BUTUAN DOCTORS’ COLLEGE

Butuan City

Ｅｍｍｉｅ　Ｃ．Ｄａｇｕｐｌｏ
Name: _________________________________ Remarks: __________________
ＢＳＢＲＴ　１－Ｅ
Program, year and section: ________________ １０－２４－２０２２
Date of Submission: __________

Laboratory Worksheet No. 13

ARTICULATIONS

OBJECTIVES: At the end of the activity, the students shall be able to:
1. Identify, describe and classify the joints;
2. Demonstrate and name the diarthrotic type of movement;
3. Describe the bones that participate in the formation of joints; and
4. Familiarize the anatomical terms in describing body movements

MATERIALS: models of the human skeletal system, book in Human Anatomy and
Physiology

INTRODUCTION:

Articulation (joint) is the place where two adjacent bones meet, or where adjacent
cartilage or adjacent bones and cartilages are joined, even if the joint doesn’t allow
movement. Articulations perform two functions. One, hold bones together, and two,
allow the rigid skeleton some flexibility so that gross body movement can occur.

A. Classification

Articulations are classified as to the degree of movement (functional

classification) and as to their structure (structural classification). According to the degree
of movement, articulations are synarthroses (immovable joints), amphiarthroses (slightly
movable joints) and diarthroses (freely movable joints).

Synarthroses have four varieties. These are sutura, synchondrosis, synostosis

and gomphosis. Amphiarthroses have two varieties, namely, symphysis and
syndesmosis. There are six varieties of diarthroses. These are enarthrosis, ginglymus,
ellipsoidal, pivot, saddle and arthrodial.

Based on their structure, they are fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial
joints.

Page 1 of 8
 a. Fibrous joints are joints wherein the bones are united by fibrous
connective tissue. A joint cavity is wanting. They are mainly immovable
joints in adults. These include sutures, syndesmosis and gomphosis.

b. Cartilaginous joints are joints wherein the bones are united by a plate
of hyaline cartilage or a fibrocartilaginous disk. They lack a joint cavity,
and permit little or no movement. There are two types: synchondrosis
and symphysis.

c. Synovial joints are joints wherein the ends of the bones are covered
with a smooth hyaline articular cartilage and is lubricated by a thick
fluid called synovial fluid or synanovia/vium, and the joint is freely
movable with a joint cavity. These joints into the following varieties:

1. Enarthrosis (ball-and socket joint): the globe-like head of one

bone fitted into cuplike concavity of another bone. E.g. hip joint;
shoulder joint.
2. Ginglymus (hinge joint): a convex surface of one bone fitted into
concave surface of other. E.g. knee joint; elbow joint; ankle joint.
3. Ellipsoidal (condyloid): an oval-shaped articular surface fits into
an elliptical cavity. E.g. wrist joint (between radius and carpal
bones).
4. Pivot (trochoid or rotary joint): central bony pivot surrounded by
collar of bone and ligament. E.g. atlanto-axial joint; proximal
radio-ulna joint.
5. Saddle joint: opposing articular surfaces with both concave and
convex surfaces that fit into one another. E.g. carpometacarpal
joint of thumb.
6. Arthrodia (gliding joint): essentially flat articular surfaces. E.g.
some carpal bones; tarsal bones

B. Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints

1. Flexion is the bending motion in which angle between two bones is

decreased. E.g. bending of forearm at elbow or leg at knee.
2. Extension is the straightening motion in which angle between two
bones in increased (opposite of flexion). E.g. straightening of
forearm at elbow or leg at knee.
3. Abduction is movement away from the midsagittal plane of the
body. E.g. raising upper extremity to side; spreading of fingers.
Page 2 of 8
 4. Adduction is movement toward the midsagittal plane. E.g. bringing
the arm back to the side of the body; pulling the fingers back.
5. Circumduction is movement in which the distal end of the bone
moves in circular potion while the proximal end remains stable;
accomplished by successive flexion, abduction, extension and
adduction. E.g. movement at the shoulder joint in baseball pitcher’s
windup.
6. Rotation is the movement of body part (usually entire extremity)
around its own axis without any displacement of its axis. E.g.
shaking of head in saying “no”.
7. Supination is the pivoting movement of forearm in which the radius
is rotated to become parallel to ulna (or into anatomic position). E.g.
movement using in tightening a screw with screwdriver, so that the
palm faces forward at the end of the movement.
8. Pronation is the pivoting movement of forearm in which the radius
is rotated diagonally across ulna. E.g. pivot of forearm that turns
palm backward.
9. Protraction is the forward movement. E.g. pushing of jaw forward;
sticking out of tongue.
10. Retraction is backward movement. E.g. pulling of jaw backward.
11. Inversion is the movement of sole foot inward (medially). E.g.
movement of foot in which the big toe is turned upward and away
from the midline of the body.
12. Aversion is the movement of sole of feet outward (laterally). E.g.
movement of foot in which the big toe is turned downward and
toward midline of body.

PROCEDURE

A. Demonstrate the diarthrotic movement and provide appropriate answer to the

questions:

1. Cup your left hand over your right shoulder joint, then perform the following
movements:
a. Raise your arm forward to shoulder height
ＡＭＴＥＲＩＯＲ　ＡＤＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＡＲＭ
Name of movement ___________________________
b. Raise your right arm straight out to the side
ＬＡＴＥＲＡＬ　ＡＢＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＡＲＭ
Name of movement ___________________________
c. Move your right arm straight out back as far as possible
ＰＯＳＴＥＲＩＯＲ　ＡＤＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＡＲＭ
Name of movement ___________________________

Page 3 of 8
 d. With your right arm straight out each side, move it as if you were
drawing a circle as large as possible with your right hand
ＣＩＲＣＵＭＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ　ＯＦ　ＳＨＯＵＬＤＥＲ
Name of movement ___________________________

2. With your right arm straight out from the shoulder, touch your fingers to your
shoulder
ＦＬＥＸＩＯＮ
Name of movement ___________________________
At which joint did this movement occur ____________________
ＥＬＢＯＷ　ＪＯＩＮＴ

3. Starting with the fingers of your right hand on your right shoulder, return to the
position with the arm straight out to the side
ＥＸＴＥＮＳＩＯＮ
Name of movement ___________________________
ＥＬＢＯＷ　ＪＯＩＮＴ
At which joint did this movement occur ____________________

4. Nod your head forward

ＦＬＥＸＩＯＮ
Name of movement ___________________________
Ａｔｌａｎｔｏ　ｏｃｃｉｐｉｔａｌ　ｊｏｉｎｔ
At which joint did this movement occur ____________________

5. Move your head straight back as far as possible

ＥＸＴＥＮＳＩＯＮ
Name of movement ___________________________
ＰＩＶＯＴ　ＪＯＩＮＴ
At which joint did this movement occur ____________________

6. From the standing position and keeping your knee rigid, move your right leg
forward as high as possible
ＥＸＴＥＮＳＩＯＮ
Name of movement ___________________________
ＫＮＥＥ　ＪＯＩＮＴ
At which joint did this movement occur ____________________

7. From standing position and with your knee rigid, move your right leg straight
back
ＨＹＰＥＲＥＸＴＥＮＳＩＯＮ
Name of movement ___________________________
ＫＮＥＥ　ＪＯＩＮＴ
At which joint did this movement occur ____________________

8. From the standing position move your right leg straight out to the side
ＡＢＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ
Name of movement ___________________________
ＨＩＰ　ＪＯＩＮＴ
At which joint did this movement occur ____________________

9. Standing with legs astride, move your right leg back so that both legs are close
together
ＡＤＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ
Name of movement ___________________________
ＨＩＰ　ＪＯＩＮＴ
At which joint did this movement occur ____________________
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 10. From sitting position, raise your leg forward so that it is straight out infront of
you
ＥＸＴＥＮＳＩＯＮ
Name of movement ___________________________
ＫＮＥＥ　ＪＯＩＮＴ
At which joint did this movement occur ____________________

11. From the standing position bend forward at the waist

ＦＬＥＸＩＯＮ
Name of movement ___________________________
ＨＩＰ　ＪＯＩＮＴ
At which joint did this movement occur ____________________

12. Comeback to the upright from that position

ＥＸＴＥＮＳＩＯＮ
Name of movement ___________________________
ＨＩＰ　ＪＯＩＮＴ
At which joint did this movement occur ____________________

B. Group yourselves to a group of five and video or record a 5-minute exercise or

dance of the diarthrotic movements. Play the video online during the laboratory
session.

STUDY QUESTIONS: Refer to any Human Anatomy and Physiology book or visit the
Internet or refer to the Power Point Presentation and answer the following questions as
directed.

Ｔｈｅ　ｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔ　ｉｓ　ａ　ｔｈｉｃｋ　ｆｉｂｒｏｕｓ
1. Histologically and functionally describe a ligament. _____________________
ｂａｎｄ　ｏｆ　ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｖｅ　ｔｉｓｓｕｅ　ｔｈａｔ　ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｓ　ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌ　ｏｒｇａｎｓ　ａｎｄ　ｈｏｌｄｓ　ｂｏｎｅｓ　ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ　ｉｎ　ａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅ
________________________________________________________________
ｊｏｉｎｔｓ．
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Enumerated below are the structures that formed a synovial joint. Briefly
provide the functions to permit joint movement.

Ｔｈｅ　ｌｉｍｉｔｉｎｇ　ｊｏｉｎｔｓ　ｎｏｒｍａｌ　ｒａｎｇｅ　ｏｆ　ｍｏｔｉｏｎ　ｈｅｌｐｓ　ｔｏ　ｓｔａｂｉｌｉｚｅ
a. Articular capsule __________________________________________
ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｂｉｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ　ｌｏａｄ　ｏｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｊｏｉｎｔ，ａｎｄ　ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｅｄ　ｉｔ．
________________________________________________________

Ｉｔ　ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ　ａ　ｓｍｏｏｔｈ　ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ　ｔｈａｔ　ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｓ　ｆｒｉｃｔｉｏｎＩｔ　ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ　ａ　ｓｍｏｏｔｈ　ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ　ｔｈａｔ　ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｓ　ｆｒｉｃｔｉｏｎ
b. Articular (hyaline) cartilage __________________________________
ａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｊｏｉｎｔ　ｗｈｅｎ　ｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｌｕｂｒｉｃａｎｔｉｎｇ　ｆｌｕｉｄ．
________________________________________________________

Ａｒｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｊｏｉｎｔｓ　ｗｈｅｒｅｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｅｎｄｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｂｏｎｅｓ　ａｒｅ　ｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ　ｗｉｔｈ　ａ　ｓｍｏｏｔｈ
c. Synovium ________________________________________________
ｈｙａｌｉｎｅ　ａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ　ｃａｒｔｉｌａｇｅ　ａｎｄ　ｉｓ　ｌｕｂｒｉｃａｔｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｔｈｉｃｋ　ｆｌｕｉｄ　ｃａｌｌｅｄ　ｓｙｎｏｖｉａｌ　ｆｌｕｉｄ．
________________________________________________________

Ｔｈｅ　ａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ　ｃａｐｓｕｌｅ　ｅｎｃｌｏｓｅｓ　ａ　ｃａｖｉｔｙ，ｃａｌｌｅｄ　ｔｈｅ　＂ｊｏｉｎｔ　ｃａｖｉｔｙ＂　ｗｈｉｃｈ
d. Joint cavity _______________________________________________
ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓ　ｌｕｂｒｉｃａｔｉｎｇ　ｓｙｎｏｖｉａｌ　ｆｌｕｉｄ　ｓｅｃｒｅｔｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｙｎｏｖｉａｌ　ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ．
________________________________________________________

Page 5 of 8
3. Enumerated below are articulations. Describe these by stating the participating
bony parts or structures:

a. symphysis pubis ___________________________________________

Ｉｔ　ｉｓ　ａｎ　ａｍｐｈｉａｒｔｈｏｓｅｓ　ｊｏｉｎｔ，ｆｏｒｍｅｄ　ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｔｗｏ　ｏｖａｌ　ａｒｔｉｃｕ－
ｌａｔｉｏｎ　ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｂｏｎｅｓ．
___________________________________________

b. knee joint Ｔｈｅ　ｌａｔｅｒａｌ　ａｎｄ　ｍｅｄｉａｌ　ｃｏｎｄｙｌｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｆｅｍｕｒ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｅｄｉａｌ　ａｎｄ

___________________________________________
ｌａｔｅｒａｌ　ｃｏｎｄｙｌｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｔｉｂｉａ．　
___________________________________________

c. elbow joint Ｔｈｅ　ｔｒｏｃｈｌｅａ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｈｕｍｅｒｕｓ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｔｈｒｏｃｈｌｅａｒ　ｎｏｔｃｈ　ｏｆ　ｕｌｎａ　ｉｎ　

___________________________________________
ｆｌｅｘｉｏｎ，ｃｏｒｏｎｏｉｄ　ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ　ｏｆ　ｕｌｎａ　ｆｉｔｓ　ｉｎｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｒｏｎｏｉｄ　ｆｏｓｓａ．
___________________________________________

d. hip joint Ｔｈｅ　ａｃｅｔａｂｕｌｕｍ　ｏｆ　ａ　ｈｉｐ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｈｅａｄ　ｏｆ　ｆｅｍｕｒ．

___________________________________________
___________________________________________

e. ankle joint Ａ　ｈｉｎｇｅｄ　ｓｙｎｏｖｉａｌ　ｊｏｉｎｔ　ｔｈａｔ　ｉｓ　ｆｏｒｍｅｄ　ｂｙ　ａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ

___________________________________________
ｔａｌｕｓ，ｔｉｂｉａ，　ａｎｄ　ｆｉｂｕｌａ　ｂｏｎｅｓ．
___________________________________________

Ｔｈｅ　ｍａｎｄｉｂｌｅ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌ　ｂｏｎｅ．　Ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌ　ｂｏｎｅｓ　ｆｏｒｍｓ
f. temporomandibular joint ______________________________________
___________________________________________
ｓｕｐｅｒｉｏｒ　ｐａｒｔ　ｏｆ　ｊｏｉｎｔ．　Ｍａｎｄｉｂｕｌａｒ　ｆｏｓｓａ　ａｎｄ　ａｒｔｅｃｕｌａｒ　ｔｕｂｅｒｃｌｅ．

Ｉｔ＇ｓ　ｐａｔｉｃｉｐａｔｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｔｈｅ　ａｔｌａｓ（Ｃ１）　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ａｘｉｓ（Ｃ２）．
g. atlantoaxial joint ___________________________________________
___________________________________________

h. shoulder joint Ａｓｓｉｓｔｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｈｅａｄ　ｏｆ　ｈｕｍｅｒｕｓ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｇｌｅｎｏｉｄ　ｆｏｓｓａ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　

___________________________________________
ｓｃａｐｕｌａ
___________________________________________

4. Classify the following common joints or articulations of the body according

to the degree of movement.

a. lambdoid suture ＳＹＮＡＲＴＨＲＯＳＩＳ

_______________________

ＡＭＰＨＩＡＲＴＨＲＯＳＩＳ
b. symphysis pubis _______________________

c. atlanto-axial joint ＤＩＡＲＴＨＲＯＳＩＳ

_______________________

ＳＹＮＡＲＴＨＲＯＳＩＳ
d. gomphosis _______________________

ＡＭＰＨＩＡＲＴＨＲＯＳＩＳ
e. sacro-iliac joint _______________________

Page 6 of 8
 DRAWING / LABELLING:

1. Study the drawing of a synovial joint and label the parts – joint cavity, articular
cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments

ＳＹＮＯＶＩＡＬ　ＭＥＭＢＲＡＮＥ ＬＩＧＡＭＥＮＴＳ

ＡＲＴＩＣＵＬＡＲ　ＣＡＲＴＩＬＬＡＧＥ

ＳＹＮＯＶＩＡＬ　ＦＬＵＩＤ

2. Study the image below and identify the variety of diarthrosis by filling up the
spaces.

ＰＩＶＯＴ　ＪＯＩＮＴ ＥＮＡＲＴＨＲＯＳＩＳ

ＧＩＮＧＬＹＭＵＳ
ＨＩＰ　ＪＯＩＮＴ

ＳＡＤＤＬＥ　ＪＯＩＮＴ

ＡＲＴＨＲＯＤＩＡ

Page 7 of 8
 3. Study image shown and fill in the spaces with diarthrotic movement executed.
You may reduce the font size to fit into the spaces provided for.

ＲＩＧＨＴ　ＲＯＴＡＴＩＯＮ　ＯＦ　ＨＥＡＤ ＬＥＦＴ　ＲＯＴＡＴＩＯＮ　ＯＦ　ＨＥＨＡＤ

ＬＡＴＥＲＡＬ　ＲＯＴＡＴＩＯＮ
ＭＥＤＩＡＬ　ＲＯＴＡＴＩＯＮ

ＳＵＰＩＮＡＴＩＯＮ ＰＲＯＮＡＴＩＯＮ

ＦＬＥＸＩＯＮ
ＨＹＰＥＲＥＸＴＥＮＳＩＯＮ

ＡＢＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ ＣＩＲＣＵＭＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ

ＡＤＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ

ＥＸＴＥＮＳＩＯＮ

END

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