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R RC #36
 VARC 100: RC#36
Some people imagine that all feminists are angry, bitter women who only want to subjugate men! Of course, this
stereotype offends actual feminists. Why is there such a big difference between stereotype and reality when it comes to 1. The author of the passage alludes to the well-
established nature of the concept of individual rights in
T feminists? One of the reasons for this discrepancy might be because there are, in fact, lots of different, specific types of
the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to
feminism. Radical feministsbelieve sexism is so deeply rooted in society that the only cure is to eliminate the concept of
H gender completely. They propose finding technology that will allow babies to be grown outside of a woman's body and (A) illustrate the influence of individualist feminist
thought on more general intellectual trends in English
E rejecting traditional family structures, whose dichotomy maintains men as economically in power over women. On the
other side of spectrum are liberal feminists, who do not have a well-defined philosophy and who work within the existing
history.
(B) argue that feminism was already a part of the larger
structures, emphasizing individual choices and demanding political and legal equality for women.
Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has
V Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s
what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference,” or equity as emancipation.
E distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor
(C) explain the decline in individualist thinking among
feminists in non-English-speaking countries.
R in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the
(D) help account for an increasing shift toward
disadvantage of women. By contrast, the “individualist” feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and
B celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing
individualist feminism among feminists in English-
speaking countries.
A discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.
2. The passage suggests that the author of the passage
L Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the
believes which of the following?
same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist
(A) The predominance of individualist feminism in
thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United
English-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon,
M States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political
the causes of which have not yet been investigated.
tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two
(B) The individualist and relational feminist views are
E approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind irreconcilable, given their theoretical differences
system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities
N outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as
concerning the foundations of society.
(C) A consensus concerning the direction of future
T homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers, state- feminist politics will probably soon emerge, given the
sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework. awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation
O among women.
Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness,
R they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by
(D) Political adversaries of feminism often misuse
arguments predicated on differences between the sexes
attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as to argue that the existing social system should be
hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the maintained.
individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of
relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.
 VARC 100: RC#36
Some people imagine that all feminists are angry, bitter women who only want to subjugate men! Of course, this
stereotype offends actual feminists. Why is there such a big difference between stereotype and reality when it comes to 3. It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist
feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the
T feminists? One of the reasons for this discrepancy might be because there are, in fact, lots of different, specific types of
following causal statements?
feminism. Radical feministsbelieve sexism is so deeply rooted in society that the only cure is to eliminate the concept of
H gender completely. They propose finding technology that will allow babies to be grown outside of a woman's body and (A) A division of labor in a social group can result in
increased efficiency with regard to the performance of
E rejecting traditional family structures, whose dichotomy maintains men as economically in power over women. On the
other side of spectrum are liberal feminists, who do not have a well-defined philosophy and who work within the existing
group tasks.
(B) A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in
structures, emphasizing individual choices and demanding political and legal equality for women.
the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group
V Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in members.
what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference,” or equity as (C) A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social
E distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor
group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked
biological differences between male and female members of
R in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the
the group.
disadvantage of women. By contrast, the “individualist” feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and
B celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing
(D) Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a
social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and
A discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities. opinions among group members.
L Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the
4. According to the author, which of the following was true
same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist
of feminist thought in Western societies before 1890?
thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United
(A) Individualist feminist arguments were not found in the
M States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political
thought or writing of non-English-speaking feminists.
tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two
(B) Individualist feminism was a strain in feminist thought,
E approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind but another strain, relational feminism, predominated.
system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities
N outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as
(C) Relational and individualist approaches were equally
prevalent in feminist thought and writing.
T homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers, state- (D) The predominant view among feminists held that the
sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework. welfare of women was ultimately less important than the
O welfare of children.
Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness,
R they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by
(E) The predominant view among feminists held that the
sexes should receive equal treatment under the law.
attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as
hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the
individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of
relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.
 VARC 100: RC#36
Some people imagine that all feminists are angry, bitter women who only want to subjugate men! Of course, this
5. The author implies that which of the following was true
stereotype offends actual feminists. Why is there such a big difference between stereotype and reality when it comes to of most feminist thinkers in England and the United States
T feminists? One of the reasons for this discrepancy might be because there are, in fact, lots of different, specific types of after 1920?
feminism. Radical feministsbelieve sexism is so deeply rooted in society that the only cure is to eliminate the concept of (A) They were less concerned with politics than with
H gender completely. They propose finding technology that will allow babies to be grown outside of a woman's body and intellectual issues.
E rejecting traditional family structures, whose dichotomy maintains men as economically in power over women. On the
other side of spectrum are liberal feminists, who do not have a well-defined philosophy and who work within the existing
(B) They began to reach a broader audience and their
programs began to be adopted by mainstream political
structures, emphasizing individual choices and demanding political and legal equality for women. parties.
(C) They called repeatedly for international cooperation
V Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in among women’s groups to achieve their goals.
what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference,” or equity as
E distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor
(D) They did not attempt to unite the two different
feminist approaches in their thought.
R in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the
disadvantage of women. By contrast, the “individualist” feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and
B celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing
A discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.

L Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the
same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist
thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United
M States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political
tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two
E approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind
system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities
N outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as
T homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers, state-
sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.
O
Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness,
R they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by
attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as
hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the
individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of
relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.