LINKERS

CONTRAST

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although They didn't watch TV although they had some

aunque oración
even though free time.

In spite of the
fact that
a pesar de We could play the match in spite of the fact
oración
que that it was raining.
despite the
fact that

In spite of verbo -ing / In spite of working so much, he didn't get good

A pesar de expresión results.
despite sustantiva Sam couldn't lift the box despite his strength.

oración sin
but pero verbo y con Her records are long but (they are) interesting.
verbo

However Sin I had a lot of work to do. However, I went out

oración
Nevertheless embargo with my friends.

On the Por el I don't like big cities. On the contrary, I hate

oración
contrary contrario them.

On the one
Por una
hand On the one hand, I like small villages. On the
parte / Por oración
On the other other hand, I hate so much silence.
otra parte
hand

whereas mientras My car is quite new, while/whereas my

oración
while que brother's one is very old.
 CAUSE

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because porque;
We went to Mr Clapton's concert because
as ya que; puesto oración
we love his music.
since que

because of porque;
expresión I'm not going to drive my car today due to
due to a causa de;
sustantiva the ice on the road.
owing to debido a

RESULT

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Ejemplo

As a Como
consequence consecuencia

As a result Como She has studied harder. As a result, she

oración
resultado has got high marks.

Consequently Consiguiente-
mente

For this Por esta

reason, razón,
It was snowing. For that reason, they
oración
stayed at home.
For that Por esa razón,
reason,

I was thirsty, so I drank two glasses of

so así que oración
cold water.

I've read a lot of books about Italy.

Therefore Por lo tanto, oración
Therefore, I am an expert in it.
 ADDITION

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We sent several emails last nights. We

also también verbo
also read a book.

as well as así como nombre They like football as well as basketball.

In addition,
Furthermore, Sam tidies his room. Moreover, he cleans
además oración
Moreover, the kitchen.
What's more,

también, final de la We usually have a cup of coffee for

too / as well
además oración breakfast. We have some cereal as well.

PURPOSE

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I left home early to take the eight o'clock

to para infinitivo
train.

in order (not)
Mr Smith went to Berlin on holidays in
to so as (not) para (no) infinitivo
order to improve his German.
to

Sujeto +
in order that I gave my son some money so that he
para que can/could ... +
so that could buy a new DVD.
infinitivo + ...