Chapter One

General Introduction

1.1Introduction
Drilling a well Oil and gas wells are drilled into the earth in order to access hydrocarbon reservoirs.
The wells provide a conduit for the oil and gas to flow to surface. Various types of “drilling rig” are
used to drill these well depending on the application.
The rig use drilling in order to drill the hole deeper.
Drilling fluid or drilling mud is a critical component in the rotary drilling process. Its primary
function is to remove the drilling cutting from the borehole and provide cooling and lubrication to
drilling bit. There are basically tow type of drilling mud: water –based and oil –based, depending on
whether the continuous phase in water or oil. Drilling muds are suspensions consisting of a liquid
phase and solid particles. The concept of filtration is applicable to the liquid phase of the invades
permeable formation as a result of differential pressure .During this process, the solid particles are
filtered off. Forming a filter cake. Permeability relates to the fluid ability to flow through a porous
medium Filtration causes redistribution of pressure in the borehole walls. (Mahmoud Jassim AL-
Khafaji, 2019)

1.2 Research Objectives

- Learn about drilling fluid additives.

- Recognize the loss of drilling fluid.

- Adding materials to control drilling fluid loss by conducting laboratory experiments.

1.3 Problem Statement

Filtration losses can be a result of either natural loss, induced fractures during drilling operations or due to
excessive overbalance.

Therefore research should be carried out using alternative materials or natural ingredients to make it more
economical. The alternative material used in this study was wheat bran and sawdust due to its polymeric
structure and its function to control fluid loss and viscosity.

1.4 Methodology
Conducting Laboratory Experiments to measure drilling fluid properties to control Losses using low
weight Materials.
 Chapter Two
Theoretical background and Literature Review

2.1 Drilling fluid types

DRILLING FLUID TYPES

Gases
Liquids Gas-liquid mixtures

Water based mud

Air Natural Gas Mist

Oil based mud

Foam

Aerated Water
Water-Based muds (WBM)
Properties:

• Continuous phase- Water

• Most frequently used- easiest and cheapest to Make.

• WBM consists of betonies clay with additives.

Additives used to increase or decrease viscosity.

Weighting agent added to increase mud weight.

Viscosity Control additives to WBM:

Native clays

Wyoming Bentonite

Barite

Calcium Carbonate

To reduce the viscosity of the mud: Reduce the solids content

Reduce the number of particles per unit volume Neutralize

The attractive forces between the particles (Using thinners).

Advantages &Disadvantages (WPM):
Advantages Disadvantages

 Higher fracture pressure/gradient than  Bit balling tendencies reducing ROP more
OBM. common in WBM

 Low gas solubility promoting detection and  Shale and borehole instability function of
handling of kicks open whole time.

 Much cheaper than OBM.  Less lubricating than OBM.

 Perceived to be more environmentally  More differential sticking potential.

friendly than OBM.
 Higher frictional factors in directional
 Temperature and Pressure do not strongly wells.
affect rheology, gel, and density.

(Hussein Aliwi 2017)

2.2 Drilling fluid additives

There are many drilling fluid additives which are used to develop the key properties of the mud. The
variety of fluid additives reflects the complexity of mud systems currently in use. The complexity is also
increasing daily as more difficult and challenging drilling conditions are encountered. We shall limit
ourselves to the most common types of additives used in waterbased and oil based muds.
•Weighting Materials
• Viscosifiers
• Filtration Control Materials
• Rheology Control Materials
• Alkalinity and Ph. Control Materials
• Lost Circulation Control Materials
• Lubricating Materials
• Shale Stabilizing Materials

A-Weighting Materials:

Weighting materials or densifers are solids material which when suspended or dissolved in water will
increase the mud weight. Most weighting materials are insoluble and require viscosifers to enable them to
be suspended in a fluid. Clay is the most common viscosifier. Mud weights higher than water (8.3 pg.) are
required to control formation pressures and to help combat the effects of sloughing or heaving shale’s that
may be encountered in stressed areas.
Description Of Most Commonly Used Weighting Materials:

1. Barite (or barites) is barium sulphate, BaSO4 and it is the most commonly used weighting material
in the drilling industry. Barium sulphate has a specific gravity in the range of 4.20 - 4.60. The
specific gravity of Most commercial barite contain impurities including quartz, chart, calcite,
anhydrite, and various silicates which slower its specific gravity. It is normally supplied to a
specification where the specific gravity is about 4.2. Barite is preferred to other weighting
materials because of its low cost and high purity. Barite is normally used when mud weights in
excess of 10 ppg are required. Barite can be used to achieve densities up to 22.0 ppg in both water-
based and oil -based muds. However, at very high muds weights (22.0 ppg), the rheological
properties of the fluid become extremely difficult to control due to the increased solids content.

2. Iron Minerals Iron ores have specific gravities in excess of 5. They are more erosive than other
weighting materials and may contain toxic materials.

3. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is one of the most widely weighting agent’s especially in non-
damaging drilling fluids. Its main advantage comes from its ability to react and dissolve in
hydrochloric acid. Hence any filter cake formed on productive zones can be easily removed
thereby enhancing production.

4. Lead Sulphides
Galena (PBS) has a specific gravity of 7.40 - 7.70 and can produce mud weights of up to
32ppg.Galena are expensive and toxic and are used mainly on very high pressure wells.

(Mahmoud Jassim AL-Khafaji, 2014)

B-Viscosifiers:

The ability of drilling mud to suspend drill cuttings and weighting materials depends entirely on its
viscosity. Without viscosity, all the weighting material and drill cuttings would settle to the bottom of the
hole as soon as circulation is stopped. One can think of viscosity as a structure built within the water or
oil phase which suspends solid material. In practice, there are many solids which can be used to increase
the viscosity of water or oil. The effects of increased viscosity can be felt by the increased resistance to
fluid flow; in drilling this would manifest itself by increased pressure losses in the circulating system.

1. CLAYS:
Clays are defined as natural, earthy, fine-grained materials that develop plasticity when wet. They are
formed from the chemical weathering of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The major source of
commercial clays is volcanic ash; the glassy component of which readily weathers very readily,
usually to bentonite.

2. Bentonite: This is the most widely used additive in the oil industry. The name, bentonite, is a
commercial name used to market a clay product found in the Ford Benton shale in Rock Creek,
Wyoming,

3. POLYMERS:
Polymers are used for filtration control, viscosity modification, flocculation and shale
stabilization. When added to mud, polymers cause little change in the solid content of the mud.
 Polymers are chemicals consisting of chains made up of many repeated small units called
monomers. Polymers are formed from monomers by a process called polymerization. The
repeating units (monomers) that make up the polymer may be the same, or two or more
monomers may be combined to form copolymers. Structurally, the polymer may be linear or
branched and these structures, either linear, branched, or both, may be cross-linked, i.e. tied
together by covalent bonds.
(Mahmoud Jassim AL-Khafaji, 2014)

C-Filtration Control Materials:

Filtration control materials are compounds which reduce the amount of fluid that will be lost
From the drilling fluid into a subsurface formation caused by the differential pressure between
The hydrostatic pressure of the fluid and the formation pressure. Bentonite, polymers, starches
And thinners or deflocculates all function as filtration control agents.
(Mahmoud Jassim AL-Khafaji, 2014)

D-Rheology Control Materials:

When efficient control of viscosity and gel development cannot be achieved by control of viscosifier
concentration, materials called "thinners", "dispersants", and/or "deflocculates" are added. These
materials cause a change in the physical and chemical interactions between solids and/or dissolved salts
such that the viscous and structure forming properties of the drilling fluid are reduced. Thinners are also
used to reduce filtration and cake thickness, to counteract the effects of salts, to minimize the effect of
water on the formations drilled, to emulsify oil in water, and to stabilize mud properties at elevated
temperatures. Materials commonly used as thinners in clay- based drilling fluids are classified as:
 plant tannins
 lignite materials
 lignosul fonates
 low molecular weight, synthetic, water soluble polymers

E-Alkalinity and ph. Control Materials:

The pH affects several mud properties including:

• Detection and treatment of contaminants such as cement and soluble carbonates
• Solubility of many thinners and divalent metal ions such as calcium and magnesium
Alkalinity and pH control additives include: Noah, KOH, CA (OH) 2, NaHCO3 and Mg (OH) 2.
These are compounds used to attain a specific pH and to maintain optimum pH and alkalinity
In water base fluids.
(Mahmoud Jassim AL-Khafaji, 2014)

F-Lost Curculation Control Materials:

Lost circulation can be cured by either reducing mud weight, using loss circulation material
(LCM) or a combination of both. For severe losses, special plugs may be used to plug off the
Loss zone.
(Mahmoud Jassim AL-Khafaji, 2014)
H-Shale Stabilizing Materials:

There are many shale problems which may be encountered while drilling sensitive highly hydra table
shale sections. Essentially, shale stabilization is achieved by the prevention of water contacting the open
shale section. This can occur when the additive encapsulates the shale or when a specific ion such as
potassium actually enters the exposed shale section and neutralizes the charge on it. Shale stabilizers
include: high molecular weight polymers, hydrocarbons, potassium and calcium salts (e.g. KCl) and
glycols. Field experience indicates that complete shale stabilization cannot be obtained from polymers
only and that soluble salts must also be present in the aqueous phase to stabilize hydra table shale’s.
(Mahmoud Jassim AL-Khafaji, 2014)

G-Lubricating Materials:

Lubricating materials are used mainly to reduce friction between the wellbore and the
Drill string. This will in turn reduce torque and drag which is essential in highly deviated and
Horizontal wells. Lubricating materials include: oil (diesel, mineral, animal, or vegetable oils),
Surfactants, graphite, asphalt, Gilsonite, polymer and glass beads.
(Mahmoud Jassim AL-Khafaji, 2014)

2.3 Filtration losses:

Filtration or lost filtration:
Filtration It is the penetration of part of the (continuous phase) of drilling fluid into the
permeable formations (Permeable formation) that is compromised due to the pressure difference
between the column of drilling fluid in the well And the formation pressure, this filtration is
accompanied by the precipitation of part of the solids present in the liquid that fills The surface
pores of the rocks and the area exposed to the liquid, forming what is called mud cake. Drilling
fluid clogs the pores of the rock, forming what is called the inner clay crust, which can be thick.
(Amro Abdalslam Hmad Ibrahim and other, 2014)

2.4 Filtration losses additives:

Inorganic Additive
1. Betonies
Bentonite is impure clay that is formed by weathering of volcanic tuffs. It contains a high content of
montmorillonite. Bentonites exhibit properties such as the ability to swell, a capacity for ion exchange,
and thixotropic. Their properties can be modified by ion exchange, for example, exchange of earth alkali
metals with alkali metals. The specific surface can be modified by acid treatment, and their organophilic
properties can be increased by treatment with quaternary ammonia compounds.
(Amanullah and Others, 2005)

2. Sodium Met silicate

Sodium silicate has been successfully used as a chemical grouting material for many years. It is used in
particular during the drilling of very permeable for motions (Xiang, 2007). When an aqueous mixture of
sodium silicate and an activating agent, such as an ester, is injected into the ground, the silicate solution
reacts to form a colloid, which polymerizes further to form a gel. The gel provides increased strength,
stiffness, and reduced permeability in predominantly granular soils.

3. Ultra-fifine Filtrate-Reducing Agents

Methods are available for reducing the fluid loss and for reducing the concentration of polymer required
to do this for a drilling fluid and to a well servicing fluid, respectively (Dobson et al., 1998). The FL
fluids contain polymeric viscosififiers, a polymeric fluid loss additive and a water-soluble bridging agent
suspended in a liquid in which the bridging agent is not soluble. It is important to add a particulate, water-
soluble, ultra-fifine fifiltrate-reducing agent to the FL fluids. The particle size distribution should be such
that approx. mutely 90% of the particles are less than 10µ, the average particle size being between 3µ and
5µ and the ultra-fifine fifiltrate-reducing agent being insoluble in the liquid.
(Amanullah and Others, 2005)

Organic Additives:

1. Polyanionic Cellulose
A composition containing PAC and a synthetic suffocate polymer has been tested for fluid loss reduction
and thermal stabilization of a water-based drilling fluid for extended periods at deep well drilling
temperatures (Hen, 1991). Improved fluid loss is obtained when PAC and the suffocate-containing
polymer, which has a molecular weight of 300–10,000 kDalton, are combined in a water-based drilling
mud(WBM), after prolonged aging at 300◦F (150◦C).

2. Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) with a degree of substitution of 1.1–1.6 has been tested for fluid loss
control in water-based drilling fluids (Raines, 1986).
An apparent viscosity in water of at least 15 cP is needed to achieve an API fluid loss of less than 50
ml/30 min. Cross-linked HEC is suitable for high-permeability formations (Chang et al., 1998; Chang and
Parlar, 1999).

3. Starch
Starch has been traditionally used to control the fluid loss properties of a drilling mud. The characteristics
of the fluid loss of several newly developed starch types with different amylose contents have been
assessed. Details are shown in Table 2.5. The products are manufactured by a gelatinization process
during reactive extrusion. The extrusion was carried out at 80 bars and 140◦C with a residence time of 3
min. For the cross-linked, high amylose type a chemical was introduced in the course of the extrusion
process. The starches have negligible impurities. No solvent is needed during gelatinization, and further,
no waste water is produced as a by-product. Thus, these types are suitable for environmentally sensitive
areas. The presence of most of the starches in a bentonite mud reduces its API filtration at room
temperature. However, the presence of the chemically modified.
(Amanullah and Others, 2005)

4. Cross-linked Starch
A cross-linked starch was described as a fluid loss additive for drilling fluids (Francis et al., 1987;
Sifferman et al., 1999). The additive resists degradation and functions satisfactorily after exposure to
temperatures of 250◦F (120◦C) for periods of up to 32 hours. To obtain cross-linked starch, a crosslinking
agent is reacted with granular starch in aqueous slurry. The crosslinking reaction is controlled by a Bra
bender viscometer test. Typical cross-linked starches are obtained when the initial rise of the viscosity of
the product is between 104◦C and 144◦C, and the viscosity of the product does not rise above 200 Bra
bender units at temperatures less than 130◦C.
(Amanullah and Others, 2005)

5. Granular Starch and Mica

A fluid loss additive consisting of granular starch composition and fine particulate mica has been
described (Cawiezel et al., 1996). It has been applied in a method for fracturing a subterranean formation
penetrated by a borehole. The method comprises injecting the additive into the borehole and into contact
with the formation, at a rate and pressure sufficient to fracture the formation, in an amount sufficient to
provide fluid loss control. Depolymerized Starch
6. Depolymerized Starch
Partially depolymerized starch provides decreased fluid losses at much lower viscosities than the
corresponding starch derivatives that have not been partially depolymerized (Dobson and Mondshine,
1997). (Amanullah and Others, 2005)

7. Controlled Degradable Fluid Loss Additives

A fluid loss additive for a fracturing fluid comprises a mixture of natural and modified starches plus an
enzyme (Williamson et al., 1991b). The enzyme degrades the α-linkage of starch but does not degrade the
β-linkage of guar and modified guar gums when used as a thickener.
Natural or modified starches are utilized in a preferred ratio of 3:7 to 7:3, with optimum at 1:1, and the
mix is used in the dry form for application from the surface down the well. The preferred modified
starches are carboxymethyl and hydroxypropyl derivatives. Natural starches may be those of corn,
potatoes, wheat, or soy, with cornstarch the most preferred. (Amanullah and Others, 2005)

8. Guar
A hydrophobic ally modified guar gum can be used as an additive for drilling, completion, or servicing
fluids (Audibert and Argillier, 1996, 1998). The modi-fified gum is used together with polymers or
reactive clay. (Amanullah and Others, 2005)

9. Hydroxypropyl Guar Gum

Hydroxypropyl guar gum gel can be cross-linked with borates (Miller et al., 1996), titivates, or zirconates.
Borate cross-linked FL fluids and linear HEC gels are the most commonly used fluids for high-
permeability fracture treatments. They are used for hydraulic fracturing fluid under high temperature and
high shear stress. (Amanullah and Others, 2005)

2.5Literature Review

 (International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 2021) The materials used in the
formulation of the drilling mud include: Bentonite (20g for each sample), barite (80g for each
sample), water (as the continuous phase), powdered coconut husk and corn cobs which serve as
the lost circulation materials (LCM) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) Nanoparticles. It was seen from
the results that the lowest filtrate loss value of 14.4ml occurred for an addition of 1.0g of ferric
oxide nanoparticles acting alone as the lost circulation materials (LCM). Under API standard
filtration test at low temperature low pressure (LTLP), more than 70% reduction in fluid loss was
 achieved in the presence of 0.5 - 1.5 wt. % nanoparticles. The results have also shown that the
filter cake developed during the Nano and local additive based drilling mud filtration was thin,
which implies high potential for reducing the differential pressure sticking problem, as well as
reducing formation damage and torque and drag problems while drilling.

 (Adham Khalid and other, 2019) the problems that is much avoided when oil and gas drilling
operations is the filtration loss. The usual and often used additive to overcome this problem is the
Carboxymethil Cellulose (CMC) where the CMC is relatively expensive, so research needs to be
done using alternative materials or natural ingredients to make it more economical. The
alternative material used in this Natural material, its composition and function control fluid loss
viscosity. This study to determine Effect of starch on filtration loss and rheological drilling Mud
by filter size selection, mud cake Thickness, viscosity, plastic viscosity, gel strength. Corn Acts
as natural materials and muddy pits jobs to control fluid loss and viscosity. Searching for hay and
sawdust Her Naturals Collection High quality as an additive for drilling wells containing Low
temperature due to high biodegradation. Determine the relationship between the evaluated
parameters for the study results

 (International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN,2017)The impact of corn cobs and
coconut shell applied as a fluid loss control agent in mitigating the filtration properties of water
base mud in different concentrations was investigated at 90 °C and 100 psi. The result of the
filtrate volume was measured to determine the most efficient fluid loss control agent between the
corncobs and coconut shell.

 (Khalid Abdullah and another, 2017)The composition of aqueous clay, graphene nanoparticles,
and silver nanoparticles was designed in this study. Measurements of rheological properties and
filtration tests were performed for evaluation the results showed that graphene nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles increased the viscosity of the plastic (PV) by up to 89.2% and 64.2%,
respectively. Meanwhile, both yield point (YP) and fluid loss values were reduced.

 (Abdul Razak Ismail and Other,2016)This research evaluates the performance of Nano silica and
multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as fluid loss additives in water based drilling fluid
with various nanoparticles concentration and temperature. The results show that plastic viscosity,
yield point and gel strength of drilling fluid increases as the concentration of nanoparticles
increased. Drilling fluid with Nano silica gives the highest filtrate loss of 12 ml and mud cake
thickness of 10 inch at 1 g concentration at 300°F. Mud cake thickness of 4 inch at 200°F. After
aging, plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength of mud Fluid loss and mud cake thickness
increased when the mud is exposed to temperature above250°F. The results showed that xanthan
gum with MWCNT gives a better rheological performance.
 Chapter three
Methodology

3.1 Materials used

 The bran, bran, or husk is the hard outer layer of the grain, consisting of aleurone in
common with the fruit coat. It is an integral part of whole grains, and is often produced as
a by-product of mills through the production of refined grains. When the bran is removed
from the grain, the grain loses some of its nutritional value. Wheat bran is a by-product of
wheat itself.
When grinding wheat in mills, wheat and wheat bran are produced.
Wheat bran is the hard outer layer of the grain. Milling the wheat bran we stripped the
bran from the wheat kernel. While the bran that was used in the factory is from wheat.
When we brought the wheat bran, it was first cleaned of impurities and soaked in water to
facilitate the removal of the bran, and then it was separated and finally ground and
brought to the laboratory for use in measuring the rheological properties of the drilling
fluid.

 Sawdust is a by-product or waste of woodworking operations such as sawing, sanding,

grinding, planning and routing. It consists of small fragments of wood. These operations
can be performed with woodworking machines, portable power tools, or with hand tools.

Description of experimental study site

3.2.1 Introduction preparation of drilling fluid at lab

Tools:

Mud balance

Figure 3.1 Mud balance

Methodology:
The lid in the device was removed and the cup was completely filled with the mud to be tested.
The lid was reinstalled until some of the mud came out through the hole in the lid. The mud that
came out was washed and the cup was dried, and then Ali was placed on the balance arm of the
device with the edge of the knife placed on the fulcrum. And then the mouse was moved until the
graduated arm becomes equal as it appears from the level of the cup on the crossbar. At the edge
of the knight the following readings were read...

Calculations:

SW = 8.33lb/gal
Error = SW – SWs
1. Error = Gal
2. Error = Cmᶟ #±
Where:
Error=Correcting the Mistake
SW=Water Density
Mud:
Reading 1. Gal and 2. Cmᶟ

Correction:

Sum ± error

Drilling fluid preparation

Tools:
Measuring cup
Sensitive scale
Five cup mixer

Figure 3.2 Measuring cup, Sensitive scale and Five cup mixer

Methodology:
Measure the amount of 350ml of water, 25.5g of Bentonite and 1g of PAC by the sensitive scale. Put the
water in the cap and then put it in the five cup mixer and then put the Bentonite and the PAC into the
water gradually and then leave them in the mixer for between 5 minutes Up to 10 minutes, the drilling
fluid was prepared.

Results:

Drilling fluid has been prepared to the required specifications

3.2.2Viscosity Measure

Tools:

6 speed viscometer

Figure 3.3 6 speed viscometer

Methodology:

(A)(1) The sample, which was recently stirred, was placed in the thermal beaker, and it was
adjusted to the line drawn on the rotating casing beaker. The sample temperature is 120 degrees
Fahrenheit; it was stirred slowly while adjusting the temperature. Then the engine was started
and put in the position of high speeds with the gears shifted down, and the indicator value was
waited for it to be fixed and read 600 rpm.
The switch has been changed to speed (300-200-100-6-3-RPM). And wait until each value is
stable and the readings are recorded (300-200-100-6-3-RPM).
(B)(2) Procedure for Gel Strength Determination
The sample was stirred at 600 rpm for about 5 seconds and then the gear set was slowly raised to
the neutral position. The engine was stopped for 10 seconds, the switch was turned to low speed
and the readings were recorded in units of maximum deflection. I repeated A and B, but they
worked for 10 minutes, then the switch was placed in the low speed position, and the readings of
the maximum deviation units were gel for 10 minutes.

Calculations:

PV => Plastic Viscosity

PV = Ө600 - Ө300
YP => Yield Point
YP = PV – Ө300

Gel strength:

Start =>Ө600 at 10 sec Stop => 10 sec

Start =>Ө300 10 sec Stop => 10min
Ө3 at 10sec
Ө3 at 10 min

Filtration Losses

Tools:

Filter press
Compressor
 Figure 3.4 Filter press and Compressor
Methodology:

100psi air pressure was provided the bottom cover was removed for a clean and dry cell and an
O-ring was placed in the groove and inverted to fill and a finger was placed for leakage
Filling the cell with mud.... From the circular groove, the filter paper was placed on top of the o-
rang. The cap was placed on the filter paper with the edges of the cap, and the cell was turned
over and installed.
A graduated cylinder was placed under the filter hole to receive the filter. The inlet valve was
opened with pressure. The test was conducted for me for 30 minutes, at the end of the test the
pressure source was closed and the cell was removed. The cell was disassembled and the slurry
was discarded with great care to preserve the filter paper. The thickness of the filter cake and
report was measured at 32 inches by inch.

Results:

Calculations:
Ө600 - Ө300

Chapter Four
Results and Discussion

4.1Results

Table (4.1): Result of lab Experiments.

TEST Addition Conet Viscosity Filtration at P.V Y.P Gel A.V

Number reaction Ө600 Ө300 7.15 30 Strength
min min
Stander Water 350 ml 51 37 6.4 12.8 14 23 13/19 25.5
Bentonite 25.5 g
Baklava 1g
Soda ash 0.5 g
Frist Water 350 ml 53 38 6.8 10.4 14 25 11/21 26.5
Bentonite 25.5 g
Baklava 1g
Soda ash 0.5 g
 Moscow sawdust
1g
Second Water 350 ml 55 40 4.8 9.6 15 25 14/22 27.5
Bentonite 25.5 g
Baklava 1g
Soda ash 0.5 g
Wheat bran 1 g
Third Water 350 ml 61 44 5.6 9.6 17 27 15/25 30.5
Bentonite 25.5 g
Baklava 1g
Soda ash 0.5 g
Wheat bran 2 g
Fourth Water 350 ml 62 43 3.2 8.2 19 24 17/22 31
Bentonite 25.5 g
Baklava 1g
Soda ash 0.5 g
Wheat bran 3 g
Fifth Water 350 ml 56 38 5 9.2 18 20 11/19 28
Bentonite 25.5 g
Baklava 1g
Soda ash 0.5 g
Wheat bran 4 g

Figure (4.1) Concentrations P.V, Y.P, A.V and filtration

4.2. Discussion
  when using sawdust as filtration losses additive , filtration capacity increased
compares with standard water base mud , so the sawdust not acceptable for other
concentrations .

 At a time of 7:30 minute’s filtration losses decreased at concentration 3 g of Wheat bran.

 At a time of 30 minutes, Wheat bran has been add added at a concentration of 1 g, and 2
g and the filtering result constant and began to decrease at a concentration 3g of wheat
bran.

 The viscosity increased by increasing the concentration of wheat bran and declined at
concentration 4 g
 The results show that plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength of drilling fluid
increases as the concentration of wheat bran increased.

 The yield point decreases as wheat bran concentration increase

Chapter Five
Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusions

5.2 Recommendations

References