PHYSICAL SECURITY

I. Purpose: To familiarize the concept of physical security as it is applied in

counterintelligence, and to present the basic measures in providing adequate security to
PNP camps and offices.

II. Definition of Terms

Physical Security - A system of barrier placed between the potential intruder

and the material being protected.

Human Barrier - Person who stands between the intruder and the material
being protected.

Animal Barrier - Usually a dog trained for and used as guard.

Structural Barrier - Constructed feature, regardless of original intent, that tend to

delay intruder. Ex: Door, ceiling, window, cabinet

Energy Barrier - Usually electrical and electronics devices used to provide

assistance to guard personnel. Ex: protected lighting and anti-intrusion device

III. Concept of Physical Security

Enemy agent must have access - In most cases of espionage, acquisition of

information is the ultimate result. The means and the form how information can be
acquired are merely operational details. Normally, information on films or tapes is as
useable as an original document, therefore, in considering access, one should not only
think of physical access but must also think of access to discussion by using listening
devices.

There is no impenetrable barrier - An unfriendly government or organization will

spend and devote money, time, and effort, even personnel, to pass all established
barriers to acquire ultimate result.

Surreptitious vs. Non-surreptitious entry - Surreptitious entry is the greatest

hazed in countering espionage. Surreptitious entry is difficult to be detected and it
makes espionage hard to neutralize.

Each installation is different - Every installation has different physical security

problem. Each system of barrier must conform with the required measures to protect the
installation.

IV. Physical Security Features

Natural Barrier - Natural terrain feature must be considered from the standpoint
of its value as a barrier to the intruder, and from the standpoint of its value to the intruder
as cover and concealment.

Fences - Solid and Full-view

 Solid Fence - Constructed in such a way that visual access through the fence
structure is denied.

Full-view Fence - Constructed in such a way that visual access is permitted

through the fence structure.
Advantages of Solid Fence:

◘ Denies the intruder with visual access of the installation; and

◘ Denies the intruder with the opportunity to become familiar with the
personnel, activity, and the time schedule of the movement of the guards inside the
installation.

Disadvantages of Solid Fence:

◘ Prevents the installation guard to observe the area surrounding the

installation; and
◘ Creates shadow which can be used by the intruder as cover and
concealment.

Advantages of Full-view Fence:

◘ Roving patrol and stationary guard are able to keep the area surrounding
the installation under observation; and
◘ Does not create shadow that can provide cover and concealment of the
intruder.

Disadvantages of Full-view Fence:

◘ Allows visual access to the installation, personnel, guard, and activity;

and
◘ Allows the intruder to become familiar with the movement and schedule of
the guard patrol and give him the opportunity to pick the most advantageous time to
penetrate.

Minimum Requirements for Fence Used as Security Barrier

● Height - Eight Feet;

● Slack at the Bottom - Not to exceed two inches;
● Wooden Fence Post - Horizontal dimension of 4x4 inches;
● Steel Fence Post - Round type should be at least two inches in diameter and
the horizontal beam type must measure no less than two inches at the smallest
diameter.
● Fence Top - There should be something on the top of the fence to deter the
intruder to go over the fence. Ex: barbed wire overhang. The arms holding the stands
of barbed wire should be two feet long extended at 45 degree angle in the direction of
the expected approach.
● Fence Post - Should be set in concrete or in firm soil to a depth of three feet.
Maximum distance between posts should be 10 feet.
● Fence Area - Should be cleared of trees and vegetation, and debris or other
materials which would offer concealment
 ● Fence Gate - Should be limited to the number necessary for efficient and
safe operation of the installation.
● Fence Opening - All openings in excess of 96 inches must be locked, barred
or screened in such a way that can only be opened from the inside by selected
personnel.
● Multiple Fence - Should at least be 10 feet apart and the overhang on top of
the inner fence should point inward rather than outward. Maximum distance between
parallel fences should not exceed 150 feet.

V. Guard and Guarding System

a. Four Basic Function of Guarding System

1. Detect Intruder
2. Sound the Alarm
3. Identify authorized person
4. Apprehend unauthorized person

b. Human Barrier
1. Guard Procurement (Selection Criteria)
(a) Must be eligible for a security clearance
(b) Vigorous and physically able to serve as guard
(c) Intelligence necessary to accomplish the guard mission
(d) Loyalty and discretion are required attributes
(e) Can make rapid decision and react calmly during
emergency
(f) Experience is highly desirable although not usually
mandatory
2. Guard Training
(a) General Orientation
(b) Instruction in traffic control, riot control, and self defense
(c) Weapons qualification to include maintenance and safety
(d) Refresher course and advance training in specific subjects
(e) Instruction in security procedures in installation, first aid,
and communication
3. Guard Employment
(a) Fixed Post
(b) Patrol
4. Guard Supervision
(a) Personal Supervision - Guard inspection before the tour of
duty. Periodic checking of guard on duty by a senior
member of the shift.
(b) Artificial Supervision -
Recorded tour - the guard takes with him on his
tour of duty a form which must be time punched at each
station
Supervisory tour - Guard sends signal to the
guard headquarters at every station that he checks
5. Guard Equipment
(a) Distinctive uniform
(b) Credentials
(c) Weapon
 (d) Whistle
(e) Notebook and pencil
(f) Flashlight
(g) Nightstick
(h) Other uniform or equipment prescribed by SOP
6. Guard Communication
(a) Primary communication - telephone/radio
(b) Emergency communication - messenger

c. Animal Barrier - Trained animal is used as guard or provides assistance to

the guard personnel. (guard or sentry dog)
d. Energy Barrier - The use or employment of mechanical, electrical, or
electronics to impose a deterrent. (protective lighting and protective alarm system)

VI. Personnel Control and Identification

a. Personnel Identification
1. Personal recognition (most effective)
2. Artificial recognition (ID card, badges, passes, etc.)

b. Personnel Control
1. Single pass or badge system - less expensive but least secured
2. Pass and badge system
3. Multiple pass system - separate pass for access to different areas
4. Spot magnetized identification pass - metal sheet is spot
magnetized so that a code can be placed in the device. A machine
validates the code in the metal sheet before access to an area is
permitted.
5. Access List - List of authorized personnel. Listed personnel are
counter-checked with the individual’s identification card, driver’s
license, etc.

c. Visitor Control
1. Escort - expensive but most secured
2. Time Travel - visitor should be asked to explain when there is delay
in time travel
3. Visitor log - log book should contain identifying data, reason for the
visit, time in and time out, and destination
4. Visitor entrance - separate entrance and exit point for visitor

d. Utility and Maintenance Personnel - If the utility and maintenance personnel

are not regular employee, they should be escorted. If they visit the installation regularly,
the visitor control system must be effected.

e. Package Control - System of checking the package taken in and out of the
installation.

f. Photography Control - System of exercising control of photograph of

restricted areas and documents to avoid unnecessary photography.

VII. Vehicle Control and Identification - The PNP is regulated by LOI “Kalasag.”
 The most common system is to register the vehicles that are given access to the
installation and provide them with bumper decal or wind shield sticker.

For the visiting vehicle, the following procedures must be used:

a. Escort - vehicle is escorted to the area destination

b. Driver pool - Expensive but the most secured. The visiting vehicle is driven
by a qualified entity employee from the entrance gate to the area destination, and after
transacting the business, the vehicle is driven back to the entrance gate.
c. Time Travel - vehicle is checked through a pre-arranged time travel.
Normally used in less sensitive installation.

d. Grid System - The installation is divided into grid squares like a map. Each
grid square is given a letter or number designation. The visitor is given a map and
shown the route to take to destination. (A complicated system)

e. Search of Vehicle - Search of vehicle is conducted anytime at the gate of

the installation

VIII. Fire Fighting System

a. Personnel
Trained in fire fighting and fire prevention
Experience is desirable but not usually mandatory

b. Organization
Usually, the installation engineer acts as the fire marshal

c. Equipment
1. Cooling Magnet - water, carbon dioxide, foam extinguisher
2. Portable fire extinguisher
3. Fire hose
4. Fire bucket
5. Sand Pails
6. Sprinkles System

d. Alarm
1. Automatic alarm
2. Manual alarm

e. Fire Prevention
1. Training Program
2. Posters