TOPIC 2| Colloidal State } COLLOIDS + colloid is heterogencous system in which one A paanceis dispersed (dispersed phase) as very fine in another substance (dispersion lids are sometimes also referred to as hans. But the essential diference berween a raion and a colloid is cha of particle size. In a Me solution, the constituent particles are ions or Fmall molecules while in a colloid, che dispersed se may consist of particles of single Prreromolecule or an aggregate of many ions, ‘roms or molecules. Thus, on the basis of the size ofthe dispersed phase, solutions are divided into following three classes: (i True solution It has dispersed particles with size less than 1 nm (je.< 107m). Here, the dispersed particles constitute single molecules or ions. e.g, Sugar in water or salt in water. (i) Colloidal solution Here, the size of dispersed particles range between Inm and 1000nm (ie, 107m -10-6m). The dispersed particles of colloids could be macromolecular or association of many ‘molecules. eg. Protein globules in blood plasma, fat droplets in milk. Coll “Colloidal particles are large enough to be suspended in Solution but 100 small to be visible by naked eyes. "Coloidal particles constitute enormous surface area per “unit mass which results in exhibition of some unique Properties by them that makes interest of studies. (i) Suspension It has size of dispersed particles greater than 1000nm (ie. > 10"), which ate aggregates of millions of molecules. Soil particles in water, soot patticles in smoke. Calida state The sate of 2 substance in which ispersed phase (solute) is cistibuted in dispersion medium sven Cypstaloid i is a : is a substance (in true solution) which | fxs te paricle sizeof molecular dimension les J 0 tnmin dssohed state €9. NaCl in water behaves as a crystalloid while in benzene it behaves as a colloid Classification of Colloids Colloids are classified on the basis of different properties: Classification Based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium Depending upon whether the dispersed phase and the dispersion elim ave solids, liquids or gases, eight types of colloidal systems are known. The gas mixed with another gas forms a homogeneous mixture and hence is not a colloidal system but a solution. ‘Types of colloidal systems Examples Dispersed Dispersio Type of phase nmedium colloid a Sa Tae GaP an ~ Sa Gee peice = Tad seg Gado. ee hone Ger Aneel Fen rit do ane oy seid Se ae Liquid Foam Most biological fluids are aqueous sols (s Within a typical cell, proteins and nucleic acids are colloidal-sized particles dispersed in an aqueous solution of ions and small molecules. Ifthe dispersion medium is water, the sol is called aquasol or hydrosol and if the dispersion medium is alcohol, itis called alcosol and so on. Classification Based on Nature of Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium It is of two types: (i) Lyophilic colloids ‘The word ‘lyophilic’ means liquid-loving. Colloidal sols directly formed by mixing substances like gum, gelatine, starch, rubber, etc, with a suitable liquid (the dispersion medium) ae called lyophilic sols. In these colloids ifthe dispersion medium is separated from the dispersed phase (Gay by evaporation), the sol can be reconstituted by simply remixing with the dispersion medium. ‘That is why, these sols are also called reversible sols. These sols are quite stable and cannot be easily coagulated as discussed later. (i) Lyophobic colloids The word ‘yophobic’ means liquid-hating, Sabstances like metals, thei sulphides, etc., when simply mixed ‘wth the dispersion medium do not form the colloidal sol. Theit vloidal sols can be prepared only by special methods, Such solsare called Iyophobic sols. These sols ate realy precipitated (or coagulated) on the addition of sinall amounts of electrolytes, and hence, are by simple addition o Hence, these sols arc al Lyophobic sols need preservation. Differences between lyophil Lyophilc colloid ‘A.colloial solution in whieh ‘isporsed phase and dispersion medium atract each other : Wis prer yared by simple rnin Ure pan ae and eprson os nis roverniblo 60. Po stabitsing agent is roid Viscosity incr0n90s ‘on door anol be ‘Surface tn ‘Quite stab and ca not precipitated, they do not give back th by heating or by shaking, stable, Further, once ye colloidal sol f the dispersion medium Iso called irseversible sols stabilising agents for tel? icand lyophoblc collolds Lyophoble cotioid wh Acoiio ers paso em root oe cig other hn peoparod 1 370201 tooth rosorsiblo 0 igi ‘gent is quite, Stobising ‘vecosity romaine 6am 1 sane, ty ‘Sunfoce tension emai Hot stable and con bo ccongulated ty beating, Gold sol easily coagulated ee gcveoatuman sok stating Oe Note Lyophitie moans solvent atrac spot, water i he hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Classification Based on of the Dispersed Phase Depending on the size of partic colloids are cla ting af sion 1 ssified into three classes: (i) Maltimolecular colloids In this type colloidal particles are aggregates of molecules with molecular size less ate formed from large number of at ind lyophobie rcans solvent Fodhurn, the tore, sod a1 Type of Particles Jes of the dispersed phase, f colloids, ‘atoms or small nt nm, These joms or smaller molecules of a substance that aggregate together to form species having size in the colloidal range, eg. sulphur sol consists of thousand or more of Sg sul particles containing a Iphur molecules, gold sol may contain particles of various sizes having many atoms. (ii) Macromolecular colloids Macromolecules in stale solvents fom selaions in which the se of th macomlcules may bein the colloidal range uch systems are called macromolecular colloids. These colloids are quite st solutions in many respects. table and resemble true Bamps starch, mman-nade ppalystyt (iii) Associated which at clectvolyte% behaviour agereyate These are a les of? callulores Pt? macnn ewe 370 4 calloid dur dp feo known 25 “nd enya, and a icin Feeules are polytiene, yl Ipber, tee “phere are oMesuby, ehave 25 normal gy* ations exhibitenj.t jetic 14 a (tAicelles) ions iparlsonbetveecn 1 ceromoleculat vind assocrated coloids ‘Associated colo, omolocult atintocler betel (nical) colloids < Teweranciesare memos gripes aE eeucs of Pro soma 1 eS copes 0 sae aires | nurs olor een Bo fig Stach, 09% Boause ofthe ee Piraction towards || ae pobahen, 6 ely Charging et in concentrated og, Sutin 9 incon iqasook soution, detergent opt ic se molec ‘hey vo gneraly They ha iyornobic Theses elcies | rete choc. characte gaan bt group Then ponies aro Duo totong chain, Greater van der Wea Ta by vander Waals’ forces (oreo A “observed van de ately ‘higher conconrtma ions/molecules. wreak von Wi Formation of Micelles {The formation of micelles takes p! temperature called Kraft temperature particular Mechanism of Micelles Formation ‘Taking an example of soap solution in which soap is potassium salt of a higher fatty acid and may be rep! sodium stearate CH3(CH)16COO ™* or sodium palmitate CH3 (CH2)}4COO~Na*). Whe # is dissolved in water, it dissociates into RCOO™ and Na’ RCOO"Na* (ey Io fore stronger. f: concentration Concentration (CMC). On dilution, these colloids revert back to indi Surface active agents such belong to this class. For soaps, the CMC is 10 1, These colloids have both Iyophobic and lyophilc pa* Micelles may contain as many as 100 molecules or mote ace only above a part (Tj) and abore called Critical Mic vidual i as soaps and synthetic di 4 to 10°? sodiua resend S fi\ . . 193 ‘The ACOO™ ions consist of ow pats along hydrocarbon chain 2€(won-polar tll) which i A a polar group COO” (polar ion hen) which is Iyeophlic ea ishydrophobic water repcting, CH, CH CH i Hy CH CH CI CH CH. Hh, ed heh NB ONGONGON GN ON Hy CH), CH, CH, Cl CH) CH, CH, Sy ON? Sodium senate (Cp yCOO™ Ne) / CH, CH, SH, Hy b, b. Ady hy NEN INGEN IN ENON EN § Gy, Gy Gy mh LT Ch, Hydleophobic Stearte on 24 GB 1 12 1G g Hydro 135 79 1 Bb — Hythophobie sail — Hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of stearate ion ‘At lower concentrations of soap, RCOO™ ions are present on the surface with their COO™ groups in water and hydrocarbon chains 2 staying away from it and remain at the surface as shown in figure (a) below. At higher concentration (ie. at or above CMC, critical micelle concentration), these ions form an aggregate with their hydrocarbon chains pointing towards the centre and the COO~ pare remaining outwards on the surface of the sphere as shown in figure (b) below. An aggregate thus formed is called ionic micelle which may contain upto 100 ions. In case of detergents, e.g. sodium laurylsulphate, CH (CH),;S0% Na*, the polar group is —SOJ along with the long hydrocarbon chain. Mechanism of micelle formation is same as that of soaps. Stoarate fon + {a) Atlow concentration of soap _—_(b) At CMC of soap Formation of micelles leansing Action of Soaps en grease or oil on the cloth comes in contact with soap solution, the stearate ions arrange themselves in such away that ts hydrophobic partis in the oil (or grease) and the hydrophilic pare project ouside the grease droplet like bristles as presented below. ‘Soap solution Grease loth (a) (o) co) (a) Grease or oil on surface of cloth {b) Stearate ions erranged around the grease or ol droplet {c) Grease or oil droplet surrounded by stearate jon the hydrophilic pre is pola, these polar groups can imeract with the water molecules present around theo rope ich is pulled away from the surface of the cloth into water co form ionic micelle.“Thus, soap helps in emulsi and fats, The negatively’ prevent them aggregates. It is then w ashed away with excess of water. Preparation of Colloids Colloids ate prepared by the following methods: — [ccemn ore os a Fearon) (secompostion (Condensation orp (Condensing vapours in a sohent Chemical Methods Oxidation Preparation of colloidal sol of non-metal (e.g, Sulphur). 2H,5+SO, —> 35 +2H,0 (Sol) Reduction Preparation of colloidal sol of metals (eg Gold).. 2AuCl, +3HCHO+3H)O —> 2Au +3HCOOH Sa) Cl +6HCI Hydrolysis Preparation of hydroxide sol. FeCl +3H,0 —> Fe(OH), +3HCl Double Decomposition ““!*” Preparation of sol of inorganic salt. 45,05 +3H,S —> As,S, +3H,0 , (alow sot ‘oduct molecules aggregate to form sols, n and washing away of oils hanged sheath around the globules fiom coming together and forming Condensation Methods ent ; ized in an CXC of y is insoluble but sol formed, 8 sulphur) solvent in soluble, a colloi solution in water ie solvent is frezed, colloidal When warer in Of in ether) 18 Vapours in S i ul ‘The colloidal solution (€-8- SUF re ed by passing Y2POws of a stabilising agent- | Dispersion Methods ersion jolvent iphur and mercury in yy, cold water in the rag Condensing ‘Mechanical Disp _ | A mixture of dispersed phase and dispersion mediums, aan olloidal mill of rotating discs. The two phase, grinded well ro form colloidal solution. tegration or Bredig’s Electrical Disin Bredig’s Are Method ‘This process involves both dispersion and condensation this method, two rods of suitable metal are dipped im, water which is placed in ice bath. When electric discharg, ‘artied out, metal vaporises due to intense heat produc, and condenses in cold water to form particles of colli size, Some stabilising agents are required in this metho Colloidal sols of metals such as gold, silver, platinum, e, can be prepared by this method. | Dispersion medium: Bredig’s arc method Peptization This is the process of it am . Som nee int lal ol by hanes” AE ion medium in the presen | electrolyte. The electrolyte added eee vonhane tsurface Chemistry Fe ing pepzation, che precipitate preferentially adsorbs During Pepe of the ions ofthe ‘deere on ics surface levelopment of positive or negative charge ‘As a result, they get dispersed due to breaks up into Tris causes the d ‘on precipitares. atic repulsion and ultimate lectrost isle particles of the size of a colloid, Purification of Colloidal Solutions “the prepared colloidal solutions generally contain Mieasive amount of electrolytes and some other Gapurtes While the presence of races of electrolyte (lable impurities) is estential for the stability of the Colloidal solution bur larger quantities coagulate it. It is therefore essential ro reduce these soluble impurities upto the required extent, The process used for reducing the mount of impurities to a requisite. minimum is known as fication of colloidal solution." - puri ‘The purification is carried out by the following methods: Dialysis Iris a process of removing a dissolved substance from 2 colloidal solution by means of diffusion through a suitable membrane, For dialysis process, colloidal solution is taken in a parchment paper or cellophane membrane and this © bugis suspended in water. Impurities (molecules or ions as ‘eral as solute of true solution) diffuse in water through the membrane and colloids become pure. The apparatus ts shown in figure, used for this purposes called dialyser. Crystatoid Sol particle Crystaloid Dialysis Electro-dialysis © When dialysis is taking place in applied electrical field, icis known as electro-dialysis. It makes the process of dialysis faster, In this method, two electrodes as shown in figure are kept in the container and these electrédes attract ions of opposite charge and thus speed up the process. i Y Dialysing membrane Water + C_ dectoyte de cathode _# 1 crystal Sol paticles Electro-dialysis 155 Ultra-filtration Ik is the process of separating the colloidal particles fr solvent and soluble solutes present in the colidal slain by especially prepared filters. In this process, ultraiter papers (small pore size) are used, ‘These filter papers ate made by impregnating them with collodion solution (4% solution of nitrocellulose in a mixture of alcohol and ether) to stop the flow of colloidal particles. After soaking in collodion, it is hardened. by formaldehyde and then finally dried it. The colloidal particles left on the ultra-fiter paper are then stirred with fresh dispersion medium to get a pure colloidal solution. Ultra-fitration is a slow process. To speed up the process, pressure or suction is applied. Properties of Colloidal Solutions Various properties of colloidal solutions are: Colligative Properties The values of colligative properties (osmotic pressure, lowering in vapour pressure, depression in freezing point and levation in boiling point) of sol are of small order as that of the true solution at same concentrations because number of particles in a colloidal solution is less due to the higher molecular mass and low mole fraction. Tyndall Effect Ifa homogeneous solution placed in dark is observed in the direction of light, it appears clear and, if it is observed from a ditection at right angles to the direction of light beam, it seems perfectly dark. For Colour Fig. Colloidal solution ‘Tyndall effect: Colloidal solutions viewed in the same way may also appear reasonably clear or translucent by the transmitted light but they show a mild to strong opalescence, when viewed at right angles to the passage of light, ie. the path of the bedm is iuminaced by bluish ight. This effect was termed as Tyndall effecta %, In ani a words, when light fall sol sl absorbs the ih effect Th i, This scacering of light is called Tyna colloide Lluminated path of light passing through the loids is called Tyndall cone This effect can be observed during the projection of picture in the cinema hall due to scattering of light by dust and smoke particles present there. Tyndall effect is observed only when the following two conditions are satisfied: (i) The size of colloidal particles should not be much smaller than wavelength of incident light. (ii) The refractive indices of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium difer greatly in magnitude. Application of T lect riate berween a colloidal Tyndall diff dal fe is wed fern ere NEES and true solution. Zsigmondy, in I J to set up an apparatus known as ultramicroscope, intense beam of light is focussed on the colloidal solution contained in a glass vessel. The focus of the light is then observed with a microscope at right angles to the beam. Individual colloidal particle appears as bright stars against a dark background. Ultramicroscope does not render the Jetual colloidal particles visible but only observe the light scattered by them. Thus, ultramicroscope does not provide any information about the size and shape of colloidal particles. Colour ‘The colour of the colloidal solution depends on the wavelength of light scattered by the dispersed particles. Wavelength of light depends on the nature and size of the particles due ro which colour of the colloidal solution also changes in a way in which the observer receives the light. eg. A mixture of water and milk appears red when viewed by the transmitted light and blue when viewed by the reflected light. Finest gold so is red in colour; asthe size of particle increases, it appears purple, then blue and finally golden. Brownian Movement When colloidal solutions are viewed under a powerful ultramicroscope, the colloidal particles always appear to be in zig-zag, rapid and random motion, This movement was first observed by British botanist Robert Brown and is called Brownian movement. Brownian movement dl bouncing ofthe pa sare due tuned Bouning oF sg, i ra he me areof the ‘colloid but depends inde and viscosity of the soon ag ae i 'e, lesser is the viscosity and faster is the motion) Ni the snes ese ing fect which dost not peg mores spose rhe say sols. Charge on Colloidal. part Colloidal Particles Jes always carry an clecttic charge oes avg che same on all the parti on of this charge ‘ given colloidal Solution and may be either p negative. Negatively charged sols Metal particles, ©.9. 901d, sig copper sols. i “Fysrated metalic oxides, e0 ADs: AHO, C103: HO and Fey: 1H, etc —— —__—— a ‘edyestke methylene blue Metalic suiphides.eg. | oo Asa, Sd283 . CAS s0b, = = | Haemoglobin (blood) ‘Acidic dyes like ecsin, conga sols. | ‘Oxides, e.g. 02 $0) ‘Sols of starch, QUM, Gea, charcoal, ete. re Origin of Charge : ‘There have been number of views regarding the orga charge on colloidal particles such as: ( Due to friction between colloidal partic a/ molecules of dispersion medium. (ii) Dissociation of molecules followed by aggregation, ions. (ii) Due to electron capture during electro-dispenin metals, (iv) Due to preferential adsorption of ions from sli and/or diie to the formulation of electical da bayer. : Preferential adsorption of ions is the most accepted vt} ‘According to this view, the charge on colloidal paris!) due to preferential adsorption of ions present it dispersion medium. The ions preferred by colli] particles are those which are common with the) lattice, Fevr examples are given bel (@) If silver nitrate solution is added to’ potassium 08] solution, the precipitated silver iodide adsorbs io) ions from the dispersion medium and neg charged colloidal so results.However, when silver iodide is formed by adding potassium iodide co silver nitrate solution, sively charged sol results due to adsorption of [Ag” ions ftom dispersion medium. Agl + TT > Agh TT (From KD) [Negative sol Agh + Agy Agl: Ag* (From AgNO) Positive sol (6) When ferric chloride is added to excess of hot svater, a positively charged sol of hydrated ferric ‘oxide is formed due to adsorption of Fe?* ions. However, if fertic chloride is added to NaOH solution, a negatively charged sol is obtained due to adsorption of OH” ions. FeCl; +H,O0 —> Fe,03.xH,0: Fe’* Hot Positively charged sol FeCl; + NSOH—> Fe,0-xH,0 : OH™ - Negatively charged sol ‘Having acquired a positive or negative charge by ‘selective adsorption on the surface of a colloidal cle as mentioned above, this layer attracts counter Jons from the medium forming a second layer, as shown below: past AgI/ITK*, Agl/Ag*I” Helmholtz Electrical Double Layer Theory Colloidal sol adsorbs one of its own ion from the solution preferentially and gets charged. This charge attracts ions of opposite charge from the solution and forms an electrical double layer. This is called Helmholtz electrical double layer. The ions adsorbed by the colloidal particle form a fixed layer because these ions are held firmly, while the ions present in the bulk are weakly held and are mobile which form a diffused layer. ‘The difference of potential between fixed layer and diffused layer of a colloidal sol is known as electrokinetic or zeta potential he presence of equal and similar charges in colloidal particles is largely responsible for providing stability to ithe colloidal solution, as the repulsive forces berween ged particles having same charge prevent them from coalescing or aggregating when they come close sfo one another. Electrophoresis The existence of cha \ of charge on colloidal par clectrophoresis experiment. hen ae ile is confirmed by across two platinum electrodes dipped inna ellen tty spblied shown in igure, the collial pace nance, a other electrodes. The movement of calloisl oraiene applied icp cle dlcrophoras Wises dae to the presence of positive or negative charge on colleide It i tiso called cataphoresis. eee O” clos. Leis Positively charged particles move towards the cathod i i Js the cathode whe negatively charged particles move rovards the anode, When electrophoresis, i. movement of particles, is prevented by some suitable means, it is seen that the dispersion medium begins to move in an electric field. This phenomenon is called electroosmosis. Cathode ‘Anode L- Electrode Coagulated: sol patcies 1 AszSs sol charged) ‘Stopeock Electrophoresis Coagulation The stability of the lyophobic sols is due to the presence of charge on colloidal particles. If, somehow, the charge is removed, the particles will come neater to each other to form aggregates (or coagulate) and sertle down under the force of gravity. The process of setling of colloidal particles is called coagulation or precipitation of the sol. Coagulation of Lyophobic Sols Te can be carried out by the following ways: () Byadding electrolyte When a colloidal sol is mixed with excess of electrolyte particles, ions of opposite charge are attracted to the colloidal particles. Charge on it gets neutralised leading to their coagulation. The ion responsible for neutralisation of charge is called coagulating, ion. Gi) By boiling When colloidal sol is boiled, rate of collision increases due to increase in kinetic energy. During boiling, the adsorbed layer is disturbed, which reduces the charge on the particles and finally lead to serling down in the form of precipitate.(iii) By electrophoresis The colloidal particles migrate towards oppositely charged electrodes, get discharged and precipitated. (iv) By persistent dialysis Prolonged dialysis_of colloidal sol remove even traces of electrolytes completely and colloids become unstable and ultimately coagulate, (¥) By mixing oppositely charged colloids When colloidal sols of opposite charges are mixed in equal proportions, they combine with each other and neutralise each other and get partially or completely coagulated. This type of coagulation is calle mutual coagulation. e.g. Mixing ‘of hydrated ferric oxide (4ve sol) and arsenious sulphide (¢ 00+ Y Hardy Schulze Rute In order to explain the extent ofc addition of diferent on, Haroy 2 ‘a rule called Hardy-Schulze rule the valency of the soagulation by the ng Schulze proposed According to this rule, “ereater flocculating ion added, the ereatri its power 10 ‘cause precipitation”. A negative ion causes he precipitation of postvely charged sal and Mco-versa The degree of coagulation is diectY froportonal tothe valency afte effective on used. “The order of coagulating power of the cations is APY >Batt Nat ‘The order of coagulating power ofthe anions is [Fe(CNjg]” > POR >SOr > Cr The minimum concentration ofan electrolyte in milimoles per lire required to cause precipitation of a sol in two hours is called coagulating value. Sihaler the quantity requted, higher wil be the coagulating power of anion. Coagulation of Lyophilic Sols Stability of lyophilic sls depends upon the two factors, i.e. chaige and solvation ofthe colloidal particles. When these two factors are removed, a lyophilic sol can be coagulated This is done (i) by adding a suitable solvent to lyophilic solutio eg, hydrophilic sol can be easily congulaad by the addition of alcohol or acetone. When alcohol/acetone is added to hydrophilic sols, the dehydration of dispersed phase occurs. Under this condition, a small quantity of electrolyte can brin about coagulation, . e (i) by adding an eleceoyte. . ids Protection of cole ian Wyorbebic sol is oie solvat LN ee s i bic i F procecting WOPNO NS unique prop me She lyophobic so ifr ‘ ae <* 1 lyophobic sol and thus pr em the ee layer aroun thes these lyophilic colloi a a pm elects ry ng power of 4 OPAL = de umber. Gold umber sheamount cy Sry een cnt crs oan ee Toy of NaCl sl gold sol by ene addition Lyophilic Iyophilic sols colloit ions ; ton formed when both the dispensed phe. These or gnedium are liquids in called gn oe diam eile ot partially, miscible li pare? don the other is obi is zt liqui en coarse dispersion of one lia Int ope inten oro Sat Tyndall effec. They can be broken ino dg ater Tous by freezing, heating and centifgig ions can be diluted with any amount of the dpa sty, On the other hand the dispersed liquid when nx forms 2 separate layer. The, droplets in emulsions ate cy negatively charged and can be precipitated by electroje, Preparation of Emulsion ‘Two immiscible or partially mi thoroughly, droplets of one liquid presence of some emulsifying agents. Emul: iscible liquids are mix) is mixed with other int} Types of Emulsions (i) Oil dispersed in water type (O/W type) This b=) emulsion in which oil is mixed with water which at) dispersion medium, e.g. milk, vanishing cream. (ii) Water dispersed in oil type (W/O type) This b+ emulsion in which water acts as dispersed phase as dispersion medium, e.g. butter and cream. Emulsifying Agents or Emulsifiers Emulsions of oil in water are unstable and sometimes th) separated into two layers on standing. For stabilistt emulsion, an emulsifying agent is added. The emulsfi agent forms an interfacial film between suspended partic the medium, A substance which is added to an aie seb is called emulsifying agent or emuls! Enulijing agents for O/W emulsions are proteins tural and synthetic soaps etc., and for W/O emulsiots lampblack, aleohol exe Met salts of farty acids and longColloids Around Us -there are large number of colloids . i ie. Some such colloids are give beg Blue colour of the sky Dust particl ” | spersed in air act as a cold Th tet vapours fghewhich makes the sky looks blue, Thisefecre cet the Tyndall effect. * This effect is called Food articles We have colloids in our food i De ume, lk in our food items like Fog, mist and rain Similar to dust parti mist are also calla Fog and mist har oekoed | fnoisture on the surface of dust particles form spools which ae lating in aise ns Be {Clouds These are aerosols in which small droplets of jf water ae suspended in ait. On account of condensation in the uppet atmosphere, the colloidal droplets of water “grow bigger and bigger in size, tll they come down in “the form of rain. Sometimes, the rainfall occurs when two oppositely charged clouds meet. It is possible to ‘cause artificial rain by throwing electrified sand or spraying a sol carrying charge opposite to the one on ‘douds from an aeroplane, Fertile soils These are also colloidal in nature in which hhumus acts as a protective colloid. On account of calloidal nature, soil adsorb moisture and nourishing, “materials. Formation of delta River water is a colloidal solution of clay. Sea water contains a number of electrolytes. When ‘iver meets the sea water, the electrolytes present in sea water coagulate the colloidal solution of clay resulting in its deposition with the formation of delta. “Blood It is a colloidal solution of an_albuminoid substance. The styptic action of alum and ferric chloride “solution is due to coagulation of blood forming 2 clot “which stops further bleeding. “Applications of Colloids "Some important uses of colloids are % () Blectrical precipitation of smoke Smoke, colloidal solution of solid particles such as C, As dompounds, dust, etc, in air. The smoke before it comes out from the chimney, is led through chamber containing plates having a charge opposite to that carried by smoke particles. (On coming in contact with these plates, th : the particles lose their charge and get precipitated as shown in the figure below. Hence, the particles sertle down on the floor ofthe chamber. The precipitatoris called Cottrell precipitator. High votage electrode (20000 vots ormore) (Gases free from carbon particles y— Charge plate ‘smoke = “Lascr gous sh Corral smoke preiptatr (i) Water purification Water is purified with the help of alum, the suspended impurities are coagulated. Thus, itis made fit for drinking purposes. (ii) Preparation of medicines Most of the medicines are prepared in the form of colloids. Colloidal Sb (antimony) is used in curing kalaazar. Milk of magnesia, an emulsion, is used for stomach disorders, colloidal gold is used for intramuscular injection, Colloidal medicines are more effective as they have large surface area and hence easily assimilated. (iv) Production of Rubber Latex is a colloidal solution of rubber particles which are negatively charged. Rubber is obtained by coagulation of latex. (v) Tanning Animal hides are colloidal in nature. ‘When a hide (containing positively charged particles) is soaked in tannin (containing negatively charged particles), mutual coagulation occurs. This results in the hardening of leather, This process is called tanning. Cr salts are also used in place of tannin. (vi) Cleansing by Soap Micelle formation in the cleansing action of soaps and detergents. (ii) Photography An emulsion coating oflight. sensitive silver bromide in gelatin is put on photographic plates (glass plates or celluloid films). (vii) Industrial Uses We have other commercial colloids which we use like natural rubber, paints, ink, syntheric fibre, graphite, lubricants, cement, etc.| TOPIC PRACTICE 2I ol " 5 BJECTIVE Type Questions [1 Mark| 1, the range 50 A-2000 A, then solution is, (@) suspension () true solution (©) colloidal solution _ (4) saturated solution 2. Foamis a type of colloidal of @) liquid in gas (©) liquid in liquid © gasin liquid (4) solid in gas 3. Alarge number of atoms or molecules of a substance aggregate together to form species having size in the colloidal range, these species are called (@) multimoleeular colloids () macromolecular colloids (© solid sol (@ emulsion 4. athigh concentration of soap in water, soap behaves a: (@) molecular collaid _(b) associated colloid (e) macromolecular colloid (A) lyophilic colloid 5. The formation of micelles takes place above a particular range of temperature termed as (a) critical temperature (0) Kraft temperature (9 cmc (© boiling point 6. Which property of colloidal solutions is independent of charge on the colloidal particles? (a) Coagulation (©) Electroosmosis (b) Electrophoresis (4) Tyndall effect 7. The potential difference between the fixed layer and diffused layer of opposite charges in the colloidal system is known as (a) zeta potential (b) gravitational potential (c) standard potential (4) ionic potential 8. Coagulation of ferric hydroxide sol is done most effectively by electrolyte. (a) KCl () K,80, (©) HyPO, (@) K4 [Fe (CN)g] 9. Emulsifying agent(s) used for w/o type of emulsion is/are (a) long chain of alcohol (b) lamp blacks (c) heavy metal salts of fatty acid (a) All of the above If the size of particles dispersed in solution is in NCERT Exemplar 10. y the () colloldal preeipiyy, | (d) Planek’s precipi, smoke is precipitated b (a) cottell precipltater (o) natural preeipitator VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions | [1 Mark| it. 12. 13. 14, 15. 20. 24. 22. 23. 24, Or 26. What is the diameter of collotdal particles? s formed when a liquig What type of colloid | | in a solid? Give an example, dispersed in a s All Ady What type of colloid is formed when a gasiy | dispersed in a liquid? Give an example, Alda, ‘What is collodion? NCERT Bren, What is especially observed when a beam of) is passed through a colloidal solution? { All Indlayy What is Helmholtz electrical double layer? | Explain electrophoresis. | What happens when dialysis is prolonged? | NCERT Bren) ‘What is the reason for stability of colloidal wi ‘Delhi2u Why is e(OH)g colloid positively charged vi prepared by adding Fe(OH)3 to hot water? | NCERT Exerp Why do we add alum to purify water? | NCERT Exess What happens when gelatin is mixed with goll sol? NCERT Exexdt Why does bleeding stop by rubbing moist alum! | NCERT Exes Adelta is formed at the meeting point of se water and river water. Why? Allindls 2 How does a delta form at the meeting place! sea and river water? NCERT Eso? Which of the following is most effective in | coagulating negatively charged hydrated fet oxide sol? Dell! () NaNO (ii) MgSO, (iii) AIG3. What are emulsions? Give one example. ‘ All indl!‘surface Chemistry ample each of ‘oil in water’ and 27]. Give one ex: ‘All India 2014 ‘water in oil’ emulsion. ‘28. Why are some medicines more effective in the colloidal form? NCERT Exemplar SHORTANSWER Type I Questions 2 Marks| unt on the statement that colloid is not a NCERT 29. Comme! substance but a state of substance. 30. Write the dispersed phase and dispersion medium of the following colloidal systems. ( Smoke (i) Milk Delhi 2013, 31. What are micelles? Give an example of a micelle system. NCERT 32. How are the following colloidal solutions prepared? () Sulphur in water (li) Gold in water Delhi 2013 C 33. What modification can you suggest in the Hardy-Schulze rule? NCERT Intext 34, What are emulsions? What are their different types? Give one example of each type. Delhi 2014 35, What is the difference between oil in water (0/W) type and water in oil (W/O) type emulsions? Delhi 2013, 36. How do emulsifiers stabilise emulsion? Name two emulsifiers. CERT 37. Give four uses of emulsions. NCERT 38. Gelatin which is a peptide, is added in ice- NCERT Exemplar creams, What can be its role? 39. Give reasons for the following observations: (i) Leather gets hardened after tanning. (ii) Lyophilic sol is more stable than lyophobic sol. Delhi 2015 40. What happens when (a) a freshly prepared precipitate of Fe(OH)3 is shaken with a small amount of FeCls solution? (b) persistent dialysis of a colloidal solution is ( carried out? © (¢) anemulsion is centrifuged? AJ. Why isit essential to wash the precipitate with water before estimating it quantitatively? NCERT Intext pte CBSE 2018 42. Explain the followi i) Same substance can act both as colloids and crystalloids. (ii) Artificial rain is caused by sprayint clouds. g salt over Delhi 2013 C \é\ SHORT ANSWER Type TI Que |3 Marks| 43. How are colloids classified on the basis of (i) physical state of components? (ji) nature of dispersed phase and (iii) interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium? 'NCERT 44, How are the colloidal solutions classified on the basis of physical state of the dispersed phase and dispersion medium? ‘Or What are lyophilic and lyophobic sols? Give one example of each type. Why are hydrophobic sols easily coagulated? NCERT; Delhi 2013, 2008; Al India 2013; Foreign 2008 (i Inreference to Freundlich adsorption isotherm, write the expression for adsorption of gases on solids in the form of an equation. (ji) Write an important characteristic of lyophilic ma sols. (iii) Based on the type of particles of dispersed phase, give one example each of associated colloid and multimolecular colloid. All India 2014 46. Write one difference in each of the following: (i) Lyophobic sol and lyophilic sol. (i) Solution and colloid. (iii) Homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis. Delhi 2017 47. Write one difference in each of the following. (i) Multimolecular colloid and associated colloid. Coagulation and peptisation. (iii) Homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis. ‘All India 2017 48. Define the following terms (i) Desorption (ii) Critical micelle concentration (iii) Shape selective catalysis (i) Differentiate between adsorption and absorption. (ii) Out of MgC and AICl3, which is more effective in causing coagulation of negatively charged solution and why? (iii) Out of sulphur sol and proteins, which one forms multimolecular colloidal Delhi 2016 Delhi 2017 49. 50. Explain the following phenomenon giving reasons: (i) Tyndalleffect (ii) Brownian movement (iii) Physical adsorption decreases with increase in temperature. All India 2017SH. 1 Explain what is observed, () when a beam of light is passed through @ colloidal solution? : (i) when an electrolyte, NaCl, is added to hydrated ferric oxide solution? (iii) electric current is passed through a colloidal solution?NCERT; All India 2011, 2008; Delh! 2008 » 52. Explain the following terms: () Electrophoresis (i) Coagulation ii) Dialysis (iv) Tyndall effect [NCERT; All India 2010, 2009 53. Explain the following terms with suitable examples: (i) Emulsion (ii) Hydrosot (i) Aerosol NCERT; Delhi 2010, 2009C sng colloids different fo e the followint F neir dispersion mea, (ii) Aerosol Delhi2019, 54. Define the following terms with an example, ‘each case: ( Macrom« (ii) Emulsion 55. whatis the diffe (li) Peptization Allin rence between multimolecy * colloids? Give one exan, and ma a ‘ated colloids differen” lecular sol ofeach. c ere of ear ge two types of colloids ?NCERT: Pei, f soap is due to emulsification ang | mation. Comment. Ne | 56. Action of micelle fot | HINTS AND EXPLANATIONS| | ion have particle size 100 A and more. 1. (a) Suspensi owe medium then fotm is 2. (c) When gas is dispersed in liquid formed 3. (a) Multimolecular colloids. ‘4, (6) At high concentration of soap in water, soap particles present inthe solution get associated around seo ‘and lead to formation of associated colloid 5. (b)Kraft temperature. 6. () Tyndall effect is the scattering of light by sol particles, which cannot be affected by charge on them. 7. (a) Zeta potential. 8. (d) According to Hardy-Schulze rule, for positively charged sol like [Fe(OH),] coagulating power of various negatively charged ions is [FA(CN)g]*~ > PO?” > SOF > Clr Thus, most effective electrolyte is K[Fe(CN)g) 9. (d) All the given emulsifying agents are used for w/o type of emulsion. 10. (a)Smoke is precipitated by the cottrell precipitator. ‘The smoke particles on coming in contact with cottrell precipitator plates, lose their charge and get precipitated 11. Diameter of colloidal particles vary between (1-1000 nm), ie.10™° -10°m. 12, The colloid which is formed when a liquid is dispersed ina solid is gel, eg. butter. 13. Foam is obtained when gas is dispersed in liqui whipped cream. 4y; solution of nitrocellulose in a mixture of alcobl ether is called collodion. 15. When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal olution and viewed perpendicular to the path of incident light, the path of beam is illuminated by bluish light. This phenomenon is called Tyndall ei) ‘This is due to the fact that colloidal particles scatter | light in all the directions in space. t 16. ‘The combination ofthe two layers of opposite cag | around the colloidal particles is called Helmholtz | electrical double layer. | 17. Migration of colloidal particles towards the opposiy | charged electrode is called electrophoresis. 18. Traces of electrolyte which stabilises the colloidsis | removed completely making the colloid unstable. coagulation occurs on prolonged dialysis. 19. The presence of equal and similar charges on colli | particles is largely responsible in providing stability!" the colloidal solution because the repulsive forces between charged particles having same charge pre‘ | them from coalescing or aggregating or coagulating | when they come closer to one another. I 20. Charge on sol is decided by adsorption of ions pre medium. Adsorption of positively charged Fe" io | takes place by the sol of hydrated ferric oxide. Ths | Fe(OH), colloid has positive charge when prepattd™ adding Fe(OH), to hot water. 21, We add alum to purify wate as alum coagulate loidal impurities present in water so that thes? impurities settle down or filtration. and get removed by decat)™ 4, | |face Chemistry Gold sl is. solvent repeling so, ke. lyophobie sol and cote in nalae,Adlition of gelatin stabilises the gold if pecause gelatin forms lyphilic sol and aes asa protective colloid. joo isa colloidal sol. When we rub the injured part 7 va ist alun then coagulation of blood takes place. Hence, clot is formed, which stops the bleeding. 24, River water is colloidal solution of cay and sea water ontains a number of electrolytes, When river water sheets the sea water, the electrolytes present in oagulates the colloidal solution of clay resulting i deposition with the formation of delta, 25, AlCly, due to the highest valeney of Ai** ion, among the 2 given ones. 26, Emulsions are the liquid-liquid colloidal systems. eg. mill. 27, Oilinwater-milk —* an ‘Water in oil—butter an) 28. Some medicines are more effective in the colloidal form because they have large surface area per unit mass so they are easily assimilated in the body. 29. Colloid is not a substance but a state of substance isa true statement because some substances which are erystalloids under certain conditions can be colloids under the other, eg-NaClis a crystalloid in aqueous medium, but when mixed with benzene, it behaves asa colloid It isthe size of the patticls ofthat matter, ie the state in which the substance exists I'size lies in range of 1-1000 nm, it is in the colloidal state. So, above statement is true. @ 30, (j) Dispersed phase of smoke = Solid an Dispersion medium of smoke = Gas an) (ii) Dispersed phase of milk = Liquid any Dispersion medium of milk = Water (liquid) (12) 31. Refer to text on page 152. 2. (i Sulphur sol is prepared by the oxidation of H,S with $02. 50,421, SUM, 35 + 24,0 i (so w | (i) Gold sol is prepared by Bredig's are process or by the reduction of AuCl, with HCHO. 2AuCly + SHCHO+ 3H,0 SS, 2Au +3HCOOH+ 6HCL Go) w + According to Hardy-Schulze rule, greater the valency of flocculating ion, greater is its power to cause precipitation. This rule takes into consideration only the charge not the size of an ion. Since, both the size and the charge of an ion determine polarising power hence, this | tule can be modified as greater the polarising power of Aocculating ion, greater is its power to cause precipitation, @ 1. Refer to text on page 158 Refer to text on page 158 163, 36. Emulsifier forms an interfacial film between suspended particles and the medium and thus stabilise the emulsion 6 gums, soaps, long, chain alechols ete o 37. Uses of emulsion () The concentration of sulphide ore partctes by froth floatation process wn (ii) Milk (an emulsion of fat in water). “ Cleansing action of soaps and detergents. “ (iv) Cosmetics, ointments, lotions, hair dyes, ete. 38. Emulsfying ogent is added to stabilise the emulsion agent forms a layer between suspended particles and the medium and hence stabilises the emulsion. Ice-cream (emulsion) is stabilised by emulsifying agent like gelatin. o 39, (i) The process of hardening of leather is known as tanning, Tannin, which is obtained from a mixture of polyhydroxy benzoic acids and contains negatively charged colloidal particles. Animal skin is colloidal in nature and has positively charged particles. When they are soaked in tannin, their mutual coagulation takes: place and, thus leather becomes hard after tanning.(1) (ii) Lyophilie sols are more stable than lyophobic sols. This is due to the fact that Iyophilic colloids are extensively solvated, ie, colloidal patticles are covered by a sheath of the liquid in which they are dispersed. a 40. (a) When a freshly prepared precipitate of Fe(OH), is shaken with a small amount of FeCl, solution sol formation takes place. It is due to the preferential adsorption of Fe"* of FeCl; over Fe(OH). ‘The resultant particles formed after adsorption are of colloidal size. Thus, forming sol with remaining dispersion medium. The complete reaction can be seen as Fe(OH), +xFe'* —> Fe(OH) aFe™* Colloidal sot (b) Persistent and prolonged dialysis of colloidal sol remove even traces of electrolytes completely and colloids become unstable and ultimately coagulate. (1) (©) When emulsion is centrifuged, demulsification occurs. Demulsification is defined breaking of emulsion into its constituents. a 41, Some of the reactant ions may be adsorbed or may adhere to the surface of the particles of the precipitate formed during an ionic reaction. In order to remove these reactant ions, the precipitate should be washed with water. Ifths is not done, an error may be produced during quantitative analysis, @) 42. (i) Refer to text on page 151. a (ii) As we know rainfall occurs when oppositely charged clouds meet, since, clouds are colloidal in nature and carry charge. Spray of silver iodide, an electrolyte, leads to artificial rain, Sometimes electrified sand is also used for this purpose. in 43, Refer totext on pages 151 and 152. 44, Refer to text on pages 151 and 152. a1o+ i esol Reason for coagulation of hydrophobic sol ‘These sols ace precipitated due tothe removal of charge present on these particles, eg. they come together, fo aggregate and settle down. ® 45,_ (i) Refer to text on page 176 o (i) Lyophitie sols are reversible sols. These are quite stable and cannot be coagulated. oO (i) Associated colloid Soap solution, detergent. (12) Maltimolecular colloid Sulphur sol, gold sol, (12) 46. (i) Lyophilic sol The colloidal solution in which the puticles of the dispersed phase have a great affinity for the dispersion medium is called lyophilic sol. sum, geletin, starch ete Lyophobic sol The colloidal solution in which there is no affinity between particles of the dispersed Phase and the dispersion medium is called lyophobic Sol. Lyophobie sols need stabilising agents for their reservation, o (ii) Solution 1t contains small solute particles dispersed throughout the solvent. The particle size is less than In Colloid It contain particles of intermediate size. It is a heterogeneous solution. The particles of colloid have diameters between 1 to 1000 nm. 0 Homogeneous catalysis It is the phenomenon in which reactants and catalyst are present in the same phase, 2802 (8)+ Ong) SO 5 2805(6) Heterogeneous catalysis It is the phenomenon in which reactants and catalyst are present in the different phase oa + On(g) 222-928 50108) * Onl) en SMe) co 47. (i) Multimolecular colloid These are aggregates of atoms or molecules with diameter less than 1 nm, Associated colloid These colloids are produced by the aggregates ofa large number of ions because of the attraction towards oppositely charged ions in concentrated solution a (ii) Coagulation It is a process of aggregating together the colloidal particles so as to change them into large sized particles which ultimately settle as a precipitate. Peptisation It is the process of converting freshly prepared precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it with the dispersion medium in the presence of electrolyte. a (ii) Homogeneous catalysis and Heterogeneous catalysis Refer to solution 46(i) a 48. (i) Desorption is the removal of the adsorbed substance from the surface to which it is adsorbed, o (©) Critical micelle concentration or CMC is the minimum senentaton rege for ih voor (iil) The catalytic ; 4 tion that depends upon the po structure o| i Pond Suture of the catalyst and sine ofthe reactant oot oleuls is called shape selecive eaayeig b 49. () ‘Absorption isa srlace ps praromenon, itis surface phon | wis abu Popours ao talsvapoa oe ema er eens, Testers 198 a eo sie ‘n The concentration of solute cn ; raion eino moro onthe sulac a 1 3 olde Nien tabu 20 wen aat ids uk of he 06 ink, fe ped in ink, tise cate oroughou. sla and who nba i noervatonof solute The concentaton ote 2 Treconce tn cutine. adoorbale meres cay We] © bulk of the sol surface of the adsorbent (ai) According to Hardy-Schulze rule, “greater the rig ofthe flocculating ion added, the greater isits owe fe | cause precipitation.” a ‘As AD ion due to greater valency has mafel+ C flocculating power than Mg?* ion. Therefore, Aji ‘ more effective than MgCl in causing coagulati negatively charged sol “1 a Sulphur sol forms multimolecular colloids. It cong of particles containing a thousand or more Sy supha molecules which associate together to fom 1 ‘multimolecular colloid. W Refer to text on page 155 w i) Refer to text on page 156. a i) Physical adsorption is an exothermie process, henet decreases with in crease in temperature 0) 51. () When a beam of light is passed through « s scattering of light takes place and the path of lit becomes visible (Tyndall effect, 0 (ii) Charge on ferric ion is neutralised by chloride ios. ‘Thus, coagulation takes place. o (ii) When elec current is passed through a sol, th colloidal particles move towards the oppositely charged electrode and the phenomenon is called electrophoresis. a 52. (i) Refer to text on page 157, O (ii) Refer to text on page 157, wo (ii) Refer to text on page 155, a iv) Refer to text on pages 155 and 156. a 53. (i) An emulsionis colloidal dispersion in which both the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium att milk. liquids, o (i) A colloid in which a liquid or a solid is dispersed in gas is known as aerosol, e.g. fog, mist. o (Gi) Aqueous sol (hydrosol), Le. sol in which a dispersed phase is dispersed in water (dispersion medium), ¢& blood. a 54, (i) Macromolecular sol Refer to text on page 152. (ii) Peptization Refer to text on pages 154 and 155. (iii) Emulsion Refer to text on page 158. 55. Refer to text on page 152. BR Dore