Tabel Properties

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N OMENCLATURE
A  s Surface area, m  2 M Molar mass, kg/kmol

A  c Cross-sectional area, m  2 N Number of moles, kmol
Bi Biot number NTU Number of transfer units
C Molar concentration rate, kmol/m  3 Nu Nusselt number
c Specific heat, kJ/kg⋅K p Perimeter, m
C  c, C  h Heat capacity rate, W/K P Pressure, kPa
C  D Drag coefficient P  v Vapor pressure, kPa
C  f Friction coefficient Pr Prandtl number
c  p Constant pressure specific heat, kJ/kg⋅K q·  Heat flux, W/m  2
c  v Constant volume specific heat, kJ/kg⋅K Q Total heat transfer, kJ
·
COP Coefficient of performance Q    Heat transfer rate, kW
d, D Diameter, m r  cr Critical radius of insulation
D  AB Diffusion coefficient R Gas constant, kJ/kg⋅K
D  h Hydraulic diameter, m R, r  o Radius, m
e Specific total energy, kJ/kg R Thermal resistance, K/W
e·   gen Heat generation rate, W/m  3 R  c Thermal contact resistance, m  2⋅K/W
erfc Complementary error function R  f Fouling factor
E Total energy, kJ R  u Universal gas constant, kJ/kmol⋅K
·
E   gen Total heat generation rate, W R-value R-value of insulation
E  b Blackbody emissive flux Ra Rayleigh number
E  bλ Spectral blackbody emissive flux Re Reynolds number
f Friction factor S Conduction shape factor
f  λ Blackbody radiation function Sc Schmidt number
F Force, N Sh Sherwood number
F  D Drag force, N St Stanton number
F  ij, F  i→j View factor SC Shading coefficient
Fo Fourier number SG Specific gravity
g Gravitational acceleration, m/s  2 SHGC Solar heat gain coefficient
G Incident radiation, W/m  2 t Time, s
Gr Grashof number t Thickness, m
h Convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m  2⋅K T Temperature, °Cor K
h Specific enthalpy, u + Pv, kJ/kg T  b Bulk fluid temperature, °C or K
h  c Thermal contact conductance, W/m  2⋅K T  f Film temperature, °C or K
h  fg Latent heat of vaporization, kJ/kg T  sat Saturation temperature, °C or K
I Electric current, A T  s Surface temperature, °C or K
I Modified Bessel function of the first kind u Specific internal energy, kJ/kg
I Radiation intensity, W/m  2⋅sr u, v x- and y-components of velocity, m/s
j Diffusive mass flux, kg/s⋅m  2 U Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m  2⋅K
J Radiosity, W/m  2; Bessel function v Specific volume, m  3/kg
k Thermal conductivity, W/m⋅K V Voltage, volt
k  eff Effective thermal conductivity, W/m⋅K V Total volume, m  3
·
K Modified Bessel function of the second kind V    Volume flow rate, m  3/s
L Length; half thickness of a plane wall V Velocity, m/s
L  c Characteristic or corrected length V  avg Average velocity, m/s
L  h Hydrodynamic entry length w Mass fraction
·
L  t Thermal entry length W    Power, kW
m Mass, kg y Mole fraction
m·    Mass flow rate, kg/s
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1016
NOMENCLATURE
Greek Letters i Inlet, initial, or indoor conditions

α Absorptivity i ith component
α Thermal diffusivity, m  2/s l Liquid
α  s Solar absorptivity m Mixture
β Volume expansivity, 1/K o Outlet or outdoor conditions
δ Velocity boundary layer thickness, m rad Radiation
δ  t Thermal boundary layer thickness, m s Surface
ΔP Pressure drop, Pa surr Surrounding surfaces
ΔT   lm Log mean temperature difference sat Saturated
ε Emissivity; heat exchanger or fin effectiveness semi-inf Semi-infinite medium
ε Roughness size, m sph Sphere
η  fin Fin efficiency sys System
η  th Thermal efficiency v Water vapor
θ Total energy of a flowing fluid, kJ/kg 1 Initial or inlet state
μ Dynamic viscosity, kg/m⋅s or N⋅s/m  2 2 Final or exit state
ν Kinematic viscosity = μ/ρ, m  2/s ∞ Far from a surface; free-flow conditions
ν Frequency, l/s
ρ Density, kg/m  3 Superscripts
σ Stefan–Boltzmann constant  ·_ (over dot) Quantity per unit time
σ  n Normal stress, N/m  2 a
  (over bar) Quantity per unit mole
σ  s Surface tension, N/m
τ Shear stress, N/m  2
τ Transmissivity; Fourier number
τ  s Wall shear stress, N/m  2
ϕ Relative humidity
θ Dimensionless temperature
ω Specific or absolute humidity,
kg H  2O/kg dry air
Subscripts
atm Atmospheric
avg Average
b Boundary, bulk fluid
cond Conduction
conv Convection
cyl Cylinder
e Exit conditions
f Saturated liquid; film
Conversion Factors
DIMENSION METRIC METRIC/ENGLISH
1 m/s2 = 100 cm/s2 1 m/s 2= 3.2808 ft/s 2
Acceleration
1 ft/s 2= 0.3048 *m/s 2
1 m 2= 10 4cm 2= 10 6mm 2 1 m 2= 1550 in 2= 10.764 ft 2
Area
= 10 −6km 2 1 ft 2= 144 in 2= 0.09290304 * m 2
1 g/cm 3= 1 kg/L = 1000 kg/m 3
Density 1 g/cm 3= 62.428 lbm/ft 3= 0.036127 lbm/in 3
    
  
1 lbm/i n 3= 1728 lbm/ft 3  
1 kg/m 3= 0.062428 lbm/ft 3
Energy, heat, work, 1 kJ = 1000 J = 1000 Nm = 1 kPa⋅m 3 1 kJ = 0.94782 Btu
internal energy, enthalpy 1 kJ/kg = 1000 m 2/s 2 1 Btu = 1.055056 kJ
       
1 kWh = 3600 kJ = 5.40395 psia⋅ft 3= 778.169 lbf⋅ft
  
  
  
  
     
1 cal †= 4.184 J 1 Btu/lbm
  
    
  
   = 25,037 f 2 2
t  /s  = 2.326 * kJ/kg
†
1 IT cal  = 4.1868 J 1 kJ/kg = 0.430 Btu/lbm
1 Cal †= 4.1868 kJ 1 kWh = 3412.14 Btu
1 therm = 10 5 Btu = 1.055 × 10 5 kJ (natural gas)
1 N = 1 kg⋅m/s 2= 10 5 dyne 1 N = 0.22481 lbf
Force
1 kgf = 9.80665 N 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm⋅ft/s 2= 4.44822 N
Heat flux 1 W/cm 2= 10 4W/m 2 1 W/m 2= 0.3171 Btu/h⋅ft 2
Heat generation rate 1 W/cm 3= 10 6W/m 3 1 W/m 3= 0.09665 Btu/h⋅ft 3
Heat transfer coefficient 1 W/m 2⋅° C = 1 W/m 2⋅K 1 W/m 2⋅° C = 0.17612 Btu/h⋅ft 2⋅° F
Length 1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm 1 m = 39.370 in = 3.2808 ft = 1.0926 yd
     
1 km = 1000 m 1 ft = 12 in = 0.3048* m
  
   
      
1 mile = 5280 ft = 1.6093 km
1 in = 2.54 * cm
Mass 1 kg = 1000 g 1 kg = 2.2046226 lbm
  

1 metric ton = 1000 kg 1 lbm = 0.45359237 * kg
1 ounce
  
  
   
   = 28.3495 g
1 slug = 32.174 lbm = 14.5939 kg
1 short ton = 2000 lbm = 907.1847 kg
Power, heat transfer rate 1 W = 1 J/s 1 kW = 3412.14 Btu/h
1 kW = 1000 W
     
 = 1.341 hp = 737.56 lbf⋅ft/s
1 hp ‡= 745.7 W 1 hp
    
  
        =  550 lbf⋅ft/s =  0.7068 Btu/s

= 42.41 Btu/min = 2544.5 Btu/h
= 0.74570 kW
1 boiler hp = 33,475 Btu/h

1 Btu/h
   
   = 1.055056 kJ/h
1 ton of refrigeration = 200 Btu/min
Pressure 1 Pa = 1 N/m 2 1 Pa = 1.4504 × 10 −4 psia
1 kPa = 10 3 Pa = 10 −3 MPa = 0.020886 lbf/ft 2
1 atm = 101.325 kpa = 1.01325 bars    
  
    
   
1 psia = 144 lbf/ft 2=  6.894757 kPa

   
   
  
  
     

= 760 mm Hg at 0° C 1 atm = 14.696 psia = 29.92 in Hg at 30° F
= 1.03323 kgf/cm 2 1 in Hg = 3.387 kPa
1 mm Hg = 0.1333 kPa
Specific heat 1 kJ/kg⋅° C = 1 kJ/kg⋅K = 1 J/g⋅° C 1 Btu/lbm⋅° F = 4.1868 kJ/kg⋅° C
1 Btu/lbmol⋅R = 4.1868 kJ/kmol⋅K
   
     
1 kJ/kg⋅° C = 0.23885 Btu/lbm⋅° F
          
= 0.23885 Btu/lbm⋅R
*Exact conversion factor between metric and English units.

†Calorie is originally defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ° C,but it varies with temperature. The international steam table (IT)
calorie (generally preferred by engineers) is exactly 4.1868 J by definition and corresponds to the specific heat of water at 1 5° C.The thermochemical calorie (generally
preferred by physicists) is exactly 4.184 J by definition and corresponds to the specific heat of water at room temperature. The difference between the two is about 0.06 percent,
which is negligible. The capitalized Calorie used by nutritionists is actually a kilocalorie (1000 IT calories).
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CONVERSION FACTORS
DIMENSION METRIC METRIC/ENGLISH

1 m 3/kg = 16.02 ft 3/lbm
Specific volume 1 m 3/kg = 1000 L/kg = 1000 cm 3/g   
1 ft 3/lbm = 0.062428 m 3/kg
Temperature T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15 T(R) = T(°F) + 459.67 = 1.8 T(K)

  
 
ΔT(K) = ΔT(°C)   
   
T(°F) = 1.8 T(°C) + 32  
ΔT(°F) = ΔT(R) = 1.8ΔT(K)
Thermal conductivity 1 W/m⋅° C = 1 W/m⋅K 1 W/m⋅° C = 0.57782 Btu/h⋅ft⋅° F
Thermal resistance 1° C/W = 1 K/W 1 K/W = 0.52750° F⋅h/Btu
Velocity
1 m/s = 3.60 km/h 1 m/s = 3.2808 ft/s = 2.237 mi/h
   
  
1 mi/h = 1.46667 ft/s 
1 mi/h = 1.609 km/h
Viscosity, dynamic 1 kg/m⋅s = 1 N⋅s/m 2= 1 Pa⋅s = 10 poise 1 kg/m⋅s = 2419.1 lbm/ft⋅h

    
      =  0.020886 lbf⋅s/ft 2
= 0.67197 lbm/ft⋅s
Viscosity, kinematic 1 m 2/s = 10 4 cm 2/s 1 m 2/s = 10.764 ft 2/s = 3.875 × 10 4 ft 2/h

  
      
1 stoke = 1 cm 2/s = 10 −4 m 2/s 1 m 2/s = 10.764 ft 2/s
1 m 3= 1000 L = 10 6 cm 3 (cc)

Volume 1 m 3 = 6.1024 × 10 4in 3= 35.315 ft 3
          
= 264.17 gal (U.S.)
1 U.S. gallon = 231 in 3= 3.7854 L

   
    

1 fl ounce  
= 29.5735 cm 3= 0.0295735 L
1 U.S. gallon = 128 fl ounces
Volume flow rate 1 m 3/s = 60,000 L/min = 10 6cm 3/s 1 m 3/s = 15,850 gal/min (gpm) = 35.315 ft 3/s

 
          
= 2118.9 ft 3/min (cfm)
‡Mechanical horsepower. The electrical horsepower is taken to be exactly 746 W.
Some Physical Constants Some Physical Constants
Universal gas constant  u = 8.31447 kJ/kmol⋅K

R Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ = 5.670 × 10 −8 W/m 2⋅K 4
    
   
= 8.31447 kPa⋅m 3/kmol⋅K = 0.1714 × 10 −8 Btu/h⋅ft 2⋅R 4
= 0.0831447 bar⋅m 3/kmol⋅K
   
    
   
  
  
     
  =  82.05 L⋅atm/kmol⋅K Boltzmann’s constant k = 1.380650 × 10 −23 J/K
= 1.9858 Btu/lbmol⋅R
Speed of light in vacuum c = 2.9979 × 10 8 m/s
= 1545.35 ft⋅lbf/lbmol⋅R   
       
= 9.836 × 10 8 ft/s
= 10.73 psia⋅ft 3/lbmol⋅R
Speed of sound in dry c = 331.36 m/s
Standard acceleration of gravity g = 9.80665 m/s 2   
       
     
     air at 0 ° Cand 1 atm = 1089 ft/s
= 32.174 ft/s 2
Heat of fusion of water at 1 atm h  if = 333.7 kJ/kg
Standard atmospheric pressure 1 atm = 101.325 kPa        
= 143.5 Btu/lbm
= 1.01325 bar
= 14.696 psia Enthalpy of vaporization h  fg = 2256.5 kJ/kg
  
   
   
   
   C)
  =  760 mm Hg (0°        
of water at 1 atm = 970.12 Btu/lbm
= 29.9213 in Hg (32° F)
= 10.3323 m H 2O (4° C)

Tabel Properties

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A  s Surface area, m  2 M Molar mass, kg/kmol

Greek Letters i Inlet, initial, or indoor conditions

*Exact conversion factor between metric and English units.

DIMENSION METRIC METRIC/ENGLISH

Temperature T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15 T(R) = T(°F) + 459.67 = 1.8 T(K)

Thermal conductivity 1 W/m⋅° C = 1 W/m⋅K 1 W/m⋅° C = 0.57782 Btu/h⋅ft⋅° F

Thermal resistance 1° C/W = 1 K/W 1 K/W = 0.52750° F⋅h/Btu

Viscosity, dynamic 1 kg/m⋅s = 1 N⋅s/m 2= 1 Pa⋅s = 10 poise 1 kg/m⋅s = 2419.1 lbm/ft⋅h

Viscosity, kinematic 1 m 2/s = 10 4 cm 2/s 1 m 2/s = 10.764 ft 2/s = 3.875 × 10 4 ft 2/h

1 m 3= 1000 L = 10 6 cm 3 (cc)

1 U.S. gallon = 231 in 3= 3.7854 L

Volume flow rate 1 m 3/s = 60,000 L/min = 10 6cm 3/s 1 m 3/s = 15,850 gal/min (gpm) = 35.315 ft 3/s

‡Mechanical horsepower. The electrical horsepower is taken to be exactly 746 W.

Some Physical Constants Some Physical Constants

Universal gas constant  u = 8.31447 kJ/kmol⋅K

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Tabel Properties

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​​A​ s​​​ Surface area, ​​m​​ 2​​ M Molar mass, kg/kmol

Greek Letters i Inlet, initial, or indoor conditions

*Exact conversion factor between metric and English units.

DIMENSION METRIC METRIC/ENGLISH

Temperature T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15 T(R) = T(°F) + 459.67 = 1.8 T(K)

Thermal conductivity ​1 W/m⋅° C = 1 W/m⋅K​ ​1 W/m⋅° C = 0.57782 Btu/h⋅ft⋅° F​

Thermal resistance ​1° C/W = 1 K/W​ ​1 K/W = 0.52750° F⋅h/Btu​

Viscosity, dynamic ​1 kg/m⋅s = 1 N⋅s/​m​ 2​= 1 Pa⋅s = 10 poise ​ 1 kg/m⋅s = 2419.1 lbm/ft⋅h

Viscosity, kinematic 1 ​m​ 2​/s = ​10​​ 4​ c​m​ 2​/s 1 ​m​ 2​/s = 10.764 f​t​ 2​/s = 3.875 × ​10​​ 4​ f​t​ 2​/h

1 ​m​ 3​= 1000 L = ​10​​ 6​ c​m​ 3​ (cc)​

1 U.S. gallon = 231 i​n​ 3​= 3.7854 L

Volume flow rate ​1 ​m​ 3​/s = 60,000 L/min = ​10​​ 6​c​m​ 3​/s​ 1 ​m​ 3​/s = 15,850 gal/min (gpm) = 35.315 f​t​ 3​/s

‡Mechanical horsepower. The electrical horsepower is taken to be exactly 746 W.

Some Physical Constants Some Physical Constants

Universal gas constant ​ ​ u​​ = 8.31447 kJ/kmol⋅K

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A  s Surface area, m  2 M Molar mass, kg/kmol

Temperature T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15 T(R) = T(°F) + 459.67 = 1.8 T(K)

Thermal conductivity 1 W/m⋅° C = 1 W/m⋅K 1 W/m⋅° C = 0.57782 Btu/h⋅ft⋅° F

Thermal resistance 1° C/W = 1 K/W 1 K/W = 0.52750° F⋅h/Btu

Viscosity, dynamic 1 kg/m⋅s = 1 N⋅s/m 2= 1 Pa⋅s = 10 poise 1 kg/m⋅s = 2419.1 lbm/ft⋅h

Viscosity, kinematic 1 m 2/s = 10 4 cm 2/s 1 m 2/s = 10.764 ft 2/s = 3.875 × 10 4 ft 2/h

1 m 3= 1000 L = 10 6 cm 3 (cc)

1 U.S. gallon = 231 in 3= 3.7854 L

Volume flow rate 1 m 3/s = 60,000 L/min = 10 6cm 3/s 1 m 3/s = 15,850 gal/min (gpm) = 35.315 ft 3/s

Universal gas constant  u = 8.31447 kJ/kmol⋅K