UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4 - BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY
Discipline is a way of behaving that expresses a willingness to obey rules or laws.
 Enculturation is the process by which an individual adopts the behavior patterns
It is the behavior that is judged by how well a person follows a set of rules or orders
of the culture in which a person is immersed

EXAMPLES: ___________________________________________________________ KINDS OF DISCIPLINE

______________________________________________________________________
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 Socialization is the process through which people learn to understand the societal
norms, expectations and values as members of society.
 Discipline of Nature or Reality – a person meets this kind of
control every time he or she tries to do something
 Discipline of Culture or Society – a person learns to according to
what he sees in his society or his culture
 Discipline of Superior Force – this discipline is the opposite of the
discipline of nature or reality. In this training, a person learns through
supervision and guidance

NORMS are standards or sets of accepted behaviors that a person is expected to

CULTURAL VARIATION – The variation in human conditions that promotes diversity
and plurality in cultural traditions.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Promotes the perspective that cultures must be
understood in the context of their locality.
Using this perspective makes you tolerant of the
differing attitudes and practices of others.
follow or exemplify in the society where he or she belongs in.
CLASSIFICATION OF NORMS
ETHNOCENTRISM Example:
Is a perspective that promotes an
individual’s culture as the most efficient They are the customs of people that
FOLKWAYS
and superior came from repetition and routines.

Example:
This determines what is the moral
 Identity formation starts when one learns to socialize and be aware of the culture, MORES and ethical behavior and dictates
behaviors, language, morals, and norms of where he or she belongs in.  what is right and wrong

Identity is what makes a person distinct from others. It is the total knowledge and This refers to the strict prohibition of Example:
understanding of an individual about who he or she is. certain behaviors that society holds
TABOOS firmly. Violating it results in extreme
TYPES OF IDENTITY disgust or expulsion from the group or
 Personal identity – the concept of an individual develops about society
exist because its violation can result Example:
himself or herself. It is the sense of oneself as a distinct or unique
in injury or harm to other members of
individual LAWS society
 Cultural identity – the identity of the culture to which a person belong impose sanction on people who
in. It shows the feeling or sense of belongingness to a group disobey the authority
 UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
CHAPTER 4
Values refer to the abstract idea of people about what is necessary or worthwhile CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE
 Individual Values are those that are connected with the development of  Conformity is linked to the obedience of a person to the norms in order to be
human personality acceptable in a particular society, group, or social setting
 Collective Values are those that are connected with the development of unity  Deviance is the non-conformity or violation of the standards of conduct,
in the community or society expectations, or norms of a particular group or society

VALUES NORMS SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY is based on the idea that a person's fundamental
are general guidelines which govern our are specific guidelines which allow us belief system, values, morals, commitments, and relationships promote a protected
daily behavior to function or act appropriately in environment. These individuals who have these beliefs and commitments have a
society level of self-control over their actions.
 It emphasizes the idea that when people are involved and in contact with
ROLES AND STATUSES their community, they are less likely to perpetrate criminal acts.
Status describes the position an individual occupies in a particular setting, in a group,
or in society; Failure to embrace the accepted norms and values of society or inability to perform
o defines and clarifies the rights and obligations expected from a person the roles of a person’s status may lead to consequences:
CLASSIFICATION OF STATUSES 1. Gossip refers to the idle talk or rumors about the personal or private matters
Ascribed Status is a position a person holds in a social of others. This may lead to the discrediting of the reputation of the subject
system that one attains involuntarily or by birth 2. Social Ostracism refers to the exclusion of an individual from being socially
Achieved Status is acquired due to unique skills, accepted
knowledge, or abilities, and are based on standards that 3. Laws refer to the set of rules by the government to regulate the way in which
can be controlled society behaves
Master Status can be based on any status, such as 4. Punishments pertain to the pain, penalty, or suffering that is imposed on a
gender, ethnicity, economic status, religious or person who violates a law.
spiritual tradition, employment status, or family
responsibility
STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY
According to the sociologist, Robert K. Merton, the forms of deviance are the
Role exit pertains to the course of disengaging a person from his or her role that is
responses or adaptations by people in a society caused by the imbalance or “strain”
essential to his or her self-identity
between the valued goals in the society and the legitimate or acceptable means to
Role conflict arises when incompatible expectation occurs from two or more statuses achieve such goals. The two variables taken into account in this theory are:
that a person is occupying. 1. Valued Goals are goals that are defined by society as valuable, or simply, the
goals that are typically pursued in a society.
Roles are expectations that are set for a person given the status he or she occupies Example: _______________________________
STATUS TYPE OF STATUS ROLES
2. Legitimate Means to Achieve Goals are the acceptable ways people can do
to achieve such valued goals in a society.
Example: _______________________________
 UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
CHAPTER 4

GIVE SITUATIONS OR EXPERIENCES YOU’VE EXPERIENCED BASED ON THE DIFFERENT

FORMS OF ADAPTATION

HUMAN DIGNITY AND RIGHTS

Human dignity is an individual or group’s sense of self-respect and worth, physical INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP
and psychological integrity, and empowerment. Inclusive citizenship is a governing policy that promotes human dignity and human
rights.
- This affirms that every person is worthy of respect; that our value as
people should never be debated - focuses on legal equality for each citizen directed at giving all citizens a
- means having a quality life and not experiencing oppression or strong feeling that they are part of the overall society
manipulation - Under inclusive citizenship, there are rights that the government provides
for its citizens. Examples of these are the:
Human rights are rights inherent to all people, regardless of nationality, place of __________________________________
residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status __________________________________
__________________________________
- are the freedom and privileges that belong to every person in the world __________________________________
Characteristics of Human Rights __________________________________
1. Universal and inalienable - All human beings are born free and equal in
dignity and rights.
2. Indivisible - Whether they relate to cultural, civil, economic, political, or social The common good refers to what is shared and advantageous for all or most
issues, human rights are inherent to the dignity of every human person. members of a given society, and what is achieved by citizenship, be it collective
3. Interdependence and interrelated - The fulfillment of one right often depends action or active participation.
FORMS
on, wholly or in part, OF ADAPTATION
the fulfillment of others
1. Conformity accepts goals and the institutionalized, acceptable or legitimate means - When dignity and rights are granted to people, the common good is
of obtaining them KINDS OF HUMAN RIGHTS achieved
NATURAL RIGHTS These are rights inherent to man and Example:
2. Ritualism rejects goals and accepts or adheres to institutionalized means of
given to him by God as human being.
obtaining them
3. retreatism–rejects
CONSTITUTIONAL both goals
These and guaranteed
are rights means of obtaining
under the themExample:
4. rebellion–creates
RIGHTS new goals and new means of
fundamental charter of the country.obtaining them
5. innovation–accepts
STATUTORY goals
These and
are rejects
rights institutionalized
provided by the means of obtaining them.
Example:
RIGHTS
lawmaking body of a country or by law
CIVIL RIGHTS These are rights specified under the Example:
BILL OF RIGHTS.
ECONOMIC These are rights to property, whether Example:
RIGHTS
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
CHAPTER 4

Did you know?

 Ideally, the common good is protected when all people enjoy their rights and preserve their
dignity. For an individual, this means having freedom as a consumer, owner, and citizen that
also includes right to rest and leisure, equal access to public works and services, freedom of
association, religion, or speech and employment.
 Endogamy is the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan or tribe.
Exogamy refers to the custom of marrying outside a community, clan or tribe.