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Research of selected properties of two types of high manganese steel wires

Article  in  IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · May 2011

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/22/1/012015

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2011 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 22 012015

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Technologies and Properties of Modern Utilised Materials IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 22 (2011) 012015 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/22/1/012015

Research of selected properties of two types of high

manganese steel wires

A Tomaszewska1a, M Jabłońskaa, E Hadasika, G Niewielskia and R Kawallab

a
Department of Materials Science, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8,
40-019 Katowice, Poland
b
University of Technology Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany

E-mail: agnieszka.tomaszewska@polsl.pl

Abstract. The article presents results of tests that aimed at establishing the impact of
deformation on properties of wires made of two types of high manganese steels. The
deformation process was carried out with the use of a draw bench machine at a speed of
0.5 m min-1. Mechanical properties and structure of strengthened and annealed wires for both
steels at different levels of relative reduction in cross-section were determined. Strength of the
tested materials was determined in the tensile test, while its hardness was measured with the
Vickers hardness test method. Fractographic tests were performed using a scanning electron
microscope. It was shown that at the beginning of tensile test, the investigated high manganese
steels were characterized by very high plasticity and become stronger as the degree of
deformation grows. Surfaces of fractures that were created in the areas where the sample was
torn were analyzed. These fractures indicate the presence of transcrystalline ductile fractures.

1. Introduction
Growing requirements for constant decrease of vehicle mass and improvement of safety lead to search
for new materials with high mechanical properties and large plasticity margin which may be used as
structural elements in crumple zones. New highly resistant steels with high deformability from high-
manganese steels group could be such materials. Particularly high deformability and high resistance
are characteristic for high-manganese austenitic FeMnAl steels. These steels are also characterized by
ability of absorbing energy, significantly higher than that of conventional steels [1,2]. Such a set of
properties is a result of characteristic deformation mechanisms, such as formation of mechanical twins
(TWIP effect), phase transitions resulting from the deformation (TRIP), and plasticity induced by
formation of shearing strips (SIP) [2-5]. Broader application of FeMnAl steels is limited by difficulties
connected with processes of their manufacturing and processing, which require complex processes of
thermo-mechanical treatment. Industrial production of these steels and their application as
construction materials requires an improvement of their plasticity, which may be achieved by proper
selection of their chemical composition and modification of their initial microstructure [5,6]. In steels
with TWIP effect, strengthening by mechanical twinning is controlled by the value of the deformation
during forming. It increases together with an increase in number of deformation twins, what is
connected with loss of stability of plastic flow [1,3,7]. The kinetics of twinning depends mostly on the
alloy’s stacking fault energy, which for steel with TWIP effect amounts to ca. 40 mJ m-2. However it
probably depends also on grain size, existing and forming precipitates, and temperature [2,8]. The aim

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1

Technologies and Properties of Modern Utilised Materials IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 22 (2011) 012015 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/22/1/012015

of this work is to determine the influence of deformation on mechanical properties of wires made of
austenitic FeMnAl steel in strengthened and annealed states.

2. Experimental
The research was carried out on high-manganese FeMnAl steel with various chemical compositions
gathered in table 1. The steel was melted in a vacuum induction furnace and cast using gravity casting
technique.

Table 1. Chemical composition of the investigated FeMnAl steels (at.%).

C Mn Al Si P S Ni Mo Mishmetal
X60MnAl27-5 0.57 26.64 5.17 0.39 0.002 0.003 0.71 0.16 2.2g/1kg
X20MnAl17-3 0.24 16.60 3.10 0.40 0.002 0.013 0.80 0.19 -

An ingot with mass of 25 kg was forged and then rolled in the temperature range 1150 °C-900 °C
into round bars with diameter of 12 mm. After rolling, the bars underwent a solution heat treatment
from temperature of 1150 °C, and prepared in that way, they were drawn on a chain drawbench.
A draw system leading to the following wire diameter changes was used: 12.0 – 11.7 – 11.5 – 11.0 –
10.8 – 10.5 – 10.3 – 10.0 – 9.5 – 9.0 – 8.5 – 8.25 – 8.0 – 7.5 – 7.0 – 6.5 – 6.0. The process was
realized on drawing dies with 2α angle equal to 12°, using powdered soap as a lubricant. Drawing
speed was ca. 0.5 m/min. At diameter of 6 mm, the drawing process was terminated due to wire
ripping. Two sections with length of 200 mm each were cut off the wires with diameters of 8.0, 7.5,
7.0 and 6.5 mm in order to prepare samples for static tensile test. The tension was carried out for two
states of the material: strengthened and after recrystallization annealing in 800 °C during 1h.
Examinations of mechanical properties of the bar after forging in saturated state, and of the wires
after drawing, were carried out on an INSTRON 4483 testing machine and hardness measurement
with Vickers method was carried out using a ZWICK hardness tester. Examinations of surface of the
fractures formed as a result of the tensile test were carried out using scanning microscopy technique
with a Hitachi S-4200 scanning electron microscope.

3. Results and discussion

The initial structure of bars saturated from temperature of 1150 °C, intended for drawing process, is
shown in figures 1,2. In both cases, the examined material after solution heat treatment had
a monophase austenitic structure with characteristic annealing twins.

Table 2. Mechanical properties of the investigated FeMnAl steel after solution heat
treatment 1150 °C.
YS TS El RA
YS/TS HV2
(MPa) (MPa) (%) (%)
X60MnAl27-5 335 740 0.45 53 73 178
X20MnAl17-3 250 610 0.41 67 50 130

Properties obtained in tensile test and hardness measurements of the bars after solution heat
treatment in temperature of 1150 °C are gathered in table 2. It was proved that the examined high-
manganese steel with austenitic structure after solution heat treatment showed very good plastic
properties, confirmed by high values of elongation and reduction of area for both steel types. Steel
containing 0.6% carbon had favorable mechanical properties and hardness.

2
Technologies and Properties of Modern Utilised Materials IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 22 (2011) 012015 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/22/1/012015

Figure 1. Microstructures of the Figure 2. Microstructures of the

X60MnAl27-5 steel after solution heat X20MnAl17-3 steel after solution
treatment, crosswise polished. heat treatment, lengthwise polished.

In the drawing process, a draw system leading to change in wire diameter from 12 mm to 6.5 mm
was used. Individual cross-section reductions were in the range of 3-15%, and total cross-section
reduction amounted to 71%. When this value was exceeded, a material tear occurred. Total relative
cross-section reduction at wire diameters of 8.0 – 7.5 – 7.0 – 6.5 was 56%, 61%, 66%, 71%,
respectively.
Results of mechanical properties examinations for wires after drawing, obtained in the static tensile
test, and results of hardness measurements, are gathered in table 3. It was shown that both types of the
examined steel are significantly strengthened together with an increase of deformation. TS values and
hardness for both wires with diameter of 6.5 mm are very approximate (TS equal 1595 MPa and HV2
equal 438 for X60MnAl27-5 steel, TS equal 1575 MPa and HV2 equal 449 for X20MnAl17-3 steel).

Table 3. Mechanical properties of the investigated steel FeMnAl after drawing process.
Strengthened state
d0 YS TS YS/TS El RA HV2
(mm) (MPa) (MPa) (%) (%)
8.0 1240 1505 0.82 -- 49.1 368
7.5 1215 1565 0.78 -- 48.2 378
X60MnAl27-5
7.0 1375 1625 0.85 -- 46.4 454
6.5 1315 1595 0.82 1.6 -- 438
8.0 1045 1365 0.77 -- 50.6 389
7.5 1090 1445 0.76 -- 41.5 411
X20MnAl17-3
7.0 1170 1500 0.78 -- 35.9 429
6.5 1195 1575 0.76 -- 26.0 449

Results of mechanical properties examinations for wires annealed at 800 °C, for 60 min after cold
drawing, are gathered in table 4. Application of recrystallization annealing lead to a ca. 50% decrease
in properties of the examined material while compared to the strengthened state. At the same time, the
decrease was higher (by several %) in the case of steel with lower contents of major alloying elements.
For the examined wires, a comparable decrease in hardness after heat treatment applied was observed.
Simultaneously, value of YS/TS parameter decreased, testifying an increase in plasticity margin of the
steel after heat treatment applied. X20MnAl17-3 steel showed a better processability for further plastic
working; its YS/TS parameter decreased from 0.77 after drawing to value 0.45 after recrystallization
annealing.

3
Technologies and Properties of Modern Utilised Materials IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 22 (2011) 012015 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/22/1/012015

Table 4. Mechanical properties of the investigated FeMnAl steel after recrystallization

annealing.
State after recrystallization annealing
d0 YS TS YS/TS El RA HV2
(mm) (MPa) (MPa) (%) (%)
8.0 505 810 0.62 47.2 68.2 306
7.5 510 820 0.62 45.8 66.1 294
X60MnAl27-5
7.0 515 835 0.62 44.6 65.7 303
6.5 510 830 0.61 45.8 68.7 298
8.0 290 655 0.45 52.2 62.9 299
7.5 300 660 0.46 44.0 56.2 326
X20MnAl17-3
7.0 300 660 0.45 48.8 62.8 326
6.5 305 675 0.46 47.2 59.4 307

After drawing, an analysis of the examined steel’s microstructure was carried out, for both
strengthened (figure 3) and heat-treated (figure 4) states. In the material after drawing, for both steel
types refinement of structure and occurrence of characteristic slip bands (deformation twins) were
observed.

a b

Figure 3. Microstructures of the FeMnAl steel after drawing: (a) X60MnAl27-5,

(b) X20MnAl17-3, lengthwise polished.

a b

Figure 4. Microstructures of the FeMnAl steel after drawing and recrystallization

annealing: (a) X60MnAl27-5 (b) X20MnAl17-3, lengthwise polished.

4
Technologies and Properties of Modern Utilised Materials IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 22 (2011) 012015 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/22/1/012015

The heat treatment caused a recrystallization of austenite grains (figure 4). A microstructure
composed of equiaxed grains of recrystallized austenite in the whole sample volume was obtained.
For both examined types of high-manganese steel, also a study of fractures formed in the place of
sample tearing after static tensile test was carried out. All the examined samples exhibited in the place
of sample tearing a chalice-shaped fracture, characteristic for plastic materials under static loads. An
example of the fracture is shown in figure 5. In all samples which underwent cold drawing and
stretching, fractographic examinations indicated a presence of transcrystalline ductile fracture (figure
6).

Figure 5. Fracture in the place of tearing of the

sample drawn to diameter of 8.0 mm during
drawing test.

a b

c d

Figure 6. Surface of transcrystalline ductile fracture of the sample drawn to

diameter of 8.0 mm, (a,b) X60MnAl27-5 steel, (c,d) X20MnAl7-3 steel, SEM.

5
 Technologies and Properties of Modern Utilised Materials IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 22 (2011) 012015 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/22/1/012015

4. Conclusions
The drawing tests of FeMnAl austenitic steel carried out allowed to determine its processability for
cold plastic deformation. The realized studies indicated that both types of the examined steel after
solution heat treatment had monophase austenitic structure with characteristic annealing twins.
Examinations of resistance properties confirmed high mechanical properties and very good plastic
properties of these steels. The examined steels were significantly strengthened with an increase in
deformation during drawing process. Tensile strength and hardness for the smallest wire diameter had
approximate values for both steel types. After recrystallization annealing, a decrease in resistance
properties by ca. 50% (by several % more for X20MnAl17-3 steel) while comparing to the
strengthened state, and a decrease in hardness were observed. X20MnAl17-3 steel exhibited more
processability for drawing, with YS/TS parameter equal to 0.45 after recrystallization annealing,
comparing to X60MnAl27-5 steel, for which it amounted to 0.62. Microscopic investigations of both
steel types carried out so far did not reveal any significant differences between their structures. They
disclosed a refinement of structure and occurrence of characteristic deformation twins in the wires
after drawing. In both cases, recrystallization annealing of the wires resulted in significant removal of
cold work effects. Fractographic tests indicated a presence of transcrystalline ductile fractures for all
the examined samples after static tensile test. Further, more subtle research of both steel types, after
both drawing and hot deformation, will enable determination of SFE of the examined steels and
analysis of mechanisms responsible for the strengthening.

Acknowledgments
The study was realised as a part of development project of the Ministry of Science and Higher
Education No. NR15 0012 06.

References
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Hutnicze (in polish) 2 107-109
[5] Frommeyerr G, Brux U and Neumann P 2003 ISIJ International 43 438
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