inside the stems boring upward resulting in drying of branches and in severe
cases attained stem also dies. Adult beetles, 35-50 mm in size, are stout and
grayish brown in color with dark brown and black spots. Eggs are laid either
in the slits of tree trunk or in the cavities in main branches and stems covered
with a viscous fluid. Full grown grubs are cream colored with dark brown
head and 90 x 20 mm in size. Pupation takes place within the stem. Beetle
emerges in July-August. There is only one generation of the pest in a year.

Control: The pest can be effectively controlled by following the

recommendations given for the control of bark eating caterpillar.

7. Stone weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae): This insect is widely distributed in

the tropics. Female lays eggs on the epicarp of partially developed fruits or
under the rind of ripening fruits. Newly emerged grubs bore through the pulp,
feed on seed coat and later cause damage to cotyledons. Pupation takes place
inside the seed. Discoloration of the pulp adjacent to the affected portion has
been observed.

Eggs are minute and white in color. Adult weevils are 5 to 8 mm long, stout
and dark brown in color. Life-cycle is completed in 40 to 50 days. Adults
hibernate until the next fruiting season. There is only one generation in a year.

Control:

o Destroying the affected fruits and exposing the hibernating weevils

by digging the soil
o Spraying the trees with Fenthion (0.01%)

Disorders
 1. Mango malformation: The malformed panicles remain unproductive and are characterized by a compact mass of male
flowers, greenish in color and stunted in growth. The main and secondary rachis are thick and short and bear flowers with
relatively larger bracts, sepals and petals as compared to normal flowers. The malformed panicles remain intact on the trees
for a considerable period. Though research efforts made have not been able to ascertain its etiology, the complexity of the
disorder is attributed cultural practices, nutritional, to many factors like, mites, fungal, viral, etc. hormonal imbalance. The
exact cause and control of the malady is yet to be established. However, some remedial measures are recommended as
follows:
o Pruning of shoots bearing malformed panicles
o Deblossoming of early emerged / infested panicles.
2. Biennial bearing: The term biennial, alternate or irregular bearing generally signifies the tendency of mango trees to bear a
heavy crop in one year (On year) and very little or no crop in the succeeding year (Off year). Most of the commercial varieties
in the Philippines biennial bearers. When a tree produces heavy crop in one season, it gets exhausted nutritionally and is
unable to put forth new flush thereby failing to yield in the following season. The problem has been attributed to the causes
like genetical, physiological, environmental and nutritional factors. For overcoming biennial bearing, deblossoming is
recommended to reduce the crop load in the “On year” such that it is balanced in the “Off year”. Proper maintenance of
orchard by way of effectively controlling pests and diseases and regular cultural operations may also result in better
performance of the tree every year. Soil application of Paclobutrazol (PP333) or @ 4 - 5 g per tree in the month of September
resulted in early flowering with higher fruit set and yield. It may be applied every year for regular fruiting, particularly in
young trees. The time of application may vary according to fruit bud differentiation.
3. Fruit drop: Despite high fruit set initially, the ultimate retention is quite low in mango. The intensity of fruit drop, varies
from variety to variety. The fruit drop is more or less a continuous process and can be classified into three groups: (i) Pinhead
drop, (ii) Post-setting drop and (iii) March-month drop. The fruit drop in the first two groups are insignificant compared to the
third group which affects the final yield significantly and needs more attention. Embryo abortion, climatic factors, disturbed
water relation, lack of nutrition, disease, pest and hormonal imbalances are the major factors that lead to fruit drop. The foliar
application of Alary (B-nine) @ 100 ppm or NAA 20 ppm at pea stage of fruit was found effective in controlling fruit drop in
mango.
4. Clustering disorder in mango: A fruiting disorder is characterized by the development of fruitlets in clusters at the tip of the
panicles. Such fruits do not grow beyond pea or marble stage and drop down after a month or so of fruit set. These fruits do
not contain seeds when they are cut open. The disorder seems to be due to lack of pollination / fertilization which may be
attributed to many reasons. Among them, absence of sufficient population of pollinators in the orchards is the major reason.
The other reasons causing the disorder are old and overcrowding of trees, indiscriminate spraying against pests and diseases,
use of synthetic pyrethroids for spraying, and bad weather during flowering. Some of the remedial measures are suggested
below:
o Insecticides should not be sprayed at full bloom to avoid killing of pollinators.
o Pests and diseases should be controlled in time by spraying the recommended pesticides only.
o Introduction of beehives in the orchards during flowering season for increasing the number of pollinators.
o Pruning of old trees may be done to open the canopy.
o Spraying of 300 ppm NAA may be done

Pollination. The pollen grains are of variable shapes, with the size varying from 20 to 35
micron. Small amounts of pollen are produced in mango. The grains of pollen are
sphaeroidal to prolate sphaeroidal, radially symmetrical, subangular in polar view,
isopolar, with a few giant triploid ones of up to 50 micron. Further they are 3-
monocolporate, goniotreme, sides convex-subprolate; apertures equidistant and zonal
with ecto-aperture (colpus) extends slit-like from pole to pole.

Mangoes are considered self-fertile and do not require pollinizers, but research indicates
that some cultivars are self-unfruitful or at least benefit from cross-pollination. Fruit set
is generally just a few percent, with an average of only one mango borne per panicle.
The pollen incorrectly is said to cause eye irritation and dermatitis; there is almost no
air-borne pollen since it is heavy and adherent. The irritation probably results from
volatile, irritating oils. Pollination is achieved by wild insects, and to a lesser extent,
honey bees.
There is no indication that to place colonies of honey bees in mango groves has become
an accepted practice; however, the chances are likely that such bee usage is needed today
much more so than when his studies were made. The evidence is quite strong that
concentration of colonies of honeybees within the mango grove would result in increased
floral visitation and possibly more stabilized set of fruit, particularly in some years. The
mango flowers do not appear to be overly attractive to honey bees and they tend to open
in large numbers at a time of year when many other flowers are also available, so
visitation in commercial groves is likely to be far below that necessary for maximum
floral visitation. If such is the case, a heavy concentration of colonies in the grove,
possibly three to six per acre, may be necessary to obtain maximum fruit set.

Harvest, Post Harvest and Handling. The mango is the apple of the tropics, and one of
the most commonly eaten fruits in tropical countries around the world. To ensure that
mangoes can be commercially distributed, proper harvesting and handling procedures
must strictly be followed to maintain the quality and freshness of the fruit.

1. Fruit Harvest: Mango fruit matures in 100 to 150 days after flowering. The
fruit will have the best flavor if allowed to ripen on the tree. Ripening fruit turns the characteristic color of the variety and
begins to soften to the touch. Commercial marketability requires 13% dissolved solids (sugars). When the first fruit shows
color on tree, all of that size fruit or larger may be removed; repeat when remaining fruit colors. Do not store below 50° F. The
fruit ripens best if placed stem end down in trays at room temperature and covered with a dampened cloth to avoid shriveling.
Mangoes grown in the Visayas and Mindanao region ripen from September to January and mangoes from the Luzon region
are harvested starting December to May, due to weather conditions.
2. Maturity: Color change from green to yellow, and the development of "shoulders" on the stem end of the fruit are the best
indicators of maturity. Also, the fruit flesh turns from white to yellow starting at the endocarp and progressing outward to the
skin during maturation. When the flesh is yellow to half that distance, the fruit can be harvested and will ripen normally off-
tree. Fruit are not ripe at this stage, but picked firm to withstand shipment. If picked before this stage, flavor never develops
and fruit are more susceptible to chilling injury and hot water damage during post-harvest fruit fly control. If fruit are left on
tree until ripe, they often develop physiological breakdown termed "soft nose", "jelly seed", or "spongy tissue". Fruit removal
force may also be assessed by individual pickers to determine ripeness.
3. Harvest Method: Mangoes are hand-harvested, simply by snapping-off fruits
from peduncles in less-developed plantings, or by clipping peduncles 4 inches
above the fruit when intended for export. This allows the milky, toxic latex to
ooze from the stem without touching the fruit surface. Pickers use poles with
cloth bags at the end to reach fruit high in the tree, or ladders and hydraulic
lifts in developed countries.
4. Post Harvest Handling: Stems are trimmed to 1/4" prior to packing in 12 kg.
boxes containing 8-20 fruits, depending on size. Fruit are culled by hand,
removing diseased and off-grade fruit. In countries where fruit flies are
endemic, fruit are dipped in hot water for fruit fly and anthracnose control.
Hot air treatments can be used to meet export requirements as well. Resins left
on fruits cause black lesions which may lead to rot.

Curing is carried out on immature fruit after harvest to allow quality development. Fruits
are stored for 15 days at 70 F and RH of 85-90%. Ethylene is often supplied in more
sophisticated operations to accelerate color development (by 3-8 days) and allow more
uniform ripening.

Mangoes are subject to chilling injury, and must not be stored at <55°F. Storage life is only 2-3 weeks under optimal conditions.

Young Tree Establishment. Newly planted trees should be watered two or three
times the first week, then once or twice per week for several weeks. Simply fill the
water basin and let the water soak in. The water ring will gradually erode away over
four to six months, at which time the tree can be considered established.

Delay fertilization until new growth occurs after planting, then apply monthly.
Scatter the fertilizer on the ground under the tree and promptly water thoroughly.
Using ammonium sulfate (21-0-0), use one half cup monthly in the first year, one
cup per month in the second and two cups monthly in the third year. For other
fertilizer analyses, adjust the rate accordingly.
All lawn grass and weeds should be eliminated for several feet around the young
mango, as the tree cannot compete for water and nutrients until it is much larger. As
the tree grows, widen the grass-free area beyond the canopy. Organic mulches are
excellent for mango trees.

No pruning or training should be necessary except to remove deadwood.

Mature Tree Care. Cultural practices are designed to maintain good growth and
production. Irrigation, nutrition, and weed and grass control are the major practices
in mature mango tree care.

Irrigation is the same as for other established fruit and nut trees--water slowly,
deeply and thoroughly. Repeat as needed, based on soil type and prevailing weather.
Weekly soakings during the summer are more than adequate.

Fertilization, using 21-0-0, should be at the rate of one to two cups per inch of trunk
diameter per year, split into equal applications in June and December. Simply scatter
the fertilizer on the soil surface under the tree, then water thoroughly.

Weed and grass control under the tree is desirable to reduce competition and can be
easily maintained by use of organic mulch replenished as necessary.

The only pruning necessary is to remove dead or damaged branches, which will
occur following major freezes unless excellent cold protection methods are
practiced. Then, pruning should be delayed until the extent of freeze damage can be ascertained.

Propagation:

Mango tree propagation may be accomplished by either planting seeds or through the grafting of mango trees. When propagating by
seed, trees take longer to produce fruit and are more difficult to manage than those that have been grafted, thus mango tree grafting is the
preferred method of propagation.

Other species of Mangifera:

1. Wani/Baluno/Mangga Wani - Mangifera caesia
The wani tree stands tall as the Baluno tree. Not sure if this tree is a family of the baluno tree.
The scientific name of the mangga wani is supposed to be "Mangifera caesia".
The fruit of the wani tree is edible, round in shape, with yellowish flesh. Very sweet pungent
smell. The skin of the fruit is thick. The stem of the fruit also produces a very sticky sap and if it
stays on your flesh, it can produce a "sun-burn" effect.
Some people refer to this tree as a mango tree but it is not a mango tree. Most of the wani trees
inthe Philippines have been harvested for lumber or to be used for wooden boxes to ship and
export products. There are still many wani trees but they are mostly less than 50 years old. As
soon as the trunk of the wani tree gets to be about 30 inches in diameter (25 years old), they are
chopped down for lumber.

Oldest Wani Tree in the Philippines This tree located in Tumaga Por Centro, Zamboanga
City (left),Fruits of Wani tree (Right)
2. Pahutan - Mangifera altissima
Mangifera altissima, also known as pahutan, paho, or pajo is a species of plant in the family
Anacardiaceae. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and the
SolomonIslands. It is threatened by habitat loss.

3. Manggang Kabayo - Mangifera foetida

The shape of this mango is elongated and is usually large sized. It is also best eaten raw and has a tartly
sweet taste. It has a firm flesh and large seed.
 4. Kuwini Mango - Mangifera oderata
Mangifera odorata (commonly known as kwini, kweni, kuweni, kuwini, kuini, or Saipan mango
is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is commonly found along coastal towns or
travel routes in Southeast Asia.[4] "Also found in Peninsular Thailand, South Sulawesi and in
Philippines on South coast of Mindanao, in Sulu Archipelago and neighboring islands". "It is a
well known fruit tree commonly cultivated in villages throughout Southeast Asia."
M. odorata has a skin that is yellow to green in colour. The flesh of the fruit has an orange to
yellow colour and is sour or sweet when eaten. The fruits are round in shape and have a smooth
skin that range from yellow-green. The tree flowers have a pleasant fragrance. The fruits are
round or oblong in shape and have a skin that ranges from yellow-green

Mangifera odorata exact origins are unknown. However, the species represents a hybrid between Mangifera
indica known as the mango and Mangifera foetida which is known as the horse mango. M.odorata is native to
tropical Asia and can be found in areas such as Philippines, Peninsular Thailand, South Sulawesi, Sulu
Archipelago and other close islands". "In Southeast Asia it is an introduced species".
 New Mango Varieties in the Philippines (2022)
1. Mangoming mango

The Mangoming mango is from Iligan City in Lanao del Norte. Its tree bears fruit twice a year and peaks
from June to July and December to January. The mother tree is owned by Maria Socorro Bodiongan and
yields 100kg of fruit every season.

The Mangoming mango is characterized by its yellowish green color, yellow orange flesh, and its
humongous fruits. The average weight of its fruit is 1.12 kg. A Mangoming mango grown by Bodiongan
once weighed 3.43 kg, making it the Guiness world record holder for the heaviest mango from 2009-2020.

2. Farrales manago
The tree of the Farreles mango is owned by Perla Farrales from Castillejos, Zambales and yields 200kg per
season. The variety is resistant to mango fruit flies.

The fruit is characterized by its yellow skin with red blush. The fruit only weighs 222.68g on average and
only 69.62% of the fruit is edible. It makes up for its sweetness, which was measured at 16.62 degree brix
(°Bx).

3. Carotene mango

The Carotene mango was aptly named so because of its high Vitamin A content compared to other mango
varieties. The tree yields 350kg every season and peaks from May to June. The fruit is characterized by its
oblong fruits that have yellow skin with red blush and yellow orange flesh. It has a sweetness level
measured at 13.64 °Bx.

4. Kyla Luz Mango

The tree of the Kyla Luz Mango is owned by Adela Rapadas from Tiaong, Quezon. The tree bears fruit
twice a year when chemically induced and yields 550.62kg per season. The fruit is characterized by its
yellow skin and yellow orange flesh. It has a sweetness level measured at 15.14 °Bx.
5. Tommy Atkins mango

The Tommy Atkins mango originated in Florida, USA. It peaks from June to August and is characterized
by its oblong fruits that have yellow skin with dark red blush and yellow orange flesh. It has a sweetness
level measured at 12.55 °Bx.

6. Carabo strains

The IPB Carabao 1 is a Carabao strain identified by the IPB. Its tree yields 150kg per season while its fruit
is characterized by its yellow skin and yellow orange flesh. It has a sweetness level measured at 17.74 °Bx,
the highest of all the mango selections introduced by PCAARRD.

Alcasid revealed three other carabao strains in the pipeline, such as the 12-053 which is currently under
morphological characterization by UPLB. The strain is also moderately tolerant to Anthracnose. In Quezon,
there are two more strains such as the 12-209 which is least susceptible to fruit fly and the 12-127 which is
both least susceptible to fruit fly and moderately tolerant to Anthracnose.
Reference:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango
 http://www.stuartxchange.org/Mangga
 http://mangoseedling.com/culturalmgmt.html
 https://zamboanga.com/z/index.php?title=Wani_-_Manga_Wani
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_altissima
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_odorata
 https://steemit.com/food/@shellany/mango-mania-the-different-varieties-of-the-philippine-
mango - Manggang Kabayo
 https://mb.com.ph/2022/06/14/9-new-varieties-that-will-strengthen-the-philippine-mango-
industry/