In Group14 Assignment

Introduction to Networking Group Assignment CT043-3-1-IN
GROUP ASSIGNMENT
CT043-3-1-IN
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
MODULE CODE: CT043-3-1-IN
MODULE NAME: INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
LECTURER NAME: ZAREEDA MOHD FAUZEE
HAND-OUT DATE: 3rd Week of Semester
HAND-IN DATE: 30th September 2022

Team Members:
NAME TP Number
Cheng Kui Yang TP068584
Tiong Jia Min TP069993
Goh Jun Liang TP068981
Wan Jia Hao TP068625
1
CLO2: Form the local area network design and configuration using simulation tool for the
given scenario
(PLO6: Digital Skills)
Introduction
- Objective
- Assumptions (number of hosts, rooms, labs, etc.)
Wan Jia Hao Cheng Kui Yang Tiong Jia Min Goh Jun Liang
Individual Vista Court A Vista Court A
Component Vista Court B Vista Court B
(1st floor) (2nd floor)
(1st floor) (2nd floor)
Floor plan- Floor plan- Floor plan- Floor plan-

(Layout) (Layout) (Layout) (Layout)
Justification
Justification Justification Justification
Network diagram
Network diagram Network diagram Network diagram
and configuration
and configuration and configuration and configuration
(Packet Tracer)
(Packet Tracer) (Packet Tracer) (Packet Tracer)
Configuration/Demonstration
CLO2: Work in team to justify the topology and IP addressing plan based on the network
design
(PLO4: Interpersonal Skills)
Vista Court A Vista Court B

(1st and 2nd Floor) (1st and 2nd Floor)
Group
Component
Topology and IP Addressing Topology and IP Addressing
2
Justification Justification
3
Table of Content
1.0 Vista Court A Level 1 ..............................................................................................................................5
1.1 Network Topology and Justification ............................................................................................... 5
1.2 IP addressing and justification .........................................................................................................6
2.0 Vista Court A Level 2 ............................................................................................................................14
2.1 Network Topology and Justification ............................................................................................. 14
2.2 IP addressing and Justification ...................................................................................................... 15
3.0 Vista B-Floor 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Network Topology and Justification ................................................................................................... 21
VLSM .................................................................................................................................................. 23
4.0 Vista B-Floor 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 25
Network Topology and Justification ................................................................................................... 25
IP Addressing Scheme and Interpretation ........................................................................................... 28
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................32
References ................................................................................................................................................... 37
4
1.0 Vista Court A Level 1
1.1 Network Topology and Justification
To create a suitable network design for Vista Court A Level 1 and meeting its basic requirements,
a network topology to arrange and represent the network layout is essential before configuring
the IP addresses. Network topology fundamentally illustrates how various nodes, devices and
connections are organized as well as the corresponding traffic flows. Network topologies are
often referred as a graph or diagram, which includes nodes made up of network mediums and
devices such as cables, switches, routers and the software that contains specific networking
features (Gillis & Nolle, 2021). Besides, it can be represented in both physical and logical
layouts. A network administrator is often assigned to oversee or determine the best placements
for each node and the most ideal path for traffic flows. After a network topology is created, it has
to be properly implemented as errors can then be easily identified and fixed further maintaining
the efficiency of the network. It also plays a vital role in network functions thus choosing the
right topology can enhance network performance such as increasing data transfer rates. There are
several common network topologies such as star network topology, bus network topology, mesh
network topology, ring network topology and tree network topology.
In an effort to produce a well-defined network, the network of Vista Court A Level 1 is designed
based on the star network topology. Star topology is the most common network topology used in
LANs (Local Area Network). It requires a point-to-point connection between the central node
and connecting devices. This being said, the central node often acts as a hub that manage and
amplifies network services as any data sent from nodes on the network must pass through the
hub before reaching its final destination. The star topology has several advantages, one of them
being convenient for administrators to manage as every single node is separately connected to
the central hub, making them isolated from network functionality issues provided one of the
nodes is facing problems (Techopedia, 2022). The remaining nodes can continue functioning
hence making the star topology a stable and secure layout. Furthermore, the attributes and
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number of devices can be modified without impacting other nodes as such actions can be done
without turning the network offline. In addition, the amount of cable used in a star topology is
relatively less, which makes it easier to manage as it is not a complicated setup. Troubleshooting
network issues is also facile on the star topology thus making it a friendly layout for network
administrators.
In summary, the star topology has been chosen as the bedrock of Vista Court A Level 1’s
network due to its reliability. Given that the building is a campus that mainly functions as an
administrative area and students’ learning venue, large amounts of network users is anticipated.
Therefore, by implementing the star network topology, if a breakdown occurred on a certain
network, users in other areas won’t be affected. However, the cost of installing it is expensive as
it requires a lot of cabling and switches. In addition, if the central hub, in this case it’s the router
happens to have an error, then the whole network will become dysfunctional.
1.2 IP addressing and justification
IP address stands for ‘Internet Protocol address’, which is a unique group of numbers that
identifies any device on a network. It is essential for devices to communicate even if they are not
from the same network. For Vista Court A, we first assign a network address to the building,
which in this case is 192.168.0.0/23. This brings a total of 510 usable hosts and it is more than
sufficient as a minimum of 275 hosts is required for both floors of this building. Then, we divide
the networks into multiple subnets after comparing each area’s host capacity. Simply put,
subnetting is segmentation of a network that helps interconnecting devices to minimize
unnecessary traffic flows, thus increasing network speed and improve data-transfer efficiency.
For the design of subnets, the method we used is VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) which
is a design strategy that uses more than one subnet mask in a network as the subnets will be
classified based on their host requirements. By using VLSM, a network can have more subnets
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as they vary in sizes (Awati, 2021). As a result, a table is produced and presented below as the
subnetting plan for the network of Vista Court A.
Network Address for Vista Court A: 192.168.0.0/23

Number of Number of
Subnet Description Network Address
Hosts Needed Hosts Allocated
Auditorium 118 128 192.168.0.0/25

Cafeteria, Hallways
50 64 192.168.0.128/26
and Washrooms
Reception 27 32 192.168.0.192/27
Surveillance 19 32 192.168.0.224/27
Computer Lab 1 18 32 192.168.1.0/27
Waiting Area 17 32 192.168.1.32/27
Computer Lab 2 9 16 192.168.1.64/28
Library 8 16 192.168.1.80/28
Corridor 3 8 192.168.1.96/29
Smart Classroom 1 2 8 192.168.1.104/30
Smart Classroom 2 2 8 192.168.1.112/30
A1-A2 2 4 192.168.1.120/30
7
Subnet Default First Valid Last Valid Broadcast

Description Gateway Host Address Host Address Address
Auditorium 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.126 192.168.0.127

Cafeteria,
Hallways and 192.168.0.129 192.168.0.130 192.168.0.190 192.168.0.191
Washrooms
Reception 192.168.0.193 192.168.0.194 192.168.0.222 192.168.0.223
Surveillance 192.168.0.225 192.168.0.226 192.168.0.254 192.168.0.255
Computer Lab 1 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.30 192.168.1.31
Waiting Area 192.168.1.33 192.168.1.34 192.168.1.62 192.168.1.63
Computer Lab 2 192.168.1.65 192.168.1.66 192.168.1.78 192.168.1.79
Library 192.168.1.81 192.168.1.82 192.168.1.94 192.168.1.95
Corridor 192.168.1.97 192.168.1.98 192.168.1.102 192.168.1.103
Smart
192.168.1.105 192.168.1.106 192.168.1.110 192.168.1.111
Classroom 1
Smart
192.168.1.113 192.168.1.114 192.168.1.118 192.168.1.119
Classroom 2
A1-A2 192.168.1.120 192.168.1.121 192.168.1.122 192.168.1.123
Figure 1.2.0 and Figure 1.2.1: Subnets of Vista Court A
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Subnet
Device Interface Network Address Subnet Mask
Description
Fa0/0 Reception 192.168.0.192/27 255.255.255.224
Fa1/0 Waiting Area 192.168.1.32/27 255.255.255.224
Fa6/0 Auditorium 192.168.0.0/25 255.255.255.128
Fa7/0 Public Area 192.168.0.128/26 255.255.255.192
Router Fa8/0 Surveillance 192.168.0.224/27 255.255.255.224
Vista Court A
Se2/0 192.168.1.121/30 255.255.255.252
Level 2
Figure 1.2.2: Network addresses of Vista Court A Level 1’s areas
The table above represents Vista Court A Level 1’s subnets. As for this floor, there are five main
subnets which are respectively assigned to the reception, waiting area, auditorium, public area
and surveillance devices. In my opinion, the reception and waiting area are seldom accessed by
students as both areas are only for administrative, registration and consultation purposes.
Therefore, they have their own network to maximize the efficiency of the front desk personnel
especially. Guests can also enjoy a faster network in the waiting area by having a separate
network from other networks. On the other hand, for the public area, although network
connection can be accessed even in the toilets, it is expected that the cafeteria will have the most
hosts in most of the time, thus the hallways, toilets join the cafeteria’s subnet and form a public
area connection. As for the auditorium, there is a significant number of hosts anticipated so an
individual subnet is created. For security reasons, the surveillance system has its own network as
well. At last, a network address is shared between the first-floor router and second-floor router.
Each of these areas has a switch to connect devices under their respective networks and manage
the traffic.
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DHCP
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network protocol that automatically provides
a host with its IP address and other network configuration information. A DHCP server
randomly assigns these data to devices on the network so they can access network services.
Default gateways’ IP addresses are excluded as they cannot be assigned to any devices.
Device/Hosts DHCP Pool Usable Host Default

Subnet Mask
Connection Point Name Range Gateway
192.168.0.196 -
PC0 Reception 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.193
192.168.0.222
192.168.0.196 -
PC1 Reception 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.193
192.168.0.222
192.168.0.196 -
PC2 Reception 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.193
192.168.0.222
192.168.0.196 -
PC3 Reception 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.193
192.168.0.222
192.168.0.196 -
PC4 Reception 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.193
192.168.0.222
Wifi_Reception 192.168.0.196 -
Reception 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.193
(Public) 192.168.0.222
Wifi_Reception 192.168.0.196 -
Reception 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.193
(Personnel) 192.168.0.222
Wifi_WaitingArea 192.168.1.35 -
WaitingArea 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.33
(Public) 192.168.1.62
Wifi_WaitingArea 192.168.1.35 -
WaitingArea 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.33
(Personnel) 192.168.1.62
192.168.0.227 -
CCTV_Connection Surveillance 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.225
192.168.0.254
192.168.0.130 -
Access Point 6 PublicArea 255.255.255.192 192.168.0.129
192.168.0.190
Wifi_Auditorium Auditorium 192.168.0.5 - 255.255.255.128 192.168.0.1
10
192.168.0.126
Figure 1.2.3: DHCP pools for Vista Court A Level 1
Figure 1.2.4 and Figure 1.2.5: DHCP Configurations
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Static
Static IP addresses are non-changing IP addresses. Unlike DHCP which sees IP addresses of
devices using such protocol change dynamically every time they are connected to the network,
these addresses are non-usable as they are reserved for other important devices or servers.
Static devices
Subnet IP Address Default

Device Interface Subnet Mask
Belonged (Static) Gateway
Printer0 Fa0/6 Reception 192.168.0.194 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.193

Printer1 Fa0/7 Reception 192.168.0.195 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.193
PC5 Fa0/2 Waiting Area 192.168.1.34 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.33
PC6 Fa0/2 Auditorium 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.128 192.168.0.1
PC7 Fa0/3 Auditorium 192.168.0.3 255.255.255.128 192.168.0.1
Projector Fa0/4 Auditorium 192.168.0.4 255.255.255.128 192.168.0.1
CCTV
Fa0/2 Surveillance 192.168.0.226 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.225
Server
Figure 1.2.6: Static Devices of Vista Court A Level 1
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Routing
Routing is the process of path selection in any network. As a result, devices are able to
communicate with each other and the configuration is presented below.
Figure 1.2.7 and Figure 1.2.8: Routing of Vista Court A Level 1
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2.0 Vista Court A Level 2
2.1 Network Topology and Justification
On the second floor of Vista Court A, the topology used is still star topology. Star
topology is used due to its simplicity in installation, scalability, and easy to troubleshoot. In each
area will be connected to the WIFI router through a switch, which is designated for usage of the
second floor. In star topology network, the central node and connecting devices must be
connected point to point. The network's central node can offer signal reconditioning and
amplification services to enhance communication between the devices. The advantage of star
topology is that if a single cable fails, only one node will be affected, and it can still provide a
stable and strong connection for students and teachers. For example, if the Computer Lab 2
switch or one of the computer cables fails, the computer lab 1 connection is still available, and
the other computers can still connect to the network. In addition, it is less costly since each
device only requires one I/O port and only needs to connect to the hub via a single link, this
helps the school save more money, that can be used to create more new facilities for students.
Other than that, there is easy identification of linkages, which makes it easier to spot failures,
thereby to repair in a timely manner.
Although this star topology offers numerous benefits, it also has some drawbacks. Star
Topology network needs more cable connections than a linear bus can provide. Moreover, if the
router is down, the whole network will be down because without the router, none of the devices
can function. Although each device only requires one I/O port, that is why the cost is lower, but
the cost of installing a switch or router may be higher, especially if one of these devices is used
as the main network device. Other than that, the router requires additional resources and ongoing
upkeep as the primary system of the star topology. The star topology network's cables or wires
increase the risk of damage exposure. The cables or wires to get to the desired classroom or
peripherals, it must pass through beneath floors, walls, and other obstructions. Additionally, if
the LAN (Local Area Networks) installation work must be done on the building's outside, it may
be vulnerable to damages from wildlife or shifting weather conditions.
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2.2 IP addressing and Justification
Hardware devices on a network are identified by their IP (Internet Protocol) addresses.

These devices may communicate with one another and exchange data on a local network or the
internet due to the addresses. A series of numerals are separated by periods to form each address.
There are four numbers altogether, and each one has a range of 0 to 255. For the Vista Court A
Level 2, the IP addressing is start from 192.168.1.0/27 until 192.168.1.122/30. The IP addresses
of the device that transmitted the packet and the device to which it is being delivered are among
the various pieces of information included in the packet header. This information is used by
routers and other network infrastructure to guarantee that packets reach their intended
destinations.
Subnet
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask
Description
255.255.255.22
Fa0/0 Computer Lab 1 192.168.1.0/27
4
255.255.255.24
Fa1/0 Computer Lab 2 192.168.1.64/28
0
255.255.255.24
Fa8/0 Library 192.168.1.80/28
0
255.255.255.24
Router Fa9/0 Corridor 192.168.1.96/29
8
Smart 255.255.255.25
Fa6/0 192.168.1.104/30
Classroom1 2
Smart 255.255.255.25
Fa7/0 192.168.1.112/30
Classroom 2 2
Vista Court 255.255.255.25
Se2/0 192.168.1.122/30
Level 1 2
Figure 2.2.1: IP addresses of Vista Court A Level 2
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In this floor have 6 main subnets which respectively as computer lab 1 and computer lab
2, library, smart classroom 1 and 2, and corridor. Since computer labs 1 and 2 have many hosts,
they are individually provided with different subnets to ensure that all hosts, students' own
laptops or smartphones can be provided with a stable network for class and study purposes. As
for the library's network, its main provide objects are the PCs on the counter, the computers of
the printers, and the CCTV for library security. At the same time, there is also a small usage host
range in the library for use by students or teachers. On the other hand, for smart classrooms 1 and
2, there’s only provide the WIFI for teachers for teaching use. Moreover, in the corridor, which
has its own subnet that is not the same as other areas. The reason is to ensure security, to be able
to be in a stable network 24 hours a day, and to reduce his network load capacity. At the end, the
first floor and second floor Vista Court A router between are sharing a network address to
connect with each other. Devices in all areas will pass data to the central hub through a switch,
and at the same time, each area will have a default gateway to ensure that data is transmitted
correctly.
Static devices
Subnet IP Address Default

Device Interface Subnet Mask
Belonged (Static) Gateway
Computer
PC16 Fa0/18 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.1
Lab 1
Printer0 Fa0/2 Library 192.168.1.82 255.255.255.240 192.168.1.81
Printer1 Fa0/7 Library 192.168.1.83 255.255.255.240 192.168.1.81
PC25 Fa0/4 Library 192.168.1.84 255.255.255.240 192.168.1.81
PC26 Fa0/3 Library 192.168.1.85 255.255.255.240 192.168.1.81
PC27 Fa0/5 Library 192.168.1.86 255.255.255.240 192.168.1.81
Simply said, a static IP address is an address that never changes. When you've given a
device a static IP address, that number usually doesn't change unless you deactivate the device,
16
or your network architecture alters. Servers and other significant equipment typically utilize
static IP addresses. In the definition of the software configuration, a static device is one that
cannot be dynamically added, removed, or changed. For the second floor of Vista Court A, there
are a total of 6 static devices, which is PC16, which subnet belonging to computer lab 1. And the
rest are Printer0, Printer1, PC25, PC26 and PC27, all of those are subnets belonging to the
library.
DHCP
Device/Hosts Subnet Default

Usable Host Range Subnet Mask
Connection Point Belonged Gateway
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC0 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC1 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC2 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC3 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC4 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC5 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC6 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC7 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC8 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
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Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22

PC9 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC10 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC11 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC12 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC13 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC14 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
PC15 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22
Lab 1 WIFI 192.168.1.1
Lab 1 192.168.1.30 4
Computer 192.168.1.66 - 255.255.255.24
PC17 192.168.1.65
Lab 2 192.168.1.78 0
Computer 192.168.1.66 - 255.255.255.24
PC18 192.168.1.65
Lab 2 192.168.1.78 0
Computer 192.168.1.66 - 255.255.255.24
PC19 192.168.1.65
Lab 2 192.168.1.78 0
Computer 192.168.1.66 - 255.255.255.24
PC20 192.168.1.65
Lab 2 192.168.1.78 0
Computer 192.168.1.66 - 255.255.255.24
PC21 192.168.1.65
Lab 2 192.168.1.78 0
Computer 192.168.1.66 - 255.255.255.24
PC22 192.168.1.65
Lab 2 192.168.1.78 0
Computer 192.168.1.66 - 255.255.255.24
PC23 192.168.1.65
Lab 2 192.168.1.78 0
Computer 192.168.1.66 - 255.255.255.24
PC24 192.168.1.65
Lab 2 192.168.1.78 0
Computer Lab 2 Computer 192.168.1.66 - 255.255.255.24 192.168.1.65
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WIFI Lab 2 192.168.1.78 0

Classroom 1 Smart 192.168.1.106 - 255.255.255.25
192.168.1.105
WIFI Classroom 1 192.168.1.110 2
Classroom 2 Smart 192.168.1.114 - 255.255.255.25
192.168.1.113
WIFI Classroom 2 192.168.1.118 2
192.168.1.87 - 255.255.255.24
Library WIFI Library 192.168.1.81
192.168.1.94 0
192.168.1.98 - 255.255.255.24
Corridor WIFI Corridor 192.168.1.97
192.168.1.102 8
Figure 2.2.3: DHCP of Vista Court A Level 2 Device/ Host connection point

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), is a client or server protocol that automatically
assigns an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other necessary configuration data,
such as subnet mask and default gateway. The client/server couldn't choose the IP address that
they wanted; it was random. Other than that, the default gateway and static IP address will not
appear in DHCP IP address.
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Routing
Figure 2.2.5: Routing of Vista Court A Level 2
The process of choosing a path between two or more networks is known as network routing. Any
network, including those used for public transit and telephone networks, can use the routing
principles. Figure 2 shows the configuration of the devices that can transmit information to each
other on the second floor.
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3.0 Vista B-Floor 1
Network Topology and Justification
This network diagram is under a star topology diagram. All the switches are connected to
a single router, called a central node. Some advantages of star topology are it is inexpensive and
easy to install, one node affected would not affect other nodes, addition or deleting devices is
relatively easier. Disadvantages are when central device is failed, the whole network fails. Other
disadvantages include the performance relies on a single hub device; heavy network slows the
system (Williams, 2022).
In short, the Vista Block B floor 1 is divided into 4 areas, the reception and waiting area,
the administration rooms, the server room, and the control room. In the diagram the central
device is Router-PT HQ. Starting from the reception and waiting areas, this area will be installed
with CCTVs which is represented with webcams in the diagram. The waiting area has wireless
connection for guests’ smart phones waiting in that area.
The next branch is for the administration offices, the admin will have a wide range of
devices such as computers, smartphones, printers and so on to carry on malicious jobs such as
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phone calls and replying emails. The branch in lower left is for the control room, with laptops,
computers and webcams connecting it. Lastly, the server room is the room that contains the
server computers that control the whole building. It requires a specific temperature and air flow
that is why fans and air condition is specially shown here. Computers, server devices are also
connected here. All areas has their own access switch to access Wi-Fi wirelessly.
Copper wires are used to connect the router, switch, and other wired devices. While
access points are installed for wireless connection devices. The server room has more IoT
devices such as fans and air condition as it requires a good environment for the server devices to
prevent failure. Each area is installed with CCTV, used webcam in the diagram to represent, for
the security of the building.
No
First Valid Last Valid
of Network Default Broadcast
Area Host Host
hos Address Gateway Address
Address Address
t
Server room 100 192.168.4.0/25 192.168.4.1 192.168.4.2 192.168.4.1 192.168.4.1
26 27
Administrati 50 192.168.4.128/ 192.168.4.1 192.168.4.1 192.168.4.1 192.168.4.1
on office 26 29 30 90 91
1&2
reception 40 192.168.4.192/ 192.168.4.1 192.168.4.1 192.168.4.2 192.168.4.2
26 93 94 54 55
Control 40 192.168.5.0/26 192.168.5.1 192.168.5.2 192.168.5.6 192.168.5.6
room 2 3
Manager 192.168.5.64/2 192.168.5.6 192.168.5.6 192.168.5.1 192.168.5.1
30
Room 6 5 6 26 27
192.168.5.128/ 192.168.5.1 192.168.5.1 192.168.5.1 192.168.5.1
Staff Room 30
26 29 30 90 91
Staff Room 192.168.5.192/ 192.168.5.1 192.168.5.1 192.168.5.2 192.168.5.2
30
2 26 93 94 54 55
192.168.6.0/27 192.168.6.1 192.168.6.2 192.168.6.3 192.168.6.3
Canteen 20
0 1
Meeting 192.168.6.32/2 192.168.6.3 192.168.6.3 192.168.6.6 192.168.6.6
20
Room 7 3 4 2 3
192.168.6.64/2 192.168.6.6 192.168.6.6 192.168.6.9 192.168.6.9
Staff Lounge 20
7 5 6 4 5
B1-B2 2 192.168.6.96/3 192.168.6.9 192.168.6.9 192.168.6.1 192.168.6.1
0 7 8 26 27
Total 382
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VLSM Table
VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is a subnet, or a portion cut off from an IP
Address. It divides an IP address into a well-defined layer for each subnet of different sizes.
Differentiating subnets helps in creating and controlling sizes of every different host to avoid
wasting large numbers of addresses. From the table above, each area is allocated with the
number of hosts they need, and subnetting them with the host they are required.
In vista court B, the server room uses the greatest number of hosts as they have a lot of
servers and computers inside. It is given 192.168.4.0/25 with the gateway 192.168.4.1, this
network provides 125 hosts as it requires 100 hosts. There are wireless and wired connections
here. The admin offices 1 and 2 allocates 50 so a subnet of prefix /26 is given to allocate 62 hosts
required for admin offices. The same goes for reception, control room, manager room, staff room,
staff room 2, canteen, meeting room and staff lounge only requires 20 each, therefore they are set
to /27 for 30 hosts available for each area. Lastly the connection between floor 1 and floor 2
router only needs two hosts and is given 192.168.6.96/30 to allocate it.
Addressing Table (Level 1) Court B

Device Interface Subnet IP Address Subnet Mask
Description
Router Fa0/0 Server 192.168.4.0/25 255.255.255.128
Fa1/0 Admin 192.168.4.128/26 255.255.255.192
Fa5/0 Reception 192.168.4.192/26 255.255.255.192
Fa4/0 Control room 192.168.5.0/26 255.255.255.192
23
DHCP
Device/Hosts Subnet Usable Host Subnet Mask Default

Connection Belonged Range Gateway
Point
PC2 (1) Server 192.168.4.2- 255.255.255.128 192.168.4.1
192.168.4.126
Server 0
Server 1(1)
Server CCTV
Aircond IoT0
Fan IoT4
PC0(1) Admin 192.168.4.130- 255.255.255.192 192.168.4.129
192.168.4.190
Printer0 (1)
Laptop0
Smartphone0
Webcam IoT2
PC4 (1) Reception 192.168.4.194- 255.255.255.192 192.168.4.193
192.168.4.254
Smartphone1
Webcam IoT3
PC3 (1) Control 192.168.5.1- 255.255.255.192 192.168.5.1
192.168.5.62
Laptop1
Webcam IoT1
PC1 (1)
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a method to connect devices to their
respective IP addresses automatically. Here, the Cisco Packet Tracer uses CLI to configure and
exclude IP addresses for specific static devices, while others are connected automatically by
DHCP.
24
DHCP is widely used because it has many benefits towards a network. First, it provides a
reliable IP address configuration, as DHCP automatically connects IP addresses from the server
it is connected, it will not connect the same IP address to different devices, with this it also
reduces the workload of network administrations. One disadvantage of DHCP is that it has
security concerns as DHCP does not require authentication. However, organizations can enhance
security by setting authentications to access the DHCP servers.
4.0 Vista B-Floor 2
Network Topology and Justification
Figure: Configure Diagram of Vista B Floor 2
As shown in the figure above, this is a network diagram composed of Star-Topology. In addition,
tree-topology is used as an auxiliary in Star-Topology. The start topology network structure is
simple, easy to manage, maintain and debug. The advantages of the star topology are the controls
are simple and it's easy to add or remove a site. Besides, it can centralize management and
facilitates service provisioning and network reconfiguration. Each site is directly connected to
25
the central node, making it easy to detect and isolate faults. The tree network topology consists
of one root node, and all other nodes are connected in a hierarchy. Many larger Ethernet switch
networks, including data centre networks, are configured as trees (Gillis & Nolle, 2021). The
advantages of tree topology are easy to scale. Thus, many branches and sub-branches can be
extended, and it is easy to add new branches or nodes to the network. The second advantage is
easy to isolate the fault. If a line or a branch node fails, it mainly affects a local area, so it can be
relatively easy to isolate the fault site from the whole system. The third advantage is the
communication line is relatively simple and that will benefit our operation. This tree structure
has individual peripheral nodes that are only required to transmit and receive from one other
node and are not required to act as repeaters or regenerators. Moreover, there will be one router
(Router-PT) on floor 2 as the core of the network design diagram, and it also acts as a key link
between the first floor and the second floor.
In addition, in the Cisco Packet Tracer, I used copper wires to connect equipment including
computers, servers, and switches in the staff room. Besides, the switch version used in this
project is Cisco Catalyst 2960-24TT. It is commonly used for routers and other devices. The
Cisco Catalyst 2960-24TT also features fast Ethernet and 10/100/1000 gigabit Ethernet
connectivity capabilities, enabling enhanced LAN services for entry-level enterprise, mid-market,
and branch office networks.
“Cisco Aironet Access Points (hereafter called access points, abbreviated as APs) provide a
secure, affordable, and easy-to-use wireless LAN solution that combines mobility and flexibility
with the enterprise-class features required by networking professionals. With a management
system based on Cisco IOS software, Cisco Aironet access points are Wi-Fi certified, and
depending on the specific model are 802.11a-compliant, 802.11b-compliant, 802.11g-compliant,
802.11n-compliant, and 802.11ac-compliant wireless LAN transceivers. An access point serves
as the connection point between wireless and wired networks or as the center point of a stand-
alone wireless network. In large installations, wireless users within the radio range of an access
point can roam throughout a facility while maintaining seamless, uninterrupted access to the
network Each access point platform contains one, two, or three radios. We can configure and
monitor the wireless device using the command-line interface (CLI), the browser-based
26
management system, or the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) (Overview of

Access Point Features, n.d.).”
Between the two staff rooms is a manager's room, where the Internet connection equipment
mainly includes computers, printers, access points and closed-circuit television. In addition, the
access point of the network design is to effectively connect devices via a wireless connection,
which is very useful for connecting to CCTV. So, the CCTV in the other rooms is also connected
wirelessly through the access point. Besides, In addition, PC9 and PC10 in this network diagram
are designed to replace television sets. We use the Access Point to switch 2960-24TT to connect
the PC in the meeting room and canteen. This will make the connection between devices more
convenient.
27
IP Addressing Scheme and Interpretation
IP Addressing
IP Address is known as Internet Protocol Address), also translated as the Internet Protocol
Address, Internet Protocol Address. A string of numbers is used in Internet Protocol to identify a
device that sends or receives a datagram. “An IP address serves two principal functions which
are it identifies the host, or more specifically its network interface, and it provides the location of
the host in the network, and thus the capability of establishing a path to that host. Its role has
been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is.
A route indicates how to get there." The header of each IP packet contains the IP address of the
sending host and that of the destination host (Wikipedia contributors, 2022a).”
Furthermore, I basically use DHCP for automatic connection in this network design diagram, so
as to ensure that all devices can automatically connect. At the same time, if you use DHCP, you
can avoid the failure of connecting to other network addresses due to incorrect input. Besides,
the router IP addresses are also assigned based on VLSM. After calculation, I found that
prefix26-30 can meet all device connection requirements on floor 2.
The following table shows the router configuration：
Subnet
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway
Description
Router Fa0/0 Meeting Room 192.168.6.32/27 255.255.255.224 192.168.6.33/27
Fa6/0 Staff Room 192.168.5.128/26 255.255.255.192 192.168.5.129/26
Fa1/0 Manager Room 192.168.5.64/26 255.255.255.192 192.168.5.65/26
Fa7/0 Staff Room 2 192.168.5.192/26 255.255.255.192 192.168.5.193/26
Fa8/0 Canteen 192.168.6.0/27 255.255.255.224 192.168.6.1/27

Vista Court B
Se2/0 192.168.6.96/30 255.255.255.252 192.168.6.97
Level 1
28
DHCP
“Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that automatically

provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration
information such as the subnet mask and default gateway. RFCs 2131 and 2132 define DHCP as
an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard based on Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), a
protocol with which DHCP shares many implementation details. DHCP allows hosts to obtain
required TCP/IP configuration information from a DHCP server (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP), 2021).”
In an IP network, each device connected to the Internet needs to be assigned a unique IP address.
DHCP enables network administrators to monitor and assign IP addresses from the central node.
When a computer moves to another location in the network, it automatically receives a new IP
address. The automatic IP address assignment enabled by DHCP reduces the time for
configuring and deploying devices and reduces the possibility of configuration errors. In addition,
the DHCP server can manage the configurations of multiple network segments. When the
configurations of a network segment change, the administrator only needs to update the
configurations on the DHCP server, implementing centralized management.
“In general, DHCP brings the following advantages:
I. Accurate IP configuration: IP address configuration parameters must be accurate and are error-
prone when processing inputs such as "192.168.xxx.xxx". In addition, typographical errors are
often difficult to resolve, and using a DHCP server can minimize this risk.
II. Reduce IP address conflicts: Each connected device must have an IP address. However, each
address can only be used once, and duplicate addresses will result in a collision where one or
both devices cannot be connected. This can happen when addresses are assigned manually,
especially if there are a large number of endpoints (such as mobile devices) that connect only
periodically. The use of DHCP ensures that each address is used only once.
29
III. Automation of IP address management: Without DHCP, network administrators would need
to manually assign and undo addresses. Keeping track of which device has what address can be
futile because it is almost impossible to understand when the device needs to access the network
and when it needs to leave the network. DHCP allows it to be automated and centralized, so
network professionals can manage all locations from one location.
IV. Efficient change management: The use of DHCP makes it easy to change addresses, ranges,
or endpoints. For example, an organization might want to change its IP addressing scheme from
one range to another. The DHCP server is configured with new information that is propagated to
the new endpoint. Similarly, if you upgrade and replace network devices, no network
configuration is required (Shang Dandan, 2021).”
The following chart shows the configuration of the DHCP table:
Device/Hosts Subnet Belonged Usable Host Subnet Mask Default Gateway

Connection Point Range
Server0 Staff Room 192.168.5.130- 192.168.5.129/26

255.255.255.192
192.168.5.190
PC0 Staff Room 192.168.5.130- 192.168.5.129/26
255.255.255.192
192.168.5.190
PC1 Staff Room 192.168.5.130- 192.168.5.129/26
255.255.255.192
192.168.5.190
PC2 Staff Room 192.168.5.130- 192.168.5.129/26
255.255.255.192
192.168.5.190
PC3 Staff Room 192.168.5.130- 192.168.5.129/26
255.255.255.192
192.168.5.190
PC4 Staff Room 2 192.168.5.194- 192.168.5.193/26
255.255.255.192
192.168.5.254
PC5 Staff Room 2 192.168.5.194- 192.168.5.193/26
255.255.255.192
192.168.5.254
PC6 Staff Room 2 192.168.5.194- 192.168.5.193/26
255.255.255.192
192.168.5.254
30
PC7 Staff Room 2 192.168.5.194- 192.168.5.193/26

255.255.255.192
192.168.5.254
Server1 Staff Room 2 192.168.5.194- 192.168.5.193/26
255.255.255.192
192.168.5.254
PC8 Manager Room 192.168.5.66- 255.255.255.192 192.168.5.65/26
192.168.5.126
CCTV3 Manager Room 192.168.5.66- 255.255.255.192 192.168.5.65/26
192.168.5.126
CCTV4 Manager Room 192.168.5.66- 255.255.255.192 192.168.5.65/26
192.168.5.126
Printer0 Manager Room 192.168.5.66- 192.168.5.65/26
255.255.255.192
192.168.5.126
PC9 Meeting Room 192.168.5.66- 192.168.6.33/27
255.255.255.224
192.168.5.126
CCTV1 Meeting Room 192.168.5.66- 192.168.6.33/27
255.255.255.224
192.168.5.126
CCTV2 Meeting Room 192.168.5.66- 192.168.6.33/27
255.255.255.224
192.168.5.126
PC10 Canteen 192.168.6.2-
255.255.255.224 192.168.6.1/27
192.168.6.30
CCTV5 Canteen 192.168.6.2-
255.255.255.224 192.168.6.1/27
192.168.6.30
255.255.255.224 192.168.6.1/27
192.168.6.30
255.255.255.224 192.168.6.1/27
192.168.6.30
31
Conclusion
The scope of this assignment includes the type of topology, how to correctly connect the IP
address, default gateway, the use of static and DHCP. In this group assignment, the type of
topology is used star topology and tree topology. For the star topology is used in Vista Court A,
which is one of the most often used network configurations. In this setup, each node is connected
to a hub, switch, or computer that serves as the primary network hub. In a network, the main
device serves as the server, while the other devices are the clients. Tree topology is used in Vista
Court B, tree topology has several linked parts organized like the branches of a tree. For instance,
tree topology is widely used to arrange the data in a database or the machines in a business
network, in Vista Court B which aids in properly organizing the data and sending it to the central
hub. For the IP address, we allocate the hosts required by each respective floor and then allocate
the IP addresses required by each area. Furthermore, give each area a default gateway according
to the area, so that the hosts in each area can directly transmit data to the hub, then the hub can
distinguish through the default gateway to which switch the data should be sent, and then to the
destination to be transmitted. In these two courts individually have static devices and DHCP
devices, the reason for having static devices is to ensure that important equipment does not share
the same IP address with students or the public. Other than that, teachers can have more reliable
communications, and static IP addresses make it easier to use Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
for conference calls or other voice and video communications.
32
Peer Evaluation
Student Name/TP Number: Wan Jia Hao TP068625
Participated in
group discussion Yes Yes Yes Yes
Help to monitor
group progress Yes Yes Yes Yes
Contributed
useful ideas Yes Yes Yes Yes
Completed work
on time Yes Yes Yes Yes
Submitted good
quality of work Yes Yes Yes Yes
Communicated
effectively with
group members Yes Yes Yes Yes
Help others with
their work when
needed Yes Yes Yes Yes
Good
relationship with
Overall was a
valuable member
of the team Yes Yes Yes Yes
Self-Reflection (what I did best and what I should improve in future):

I think that I did my best to help out my teammates and I really enjoyed the process of IP
addressing however I think there is room for improvement as certain configurations might not be
the best that can be done.
33
Student Name/TP Number: Cheng Kui Yang TP068584

Participated in
Help to monitor
Contributed
Completed work
Submitted good
Communicated
effectively with
Help others with
their work when
Good
relationship with
Overall was a
valuable member

I think I did my best on helping teammates in VLSM part, and I should improve my
concentration while doing anything, I did wrong in individual assignment part in number of hosts,
it caused me to make a mistake in the part of CISCO packet tracer. Fortunately, I corrected it in
this assignment.
34
Student Name/TP Number: Goh Jun Liang TP068981

Participated in
Help to monitor
Contributed
Completed work
Submitted good
Communicated
effectively with
Help others with
their work when
Good
relationship with
Overall was a
valuable member

I think I did my best to complete the project that should be completed. I am also very grateful to
my team members because even though I am not good at this course and my learning ability is
poor, I can still get their help. In the future, I will spend more time learning to make up for my
shortcomings and avoid causing trouble to others.
35
Student Name/TP Number: Tiong Jia Min TP069993

Participated in
Help to monitor
Contributed
Completed work
Submitted good
Communicated
effectively with
Help others with
their work when
Good
relationship with
Overall was a
valuable member
I was a bit confused what to do at first, but thanks to my group members explaining all very well
and taught me what to do. Even though there are some miscommunications, but we discuss it
properly to solve it. I hope I can do more self-study in order to do this assignment more fluently
and less troublesome for my group members next time. I did well in doing everything on time
and communicating with my group members.
36
References
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Retrieved September 30, 2022, from
https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/variable-length-subnet-mask
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Diagrams - DNSstuff. Software Reviews, Opinions, and Tips - DNSstuff. Retrieved
September 16, 2022, from https://www.dnsstuff.com/what-is-network-topology
3. Gillis, A. S., & Nolle, T. (2021, August 23). network topology. SearchNetworking. Retrieved
September 16, 2022, from
https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/network-topology
4. 7 Network Topology Types (Plus Definitions and Key Features). (n.d.). Indeed Career Guide.
Retrieved September 16, 2022, from https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/starting-new-
job/network-topology-types
5. Techopedia. (2022, July 11). Star Topology. Techopedia.com. Retrieved September 16, 2022,
from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13335/star-topology
37
6. GeeksforGeeks. (2022, September 1). Advantages and Disadvantages of Star Topology.
Retrieved September 16, 2022, from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-star-topology/
7. The star network - Network types and topologies - GCSE ICT Revision. (n.d.). BBC Bitesize.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z36nb9q/revision/6#:%7E:text=The%20disadvant
ages%20of%20a%20star,will%20have%20no%20network%20connection
7. Kaspersky. (2022, April 18). What is an IP Address – Definition and Explanation.
www.kaspersky.com. Retrieved September 16, 2022, from
https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/definitions/what-is-an-ip-address
8. Ferguson, K., & Slattery, T. (2021, September 28). subnet (subnetwork). SearchNetworking.
https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/subnet
10. Awati, R. (2021, October 18). Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM). SearchNetworking.
https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/variable-length-subnet-mask
38
11. DHCP. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2022, from
https://www.cisco.com/assets/sol/sb/RV320_Emulators/RV320_Emulator_v1-2-1-
14/help/DHCP.html
12. Define an I/O device as static, installation static, or dynamic. (n.d.). © Copyright IBM
Corporation 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2022, from
https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/tdmffz/5.7?topic=planning-define-io-device-as-static-
installation-static-dynamic
13. Just a moment. . . (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2022, from
https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/learning/network-layer/what-is-routing/
14. https:\/\/www.wpbeginner.com\/author\/keri\/#author. (2021, August 25). What Is an IP
Address? (Definition + Explanation for Beginners). WPBeginner. Retrieved September
30, 2022, from https://www.wpbeginner.com/glossary/ip-address/
15. Fruhlinger, J. (2022b, May 26). What is an IP address? And what is your IP address?
Network World. Retrieved September 30, 2022, from
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ip-address.html
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is-it-important/
39
17. Gillis, A. S., & Nolle, T. (2021, August 23). network topology. SearchNetworking. Retrieved
September 30, 2022, from
https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/network-topology
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30, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address
19. Williams, L. (2022, August 13). Types of Network Topology: Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Tree
Diagram. Guru99. Retrieved September 30, 2022, from https://www.guru99.com/type-
of-network-topology.html
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https://info.support.huawei.com/info-finder/encyclopedia/zh/DHCP.html
20. Overview of Access Point Features. (n.d.).
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server/networking/technologies/dhcp/dhcp-top
40

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Introduction to Networking Group Assignment CT043-3-1-IN

MODULE CODE: CT043-3-1-IN

MODULE NAME: INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING

LECTURER NAME: ZAREEDA MOHD FAUZEE

HAND-OUT DATE: 3rd Week of Semester

HAND-IN DATE: 30th September 2022

(PLO6: Digital Skills)

Floor plan- Floor plan- Floor plan- Floor plan-

(PLO4: Interpersonal Skills)

Vista Court A Vista Court B

1.1 Network Topology and Justification ............................................................................................... 5

1.2 IP addressing and justification .........................................................................................................6

2.0 Vista Court A Level 2 ............................................................................................................................14

2.1 Network Topology and Justification ............................................................................................. 14

2.2 IP addressing and Justification ...................................................................................................... 15

3.0 Vista B-Floor 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 21

Network Topology and Justification ................................................................................................... 21

4.0 Vista B-Floor 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 25

Network Topology and Justification ................................................................................................... 25

IP Addressing Scheme and Interpretation ........................................................................................... 28

1.0 Vista Court A Level 1

1.1 Network Topology and Justification

1.2 IP addressing and justification

Network Address for Vista Court A: 192.168.0.0/23

Auditorium 118 128 192.168.0.0/25

Subnet Default First Valid Last Valid Broadcast

Auditorium 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.126 192.168.0.127

Device/Hosts DHCP Pool Usable Host Default

Figure 1.2.4 and Figure 1.2.5: DHCP Configurations

Subnet IP Address Default

Printer0 Fa0/6 Reception 192.168.0.194 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.193

Figure 1.2.7 and Figure 1.2.8: Routing of Vista Court A Level 1

2.0 Vista Court A Level 2

2.1 Network Topology and Justification

2.2 IP addressing and Justification

Hardware devices on a network are identified by their IP (Internet Protocol) addresses.

Subnet IP Address Default

Device/Hosts Subnet Default

Computer 192.168.1.3 - 255.255.255.22

Computer Lab 2 Computer 192.168.1.66 - 255.255.255.24 192.168.1.65

WIFI Lab 2 192.168.1.78 0

Figure 2.2.4: Static Devices of Vista Court A Level 2

Figure 2.2.5: Routing of Vista Court A Level 2

3.0 Vista B-Floor 1

Network Topology and Justification

Addressing Table (Level 1) Court B

Fa1/0 Admin 192.168.4.128/26 255.255.255.192

Fa5/0 Reception 192.168.4.192/26 255.255.255.192

Fa4/0 Control room 192.168.5.0/26 255.255.255.192

Device/Hosts Subnet Usable Host Subnet Mask Default

4.0 Vista B-Floor 2

Network Topology and Justification

Figure: Configure Diagram of Vista B Floor 2

management system, or the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) (Overview of

IP Addressing Scheme and Interpretation

The following table shows the router configuration：

Router Fa0/0 Meeting Room 192.168.6.32/27 255.255.255.224 192.168.6.33/27

Fa6/0 Staff Room 192.168.5.128/26 255.255.255.192 192.168.5.129/26

Fa1/0 Manager Room 192.168.5.64/26 255.255.255.192 192.168.5.65/26