Globalization comes from globe meaning the worldwide is
THEORY OF MARXISM
coming together countries and nations. It is also a process
of interaction and integration among the people,
companies, and governments of different nations.
Globality, it means globalization as a condition.
History and Theories of Globalization
Eight Theories of Globalization
Theories of Liberalism
Theory of Political Realism
Theory of Marxism
Theory of Constructivism
Theory of Postmodernism
Theory of Feminism
Theory of Trans-formationalism
Theory of Eclectism
1. THEORY OF LIBERALISM
(Liberalism – the quality or state of being liberal – willing to
respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one’s
own, open to new ideas. The belief in freedom, equality,
democracy and human rights. (KALAYAAN)Liberalism sees
the process of globalization as market-led extension of
modernization. It is a result of “natural” human desires for
economic welfare and Political Liberty. As such, trans
planetary connectivity is derived from human drives to
maximize material well-being and to exercise basic
freedoms. All people cannot be assumed to be equally
amenable to and desirous of increased globality in their
lives. Similarly, they overlook the phenomenon of power.
There are structural power inequalities in promoting
globalization and shaping its course. Often, they do not care
for the entrenched power hierarchies between states,
classes, cultures, sexes, races and resources.
2. THEORY OF POLITICAL REALISM
Political Realism is interconnected in questions of state
power, the pursuit of national interest, and conflict
between states. According to them states are inherently
acquisitive and self-serving, and heading for inevitable
competition of power. Another group suggests that a
dominant state can bring stability to world order. The
‘hegemon’ state maintains and defines international rules
and institutions that both advance its own interests and at
the same time contain conflicts between other states.
Globalization has also been explained as a strategy in the
contest for power between several major states in
contemporary world politics. (Hegemon - having dominant
influence or authority over others)
3.
Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy
named after Karl Marx. It is principally concerned with
modes of production, social exploitation through unjust
distribution, and social emancipation through the
transcendence of capitalism. The definition of Marxism is
the theory of Karl Marx which says that society classes are
the cause of struggle, and that society should have no
classes. An example of Marxism is replacing private
ownership with co-operative ownership. Marxism helped to
consolidate, inspire, and radicalize elements of the labor
and socialist movements in Western Europe Marxist reject
both liberalist and political realist explanations of
Globalization. It is the outcome of historically specific
impulses of capitalist development. Liberal talk of freedom
and democracy make up legitimating ideology for
exploitative global capitalist class relations.
4. THEORY OF CONSTRUCTIVISM
Globalization has also arisen because of the way that
people have mentally constructed the social world with
symbols, language, images and interpretation.
Constructivists concentrate on the ways that social actors
‘construct’ their world: both within their own minds and
through inter-subjective communication with others.
Conversation and symbolic exchanges lead people to
construct ideas of the world, the rules for social interaction,
and ways of being and belonging in that world. Social
geography is a mental experience as well as a physical fact.
They form ‘in’ or ‘out’ as well as ‘us’ and they’ groups. They
tend to place themselves as inhabitants of a particular
world: In national, class, social status, religion, and other
identities.
5. THEORY OF POSTMODERNISM
In Western philosophy, a late 20th-century movement
characterized by broad skepticism, subjectivism, or
relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute
sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and
maintaining political and economic power. In Western
philosophy, a late 20th-century movement characterized by
broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general
suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of
ideology in asserting and maintaining political and
economic power.
6. THEORY OF FEMINISM
It puts emphasis on social construction of masculinity and
femininity. Biological sex is held to mould the overall social
order and shape significantly the course of history,
presently globality. Their main concern lies behind the
status of women, particularly their structural subordination
to men. Feminism – about all genders having equal rights
and opportunities. Feminism fight to put an end to sexism,
sexiest exploitation, and oppression and to achieve full
gender equality in law and in practice
7. THEORY OF TRANS-FORMATIONALISM
A theory which holds that globalization is a complex process
involving a number of different two-way exchanges
between global institutions and local cultures; it can be
reversed and controlled. Transformationalists argue that
the flow of culture is not one way, from the west to the
developing world; it is a two-way exchange in which
Western culture is also influenced, changed, and enriched
by cultures in the developing world.
8. THEORY OF ECLECTICISM
Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold
rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but
instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to
gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies
different theories in particular cases. The definition of
eclectic is something that is made up of various sources or
styles. An example of eclectic is the taste in music of a
person who enjoys listening to country, hip hop, gospel and
classical music.
Global economy
• is also referred to as “world economy”.
• Refers to the expanding interdependence of world
economies
• refers to the interconnected worldwide economic
activities that take place between multiple
countries.
• These economic activities can have either a
positive or negative impact on the countries
involved.
• It may also mean as the free movement of goods,
capital, services, technology and information.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) defined economic
globalization as a historical process.
International Monetary System (IMS)
IMS refers to internationally agreed rules, conventions, and
institutions for facilitating international trade, investments,
and flow of capital among nation-states.
There are three global IMS1. Gold Standard- functions as a
fixed exchange rate regime, with gold as the only
international reserve and participating countries determine
the gold content of national currencies.
2. Bretton Woods System- the US dollar was the only
convertible currency. Thus, it was agreed by 44 countries to
adopt the gold-exchange standard.
3. European Monetary System (EMS) - was
successful in the stabilization process of exchange rates.
National currencies were abandoned and member states
delegated monetary policy onto a supranational level
administered by the European Central Bank.
Global Market integration means that price differences
between countries are eliminated as all markets become
one. It was the result of the establishment of a global
economy that involved the homogenization of trade and
commerce.
The global market was stared after the second World War
with the rise of new conglomerates.
Differences among international, multinationals,
transnational, and global companies.
International Companies are importers and exporters with
no investments outside their home countries.
Multinational Companies have investments in other
countries but do not have a coordinated product offering in
each country.
Global Companies have investments and are present in any
countries the typically market their product and services.
Transnational Companies are ore complex organizations
that have investments in foreign operations have a central
corporates facility but give decision-making research and
development.
The Global Interstate System is a facet of contemporary
political globalization that seeks to form collaboration
among nation.
World Trade Organization (WTO) has 164 member-states it
is the sole IGO caters to rules of trade on a global scale.
Principles of Interstate System
NATIONALISM – a doctrine and/or a political movement
that seeks to make the nation the basis of a political
structure especially a state. It is a sense of national
consciousness that generally exalts one’s own nation above
others and focuses on the promotion of interests.
INTERNATIONALISM - desire for greater cooperation and
unity among states and people. In a more comprehensive
definition, it is a political principle that places the interests
of the entire world above those of individual nations and
argues for cooperation among nations for common good.
This can be divided into two broad categories: liberal
internationalism and socialist internationalism.
Liberal internationalism - set of related concepts on how to
best organize international relations between states and
non-state actors that emphasize a belief in international
progress, interdependence, cooperation, diplomacy,
multilateralism, and support for international political
structures and organizations. The theory assumes that we
can move past the violence and anarchy of the
international system through cooperation. Liberal
internationalists believe that humans by nature are good,
or at least, not naturally aggressive. They also have faith in
the good that both domestic and international
organizations and institutions can do.
Socialist internationalism – believes that it is possible to
build a better world based upon the twin goals of equality
and social justice. Nations should work together to create a
more peaceful world and finally bring an end to capitalist
exploitation. They argue that there is a shared common
interest amongst the working-class. Our identity is
determined by economic forces rather than artificially
imposed national boundaries.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
- Also known as World Governance, is a movement towards
political cooperation among transnational actors, aimed at
negotiating responses to problems that affect more than
one state or region.
- defines the political scope of globalization
United Nations (UN) SIX ORGANS 1. General
Assembly the only organ where all membe-states have
equal presentation in discussion and consideration and
policy making.
2. Security Council is the organ with commitment to
preserve peace and security.
3. Economic and Social Council is the main organ for
cooperation, review, policy dialogue and advice on social
economic and environment al issues.
4. Trusteeship Council organ tasked to administer
international oversight
5. International Court of Justice UN’s prime judicial
program
6. Secretariat is the organ tasked to execute daily activities.
Global North: refers to the countries that are
geographically in the northern hemisphere or to countries
that are economically developed.
The North comprises all First World countries and most
Second World countries.
Global South: refers to the countries that are
geographically in the southern hemisphere or to countries
that are developing or economically struggling.
The South comprises Third World countries.
GLOBAL NORTH VS. GLOBAL SOUTH
GLOBAL NORTH
• United States, Canada, Western Europe. Outermost
Regions of the European Union.
• Developed parts of Asia, Australia, and New Zealand.
• Home to all G8 (France, Germany, Italy, the United
Kingdom, Japan, the United States, Canada, and
Russia) and to four of the five permanent members
of the UN Security Council.
• The Group of Eight or G8 refers to the group of eight
highly industrialized nations—France, Germany,
Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States,
Canada, and Russia—that hold an annual meeting to
foster consensus on global issues like economic
growth and crisis management, global security,
energy, and terrorism.
• These countries conduct the G8 summit which is an
annual meeting between leaders from eight of the
most powerful countries in the world.
• The aim is to try to tackle global problems by
discussing big issues and planning what action to
take. The leaders of the countries meet every year in
a different member country.
GLOBAL SOUTH
• Africa, Latin America
• Developing Asia, Including the Middle East.
These countries are characterized as poor and/or socio-
economically marginalized parts of the world. These
countries lack resources that are essential for it to develop
at the same rate as others. Unfortunately, countries in the
Global South suffer from poverty, lack of human rights, and
the depletion and abuse of natural resources.
ISSUES OF NORTH – SOUTH DIVIDE
1. Standard of Living – Factors lead to low of standard of
living (Lack of trade and aid, Single crop farming,
Abundance of dept, Neocolonialism)
2. Distribution of income around the world – Most South
Countries lost to the competition from the North.
Encourage migration of people from South to North for
having a better income.
3. Economic competition worldwide – Factors determine
the competitiveness of economy (Appropriate
infrastructure, Stable macroeconomic framework, well-
functioning public and private institutions)
REASONS WHY OUR WORLD IS UNEQUAL TODAY
1. Colonialism – Control by one power over a dependent
area or people
2. Trade – Losing Money
3. Debt – The only way they could do this was to borrow
money from the rich northern countries.