Annexure III

COMPARION OF LIMIT EQUILIBRAM METHOD AND FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

Sr.NO Limit Equilibrium method Finite element Method

1 In limit equilibrium method it must search for critical surface by using geometry. In finite element method the critical surface
is automatically found out by various
software through displacement vectors.
2 The advantages of limit equilibrium method: The limit equilibrium method of slices The advantages of finite element method: In
is based on purely on the principles of statics; that is, the summation of moments, FE method is to for model slopes with a
vertical forces, and horizontal forces. The method says nothing about stress, strain degree of very high realism (complex
and displacements, and as a result it does not satisfy displacement compatibility. geometry, sequence of loading, presence of
material for reinforcement, action of water,
and laws of complex soil behavior) and also
better visualizes the deformation of soil in
place.
3 It’s required only simple Mohr-coulomb soil model. It must have complete stress- strain model for
soil.
4 It cannot compute displacement. It can compute displacement.
5 Limit equilibrium method cannot model progressive failure. Finite element method can model
progressive failure.
 Comparison of Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) based Software

Name of SLIDE2 SLOPE/W GSLOPE SVSLOPE GALENA

software

Essential
Features
Original Developer Rocscience Inc, Canada GEO‐SLOPE
International
Canada
2D/3D 2D/ SLIDE3 FOR 3D 2D 2D/3D 2D
Slope/failure surface Can be applied to the software Applicable to Applicable to circular, non- Applicable to
evaluate the stability SLOPE/W circular, composite, circular surfaces circular, non-
for circular or non‐ computes FOS for and non-circular circular
circular failure surfaces various shear surfaces surfaces
surfaces, for
example circular,
non‐circular and
user‐defined
surfaces.

Desirable BSM Yes yes yes yes Yes

Method of JSM Yes yes yes yes yes
analysis M-PM Yes yes No yes no
Spencer Yes yes No yes yes
Sarma Yes yes No no Yes
GLM Yes yes No yes
 Name of SLIDE2 SLOPE/W GSLOPE SVSLOPE GALENA
software

Essential
Features
AUTOMATIC SEARCH OF Yes only the circular SS No Comprehensive critical slip no
CSS is automatically surface searching methods
searched. are available, including
Greco, Cuckoo, moving
wedges, blocks, and hybrid
ellipsoids. Optimization of
critical slip surfaces in 2D
and 3D are also available.
Automatic determination
of slip direction in 3D is
included. Improved block
searching in 2D is possible,
as well.
External forces/Surcharge Yes yes yes yes yes

Pore pressure Finite element SLOPE/W should For pore pressures, Define water pressure as For pore
calculations groundwater (seepage) be applied together Ru parameters and Ru/B-bar/Phreatic pressures, Ru
analysis, for steady with SEEP/W, other piezometric correction/ Piezometric parameters
state or transient software program, surfaces can be lines/water and
conditions, is built rightwhich computes used alone or in tables/Discrete piezometric
into Slide2 the pore pressure combination points/grids. surfaces can
distributions, based be used alone
Within Slide2, seepage on finite elements This program allows or in
analyses can be carried mesh and integration with other combination
out for applications in the
 Name of SLIDE2 SLOPE/W GSLOPE SVSLOPE GALENA
software

Essential
Features
saturated/unsaturated, groundwater geotechnical software
steady state or seepage analyses. suite. For example finite
transient flow element computed
conditions. The seepage stresses from SVSolid or
analysis feature can be pore water pressures from
used independently or SVFlux can be used to
in conjunction with calculate the factor of
slope stability analysis. safety by computing total
shear resistance and
mobilized shear stress
along the entire slip
surface
Slope stabilization Numerous types of SLOPE/W includes NA Provide extensive support NA
slope reinforcement a broad range of for reinforced slopes,
can be modeled in stabilization including grouted anchors,
Slide2, including: options for civil, micropiles, and
geotechnical, and geotextiles.
End Anchored support mining
(e.g. Mechanically end applications, from
anchored rock bolts), simple earthen toe
GeoTextiles (also berms to complex
GeoGrids or Strip subsurface
reinforcement), drainage and soil-
Grouted Tiebacks / structure
techniques.
 Name of SLIDE2 SLOPE/W GSLOPE SVSLOPE GALENA
software

Essential
Features
Ground Anchors, Soil
Nails
Dynamic loading / • Compute Kc critical Reinforcement, pseudo static Seismic loads (Pseudo- pseudostatic
pseudo‐ static acceleration • surcharge, and analysis is possible Static Constant or Spectral analysis is
earthquakes Newmark displacement seismic load when a seismic Pseudo-Static) possible
(rigid, coupled, de- functionality coefficient is when a
coupled) • Pseudo- available . provided seismic
static analysis • Staged SLOPE/W can use coefficient is
pseudo-static analysis both dynamic provided
stresses and pore-
water pressures
from QUAKE/W to
assess stability and
deformation
following an
earthquake

Import export from other Flexible geometry Finite element Import from boreholes and NA
software modules import options from integration with other analysis software
allowed various file formats, SEEP/W and • Import OBJ, 3DS, DEM,
including DXF SIGMA/W DTM, DXF, SHP, and more
Back analysis Yes, Back analysis NA NA yes yes
serves for calculation of
a reinforcement load
 Name of SLIDE2 SLOPE/W GSLOPE SVSLOPE GALENA
software

Essential
Features
with a given required
factor of safety
Probabilistic analysis probabilistic analysis NA NA The software also utilizes yes
using Monte Carlo or Monte Carlo, Latin
Latin Hypercub Hypercube, and the
simulation techniques Alternative Point
Estimation Method
(APEM) probabilistic
approaches.

Remarks Users can perform classic

limit equilibrium slope
analysis of soil or rock
slopes by the method of
slices or newer stress-
based methods.
Comprehensive 2D slip
surface searching and
pore-water pressure
conditions and innovative
3D spatial analysis allow
modeling at new levels.
 Comparison of Finite Element Method (FEM) based Software

Name of PLAXIS 2D, 3D FLAC SLOPE/ GEO FEM RS2/RS3 SVSOLID Midas GT NX
software FLAC3D

Essential
Features
Original Developed by Itasca Fine spol. s r.o. Rocscience Inc, Canada SVSOLID is a 2D MIDAS
Developer PLAXIS BV in International, Zaverka, Czech and 3D finite- Information
cooperation with USA Republic element program Technology co ltd,
several hotline@finesoftw for the calculation www.Midasuser.c
universities are.eu of deformations om
including DUT in in geotechnical
the Netherlands earth structures
and NTNU in
Norway

2D/3D 2D/ available in FLAC SLOPE IS 2D RS2 is 2D/ RS3 is 3D 2D/3D Basic
3D 2D/FLAC 3D (2D) , Professional
AVAILABLE (2D&3D)
Model Creation Efficiently create FLAC/Slope is a GEO5 is a software CAD-based modelling Features a GTS NX enables to
models with a special, suite for solving features for defining the familiar user import CAD
logical streamlined geotechnical model geometry. Any interface with drawings directly
geotechnical version of FLAC problems based on person who has used a CAD easy-to- into the program.
workflow. Define for evaluating traditional program like AutoCAD will understand icons GTS NX features a
everything from the factor of analytical methods have no problem and functions. high-end Terrain
complex soil safety (FoS) of and Finite Element understanding and using Create Geometry Maker
profiles or soil and rock Method (FEM). the RS2 geometry modeler. geometrically (TGM) that
 geological cross- slopes in two Individual complex digital automatically
sections to dimensions programs verify a twin 3D models converts
structural with simple specific structure. with the topographic maps
elements, such as and fast model GEO5 is composed SVDESIGNER™ into editable
piles, anchors, setup and of individual conceptual model surfaces
geotextiles, and analysis programs with builder. Create 3D
prescribed loads execution. unified user models from
and Built-in interface, triangulated
displacements. materials surfaces (TINS).
Import geometry library includes
from CAD-files. gravel, sand,
Automatically silt, clay, and
mesh to create a rock properties
finite element Easily define
mesh almost geotechnical
immediately. layers
Mohr Yes yes Yes Yes Yes yes
Coulomb
Hoek - yes yes Yes yes yes yes
Brown
Shear Strength yes Uses Shear- NA This option is fully Implement slope
Reduction (SSR) Strength automated and can be stability slope stability
Reduction used with either Mohr- modelling using analysis methods
(SSR) method Coulomb or Generalized the shear strength used on the GTS
to calculate Hoek-Brown strength reduction (SSR) NX are based on
FoS; parameters. method or Strength
The SSR method has many combine with Reduction Method
advantages over the SVSLOPE® using (SRM) &Stress
traditional limit equilibrium the Kulhawy Analysis Method
methods of slope stability. method. (SAM)
 The SSR method will
automatically determine
the most critical failure
mode and the
corresponding safety
factor.
Groundwater Yes The GEO5 FEM is RS2 includes steady-state GTS NX supports
Seepage used to compute and transient, saturated- various kind types
Analysis displacements, unsaturated finite element of analysis
internal forces in groundwater seepage including static,
structural analysis built right into the dynamic, seepage,
elements, stresses program. Coupled solid- stress-seepage
and strains fluid formulation is also coupled,
and plastic zones in
available for consolidation Consolidation,
the soil and other problems. There is no need construction stage
quantities in everyto use a separate and slope stability
construction stage.groundwater program; the analysis.
With extensionseepage analysis is fully Transient flow
modules theintegrated with the stress analysis is used for
program alsoanalysis in RS2. seepage analysis
performs the
steady sate or
transient Water
Flow analysis or
the coupled
Consolidation
analysis.
Probabilistic NA RS2 offers probabilistic GT NX offers
Analysis analysis using the point parametric
analysis
 estimate, Monte Carlo, or
Latin Hypercube methods.
Joint Network FLAC/Slope NA Joint network modeling is a
Analysis Specify powerful feature in RS2,
geological which allows you to easily
layers generate two-dimensional
networks of joint
boundaries to simulate
patterns of natural or
induced jointing in rock
masses.
Designing yes Include 3D Wide range of wide range of support Modeling of
Supports structural common structural modeling options. Liner reinforcements,
ground support elements such as elements can be applied in such as bolts, is
(rock bolts, soil Anchors, props, the modeling of shotcrete, available.
nails, and reinforcements concrete, steel set systems,
geogrids); can be retaining walls, piles, multi-
incorporated layer composite liners,
geotextiles, and more.
Integration NA Yes yes yes
with LEM
software
Import export Flexible geometry yes The program The program supports DXF yes The program
from other import options supports DXF import and export supports DXF
software from various file import and export import and export
modules formats, including
allowed DXF