SCIENCE

RESEARCH
INFOGRAPHIC
Research is the analysis and interpretation of appropriate
information determined by academic discipline through the
collection of data on a specific problem using scientific
methods.

Define a Question
The first aspect of research is to ask
questions. Scientists first collect questions on
the subject to continue their research.

Make Predictions
Different hypotheses come through research
and observation. Different types of predictions
are made based on multiple hypotheses.

Collect Data
Scientists can collect data by observing
various subjects, conducting experiments
in the laboratory or by any other means.

Analyze the Data

Obtained data is observed in various ways
through tables, graphs, diagrams. Which
in the future helps in decision making.

Conclusions
Whether the predictions made before them
are true or false can be easily ascertained
through the above method.

WWW.REALLYGREATSITE.COM
 LABORATORY
APPARATUS
BEAKER
A beaker is a common container in most
labs. It is used for mixing, stirring, and
heating chemicals.

TEST TUBE
A test tube is a glass tube with one end open and
the other end closed. The closed end is rounded.
Test tubes are used to hold small samples.

EVAPORATING DISH
It is used for the evaporation of solutions and
supernatant liquids, and sometimes to their
melting point.

GRADUATED CYLINDER
A primary measuring tool for the volume of a liquid.
There are several markings up and down the length of
the container with specific increments

FUNNEL
A lab funnel is just like any other funnel except
that it was designed to be used in a laboratory
setting.

MORTAR & PESTLE

A set of 2 simple tools used to prepare
ingredients or substances by crushing and
grinding them into a fine paste or powder

DISTILLING FLASK
A distilling flask is a piece of laboratory equipment
that is used to separate mixtures of two liquids
with different boiling points

Infographic by Group A
Scientific Method
Follow these steps to think like a scientist

Ask a Question
What are you curious about?
What do you want to know?

Do some research
Do some research to find out
more information.

make a
hypothesis
Based on what you
know, what do you
Experiment think will happen?
Time!
Gather some data by
doing an experiment.

Come to a
Conclusion
What did you find out? Come to a
conclusion based on what you
have learned.
COVID-19:
Everything You Need to Know

20-30%
of COVID-19 patients are hospitalized.
2% of those experience severe illnesses.
However, it is worth noting that people
who exhibit more severe symptoms are
more likely to be tested compared to
those those with less severe symptoms.

All countries need to review

their strategies now.
All nations are called to take the fight
against this virus seriously. They should
communicate well with their
populations, and pull all the stops when
it comes to looking for ways to mitigate
the spr
Dr. Michael J. Ryan, WHO Informal Advisory
Group, March 2020

No. of Cases Infections Cases

50% 80% 5%

Part of the 25 to 64 Mild or Require ventilation for

age group asymptomatic patients

The "panic-then-forget" cycle must be

stopped. Instead, a "whole-of-society"
approach must be adopted. It is imperative
that the the International Health Regulations
(IHR) be implemented in countries of all
income levels.

Every country should do everything to follow

through on prioritizing, funding, and
implementing preparedness interventions.

Learn more at www.reallygreatsite.com

 COVID- 19
PREVENTION
HOW TO PROTECT
YOURSELF & OTHERS

4
COVID-19:
Everything You
Need to Know

20 to 30% of COVID-19 patients are

hospitalized. 2% of those experience

20%
severe illnesses. However, it is worth
noting that people who exhibit more
severe symptoms are more likely to
be tested compared to those those
with less severe symptoms.

"All countries need to review

their strategies now."
Dr. Michael J. Ryan, WHO Informal Advisory Group, March 2020

All nations are called to take the fight against this virus seriously.
They should communicate well with their populations, and pull all
the stops when it comes to looking for ways to mitigate the spr

50% 80% 15%

NUMBER OF CASES INFECTIONS CASES

Part of the 25 to 64 Mild or asymptomatic Require ventilation

age group for patients

The "panic-then-forget" cycle must be

stopped. Instead, a "whole-of-society"
approach must be adopted. It is
imperative that the the International
Health Regulations (IHR) be implemented
in countries of all income levels.

Every country should do everything to follow

through on prioritizing, funding, and
implementing preparedness interventions.
Learn more at www.reallygreatsite.com
 reallygreatsite.com

Let's meet your

body's cells!
Do you know that we have so many kinds
of cells in our body? Prepare yourself!

What do Cells do?

They support the body's

structure, absorb
nutrients from food,
convert those nutrients to
energy, and perform
specialized functions.

Our Well-known Cells

Motor Red Blood White Bone

Neuron Cell Blood Cell Cell

Keep our body healthy by

and

Exercising Eating Veggies

 The Plant Cell
MITOCHONDRIA
are cell organelles that
facilitate most of the chemical
energy needed by the cell's
biochemical functions and
reactions.
LYSOSOMES
contain the digestive enzymes
of the cell. They are involved
with various cell processes such
as breaking down worn-out cell
parts, fighting against virus and
bacteria.
CHLOROPLASTS
are special organelles that
can only be found in plant
cells. These organelles are
responsible in facilitating
photosynthesis.
CELL MEMBRANE
sometimes called as
plasma membrane, the
main function of cell
membrane is to
provide protection. The
other function is to
transport nutrients and
toxins inside and
outside the cell.
CELL WALL
this wall provides tensile
strength and protection
against mechanical and
osmotic stress.
VACUOLE
In plant cell, these membrane-
bound cell organelles maintain
the water balance in the cell.
CYTOPLASM
this gel-like fluid inside the cell
provides a platform for other
organelles to carry out their
functions such as cell
expansion,replication and growth
within the cell.
RIBOSOMES
these cell particles are
made of RNA and protein
and serve as the site for
cell's protein synthesis.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
there are two types of ER; the
smooth and the rough. The
function of ER is to produce
enough protein in order for
the cell to function.
NUCLEOLUS
NUCLEOPLASM NUCLEUS
the main
NUCLEAR PORE function of
plant's cell
nucleus is to
store and
VESICLE regulate
the main function of DNA.
vesicles is to store and
carry important
materials within the
cell, some of these
materials are
transported to other
organelles.
GOLGI APPARATUS
also known as the golgi body, this
organelle helps in the process and
package of important proteins and lipids
that are exported from the cell.
The Animal Cell
LYSOSOMES
contain the digestive enzymes
of the cell. They are involved
with the cell process of
breaking down worn-out cell
parts.

VACUOLES
In animal cell, these
membrane-bound cell
organelles help sequester
waste products in the
cell.

MITOCHONDRIA
are cell organelles that
facilitate most of the chemical
energy needed by the cell's
biochemical functions and
reactions.

CENTRIOLES
these organelles are located in
the cytoplasm near the nuclear
envelope. The main function of
centrioles is to organize cell's
microtubules..

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
there are two types of ER; the
smooth and the rough. The
function of ER is to produce
enough protein in order for the
cell to function.

NUCLEUS
the main function
of animal's cell
nucleus is to store
and regulate
DNA.

CYTOPLASM
this gel-like fluid inside the cell
provides a platform for other
organelles to carry out their
functions such as cell
expansion,replication and
growth within the cell.
 Beechtown Biotech Co.
presents

HOW TO
CLONE DNA
Genetic Engineering for Dummies

Isolate DNA fragment

(gene of interest) to be cloned
Whether it's fossilized dinosaur DNA or a strip of
DNA encoding for antibodies, obtain a purified
gene of interest (GI) and vector

Insert your isolated DNA into

a suitable vector
Use special enzymes to cut and paste the GI
and vector to form a hybrid of the two DNA
molecules - the recombinant DNA

Add recombinant DNA

into a host
Insert your recombinant DNA into a suitable host
using various methods. Host cells that take up
the recombinant DNA are called
transformed cells.

Selecting Transformed
Host Cells
Filter and select the host cells that have
transformed successfully. These will contain the
gene of interest (GI).

Multiplication of the GI 

Grow and multiply your host cells that contain
the gene of interest (GI) by providing
optimum parameters.

Isolation of Multiplied DNA

Isolate the multiplied GI that is attached to the
vector to the transformed host cells.

Purification of the Isolated GI

After harvesting of the isolated GI, purify it using
various methods and use a DNA sequencer
to check.
MICROBIAL FATTY ACID
biosynthesis
TYPES DOUBLE BONDS
Saturated None
Monounsaturated One
Polyunsaturated Multiple (>1)

REQUIREMENTS: PRECURSORS:
8 molecules of acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA
14 molecules of NADPH Malonate
7 molecules of ATP

PALMITATE SYNTHESIS
ACP ACP
Acetyl-ACP Malonyl-group

Condensation
ACP CO2
Acetoacetyl-CoA
2NADPH
Dehydration Reduction
H2O 2NADP+

Acyl-ACP
Each addition of an acetyl unit
comes from malonyl-ACP (3 C).

6 ACP
Malonyl-group
+ 2 C per increment

1st condensation rxn = 4 C YIELDS:

6 increments x 2 C = 12 C
Palmitate (16 C)
Palmitate = 16 C

USES & IMPORTANCE

Fatty acids are the backbone
of microbial lipids.
The most common fatty
acids in lipids of Bacteria
are those with chain lengths
Fully formed fatty acids of C12-C20.
are attached to glycerol
to form lipids.
Cells adjust their fatty
acid composition to keep
cytoplasmic membrane
Lipids serve as structural balanced.
components of biological
membranes.