ME421 - ch3 - Shock Wave - Printing

Gas Dynamics (ME 421) Chapter 3: Shock Waves
CHAPTER
Shock Waves
Learning Outcomes
08:16
By the end of this chapter, you should:

 Introduce application involves shock waves.
Ch3: Shock Waves
 Discuss physics of normal and oblique shock

waves.
 Solve problems involving flows across normal
shock waves.
Dr. Bagabir
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 1

Experimental Images
08:16
Ch3: Shock Waves Spherical shock
Normal shock
Dr. Bagabir
3 Oblique shock
Definition
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 Shock/sound wave is caused by infinitesimally
small pressure disturbances.
 It travels at the speed of sound.
Ch3: Shock Waves
 It is extremely thin.
 The larger M, the stronger the shock will be.
 Flow through the shock is adiabatic but
irreversible.
 Flow cannot be considered as being isentropic.
 At M=1, the shock wave becomes a sound wave.
Dr. Bagabir
 Here are some shock wave occurrences:
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 2

Detonation & Explosion

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Ch3: Shock Waves
Dr. Bagabir
Detonation & Explosion

08:16
Ch3: Shock Waves
Dr. Bagabir
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 3

Astrophysics
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Ch3: Shock Waves
Dr. Bagabir
Medical Therapy
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Ch3: Shock Waves
Dr. Bagabir
8 Fragmentation of kidney stones and cancer cells.
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 4

Medical Therapy
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Ch3: Shock Waves
Fragmentation
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Combustion
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Ch3: Shock Waves
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10
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Fire & Safety

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Ch3: Shock Waves
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11
Weapon Design
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Ch3: Shock Waves
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12
Shock waves around a supersonic brass bullet.
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Jet Design
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Ch3: Shock Waves
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13
Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI)

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Ch3: Shock Waves
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14
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Noise Control
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Ch3: Shock Waves
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15
Building Design
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Ch3: Shock Waves
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Cavitation
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Ch3: Shock Waves
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17
Water Hammer
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Ch3: Shock Waves
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18
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Tsunamis
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Ch3: Shock Waves
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19
Shock Wave Characteristics

08:16
Ch3: Shock Waves
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20
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Shock Wave Characteristics

08:16
 Stagnation temperature remains constant.
 Stagnation pressure decreases across shock
because of irreversibility.
Ch3: Shock Waves
 Velocity and hence Mach number decreases.

 Static pressure, density and entropy increase.
 Static temperature increases because of the
conversion of kinetic energy into enthalpy.
Dr. Bagabir
21
Relations
08:16
𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏 = 𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐
Ch3: Shock Waves
𝒉𝟎𝟏 = 𝒉𝟎𝟐
𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝟏 + = 𝒉𝟐 +
𝟐 𝟐
𝑻𝟐 𝒑𝟐
𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔𝟏 = 𝑪𝒑 𝐥𝐧 − 𝑹 𝒍𝒏
Dr. Bagabir 𝑻𝟏 𝒑𝟏
22

Relations
08:16
𝑻𝟎𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝑻𝟎𝟐 𝒌−𝟏

=𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐𝟏 =𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐𝟐
𝑻𝟏 𝟐 𝑻𝟐 𝟐
Ch3: Shock Waves
𝑻𝟎𝟏 = 𝑻𝟎𝟐 = 𝑻𝟎
𝑻𝟐 𝟐 + 𝑴𝟐𝟏 𝒌 − 𝟏
=
𝑻𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑴𝟐𝟐 𝒌 − 𝟏
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23
Relations
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Ch3: Shock Waves
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24

Table of Functions
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Ch3: Shock Waves
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25
Graph of Functions
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Ch3: Shock Waves
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26

Fixed Shock (Steady)

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Ch3: Shock Waves
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27
Moving Shock (Unsteady)

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Ch3: Shock Waves
Fixed
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28

Moving Shock
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M1 is called
shock Mach
Ch3: Shock Waves
number, MS.
M2
M1 (Ms)
Dr. Bagabir U=0
29
Exercise #1
08:16
Air flowing through the converging–diverging nozzle
experiences a normal shock wave at the nozzle exit
Find the following after the shock:
Ch3: Shock Waves
(a) Stagnation pressure, static pressure, static

temperature, and static density;
(b) Entropy change across the shock;
(c) Exit velocity; and (d) Total temperature.
Dr. Bagabir
30 Source: Cengel (Example 12–8)

Oblique Shock
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 It forms on front surface of a body at M>1.
 As M increases, shock will begin to attach itself to
body surface.
Ch3: Shock Waves
 Its shape depends on body shape (sharp/curve).
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31
Oblique Shock
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Its shape depends on the angle of attack.
Ch3: Shock Waves
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32

Types of Oblique Shock

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 Smaller wedge angle results in attached shock.

 Large wedge angle results in detached shock.
Ch3: Shock Waves
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33
Mach Cone
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 It is conical boundary.
 Its surface travels at M = 1 away from the body.
 The sound produced by the shock wave will be
Ch3: Shock Waves
heard by someone within the cone, and outside no

sound produced.
Dr. Bagabir
34

Mach Cone
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Mach cone angle: 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 = 𝒄⁄𝑽 = 𝟏⁄𝑴
Ch3: Shock Waves
Dr. Bagabir
35
Exercise #2
08:16
Find the time for an observer on the ground to hear
the sound of the plane just after the plane passes
overhead (take c = 295 m/s).
Ch3: Shock Waves
Dr. Bagabir
𝒙
36

Exercise #2
08:16
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝁 = 𝟏⁄𝑴 = 𝟏⁄𝟐

Ch3: Shock Waves
𝝁 = 𝟑𝟎𝒐
𝒙 = 𝟓⁄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝁 = 𝟖. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒎
𝒕 = 𝒙⁄𝒖
= 𝟖. 𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎⁄ 𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟐𝟗𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒔

Dr. Bagabir
37
Compression & Expansion Waves

08:16
As flow of M≥1 passes over a curve/ edge surface, it
causes infinite number of compression or expansion
waves.
Ch3: Shock Waves
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38

Compression Waves
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 Mach number downstream of the compression
decreases (M2 < M1).
 Pressure, density, and temperature increase.
Ch3: Shock Waves
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39
Expansion Waves
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 Mach number downstream of the expansion
increases (M2 > M1).
 Pressure, density, and temperature decrease.
Ch3: Shock Waves
Dr. Bagabir
40

Expansion Waves (Pb < PF )

08:16
Ch3: Shock Waves
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41
Expansion Waves (Pb < PF )

08:16
They form a pattern of waves outside nozzle until
pressure equals backpressure.
Ch3: Shock Waves
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42

Velocity Measurements
08:16
For subsonic compressible flow, pitot tube or
piezometer can be used.
Ch3: Shock Waves
Velocity can be determined in term of static or

stagnation temperature:
Dr. Bagabir
43
08:16
For supersonic compressible flow, shock changes
the flow from supersonic (1) to Subsonic (2).
Ch3: Shock Waves
M >1
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44

08:16
Velocity can be determined in term of stagnation
temperature and M1:
Ch3: Shock Waves
M1 can be determined from the following relation:
Dr. Bagabir
45
Honest Feedback
08:16
Have you enjoyed it?

Ch3: Shock Waves
Dr. Bagabir
46

Are all the Outcomes achieved?

08:16
 Introduce application involves shock waves.

 Discuss physics of normal and oblique shock
Ch3: Shock Waves
waves.
 Solve problems involving flows across normal
shock waves
Dr. Bagabir
47

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Gas Dynamics (ME 421) Chapter 3: Shock Waves

By the end of this chapter, you should:

 Discuss physics of normal and oblique shock

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 1

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 2

Detonation & Explosion

Detonation & Explosion

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 3

8 Fragmentation of kidney stones and cancer cells.

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 4

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 5

Fire & Safety

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 6

Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI)

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 7

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 8

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 9

Shock Wave Characteristics

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 10

Shock Wave Characteristics

 Velocity and hence Mach number decreases.

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 11

𝑻𝟎𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝑻𝟎𝟐 𝒌−𝟏

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 12

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 13

Fixed Shock (Steady)

Moving Shock (Unsteady)

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 14

Dr. Bagabir U=0

(a) Stagnation pressure, static pressure, static

30 Source: Cengel (Example 12–8)

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 15

 Its shape depends on body shape (sharp/curve).

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 16

Types of Oblique Shock

 Smaller wedge angle results in attached shock.

heard by someone within the cone, and outside no

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 17

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 18

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝁 = 𝟏⁄𝑴 = 𝟏⁄𝟐

= 𝟖. 𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎⁄ 𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟐𝟗𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒔

Compression & Expansion Waves

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 19

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 20

Expansion Waves (Pb < PF )

Expansion Waves (Pb < PF )

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 21

Velocity can be determined in term of static or

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 22

M1 can be determined from the following relation:

Have you enjoyed it?

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 23

Are all the Outcomes achieved?

 Introduce application involves shock waves.

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 24

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