Introduction to history customs, institutions, administration and so
(DEFINITION, SOURCES, on.
IMPORTANCE)
WHAT IS HISTORY?
• History is everywhere. We are all influenced
by history. But how can we absorb history in
ourselves after all?
• According to Martin Luther King Jr., “We are
not makers of history. We are made by
history.”
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=3o8Mmga-ORc
WHAT IS HISTORY?
• The term was adapted to classical Latin
which defined historia as the account of the
past of a person or a group of people through
written documents and historical evidences.
• Burckhardt: “History is the record of what
one age finds worthy of note in another.”
• Henry Johnson: “History, in its broadest
sense, is everything that ever happened.”
• Jawaharlal Nehru: “History is the story of
Man’s struggle through the ages against
Nature and the elements; against wild beasts
and the jungle and some of his own kind who
have tried to keep him down and to exploit
him for their own benefit.”
WHAT’S IN A HISTORY?
• History is the study of life in society in the
past, in all its aspect, in relation to present
developments and future hopes.
• It is the story of man in time, an inquiry into
the past based on evidence. Indeed,
evidence is the raw material of history
teaching and learning.
WHAT’S IN A HISTORY?
• History aims at helping students to
understand the present existing social,
political, religious and economic conditions of
the people.
• Without the knowledge of history, we cannot
have the background of our religion,
WHAT’S IN A HISTORY?
• The teaching of history helps the students to
explain the present, to analyze it and to trace
its course.
• Cause-and-effect relationship between the
past and the present is lively presented in the
history.
• History thus helps us to understand the
present-day problems both at the national
and international level accurately and
objectively.
WHAT COUNTS AS HISTORY?
No document, no history.
WHAT COUNTS AS HISTORY?
 Government Records.
 Words of Mouth.
 Oral Traditions.
 Chronicler’s Accounts.
 Artifacts.
 Personal Letters.
 Architecture.
History: a Science or an Art?
By : Pallavi Talekau, Dr. Jyotrimayee
Nayak , Dr.S.Harichandan
• In our society, we witnessed several artifacts
that undergone the process of conservation.
Each artifact represents how history of the
society was shaped through the years.
• As you examine the artifact, do you prefer
that historical thing an art, or a science?
How?
• To further add some idea about how history
can be an art or a science, watch the video
presented below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=UeDG8XDt2mc
HISTORY AS A SCIENCE
• History is a science in the sense that it
pursues its own techniques to establish and
interpret facts.
• Like other natural sciences such as the
Physics and Chemistry uses various
methods of inquiry such as observation,
classification, experiment and formulation of
hypothesis and analysis of evidence before
interpreting and reconstructing the past.
HISTORY AS A SCIENCE
• History also follows the scientific method of
inquiry to find out the truth.
• Though historian uses scientific techniques,
experiment is impossible since history deals
with events that have already happened and
cannot be repeated.
ARGUMENTS AGAINST HISTORY AS A
SCIENCE
• No forecasting: A historian cannot arrive at
general principles or laws which may enable
him to predict with certainty the occurrence
of like events, under given conditions.
• A scientist on the other hand, looks at
knowledge from a universal angle and
arrives at certain generalizations that help
him to control the present and predict the
future.
• Complex: The facts of history are very
complicated and seldom repeat in the real
sense of the term.
• Varied: The underlying facts of history have
wide scope. They are so varied that they can
seldom be uniform.
• No observation and experimentation:
Historical data are not available for
observation and experimentation.
• No dependable data: Historical data are the
products of human thoughts and action
which are constantly changing.
• They therefore cannot provide dependable
data for the formation of general principles
and laws.
HISTORY IS BOTH A SCIENCE AND AN
ART
• History is a unique subject possessing the
potentialities of both a science and an art.
• It does the enquiry after truth; thus history is
a science and is on scientific basis.
• It is also based on the narrative account of
the past; thus, it is an art or a piece of
literature.
HISTORY IS BOTH A SCIENCE AND AN
ART
• History cannot remain at the level of knowing
only.
• The construction and reconstruction of the
past are inevitable parts of history.
• History, in fact, is a social science and an art.
In that lie its flexibility, its variety and
excitement.
Historical sources
PRIMARY SOURCES
• Sources produced at the same time as the
event, period, or a subject being studied.
PRIMARY SOURCES
• Archival Documents
• Artifacts.
• Memorabilia.
• Letters.
• Government Records.
EIGHT EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY
SOURCES
1. Photographs that may reflect social
conditions of historical realities and everyday
life.
2. Old sketches and drawings that may indicate
the conditions of life of societies in the past.
3. Old maps they may reveal how space and
geography were used to emphasize trade
routes, structural build-up, etc.
4. Cartoons for political expression or
propaganda.
5. Material evidence of the prehistoric past like
cave drawings, old syllabaries, and ancient
writings.
6. Statistical tables, graphs, and charts
7. Oral history or recordings by electronic
means of accounts of eyewitness or
participants; the recordings are then
transcribed and used for research.
• Examples: government reports, municipal
accounts, research findings, civil registry
records, property registers, census
NON-WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY
1. Material evidence
 Archaeological Evidence.
 Includes artistic, creations, relics,
artifacts.
2. Oral evidence

8. Published and unpublished primary  Tales or Sogas.

documents eyewitness accounts, and other  Folk songs popular rituals.
written sources.  Interviews.

PRIMARY SOURCES
• It can be non-written. NATURE OF HISTORY
• Examples: Manunggul Jar, edifices By : Pallavi Talekau, Dr. Jyotrimayee Nayak ,
(structures) like colonial churches; clothes, Dr.S.Harichandan
jewelry, farming implements, and paintings,
NATURE OF HISTORY
photographs, films, and recordings.
1. A study of the present in the light of
SECONDARY SOURCES
the past.
• Other sources produced by an author who
2. History is the study of man.
used primary sources to produce the material
3. History is concerned with man in time.
• Secondary sources
4. History is concerned with man in
• Topic: Philippine Revolution of 1896
space.
• Secondary Source: Teodoro Agoncillo’s
5. Objective record of happenings.
Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio
and the Katipunan 6. History is multi-sided.
WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY 7. History is a dialogue between the
events of the past and progressively
WRITTEN SOURCES
emerging future ends.
1. Narrative or literature
8. Not only narration but also analysis.
• Chronicles or tracts presented in narrative
9. Continuity and coherence are the
form, written to impart a message whose
necessary requisites of history.
motives for their composition vary widely.
10. History is relevant.
2. Diplomatic sources
11. History is comprehensive.
• Document/record an existing legal situation
A STUDY OF THE PRESENT IN THE
• Professional historians treat these as the
LIGHT OF THE PAST:
purest, “best” source
• The present has evolved out of the past.
3. Social documents
• Modern history enables us to understand
• Information pertaining to economic, social,
how society has come to its present form so
political, or judicial significance
 that one may intelligently interpret the
sequence of events.
• The causal relationships between the
selected happenings are unearthed that help
in revealing the nature of happenings and
framing of general laws.
HISTORY IS THE STUDY OF MAN:
• History deals with man’s struggle through the
ages. History is not static.
• It traces the fascinating story of how man has
developed through the ages, how man has
studied to use and control his environment
and how the present institutions have grown
out of the past.
HISTORY IS CONCERNED WITH MAN IN
TIME:
• It deals with a series of events and each
event occurs at a given point in time.
• Human history, in fact, is the process of
human development in time.
• It is time which affords a perspective to
events and lends a charm that brightens up
the past.
HISTORY IS CONCERNED WITH MAN IN
SPACE:
• The interaction of man on environment and
vice versa is a dynamic one.
• History describes about nations and human
activities in the context of their physical and
geographical environment.
• Out of this arise the varied trends in the
political, social, economic and cultural
spheres of man’s activities and
achievements.
OBJECTIVE RECORD OF HAPPENINGS:
• Every precaution is taken to base the data on
original sources and make them free from
subjective interpretation.
• It helps in clear understanding of the past
and enables us to take well informed
decisions.
MULTISIDED:
• All aspects of the life of a social group are
closely interrelated and historical happenings
cover all these aspects of life, not limited only
to the political aspect that had so long
dominated history.
HISTORY IS A DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE
EVENTS OF THE PAST AND
PROGRESSIVELY EMERGING FUTURE
ENDS.
• The historian’s interpretation of the past, his
selection of the significant and the relevant
events, evolves with the progressive
emergence of new goals.
• The general laws regulating historical
happenings may not be considered enough;
attempts have to be made to predict future
happenings on the basis of the laws.
NOT ONLY NARRATION BUT ALSO
ANALYSIS:
• The selected happenings are not merely
narrated; the causal relationships between
them are properly unearthed.
• The tracing of these relationships lead to the
development of general laws that are also
compared and contrasted with similar
happenings in other social groups to improve
the reliability and validity of these laws.
CONTINUITY AND COHERENCE ARE THE
NECESSARY REQUISITES OF HISTORY:
• History carries the burden of human progress
as it is passed down from generation to
generation, from society to society, justifying
the essence of continuity.
RELEVANT:
• In the study of history only those events are
included which are relevant to the
understanding of the present life.
COMPREHENSIVENESS:
• According to modern concept, history is not
confined to one period or country or nation.
• It also deals with all aspects of human life-
political, social, economic, religious, literary,
aesthetic and physical, giving a clear sense
of world unity and world citizenship.

First Voyage Around the World
Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected
Primary Sources in Philippine History
WHAT ABOUT HIM?
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
 Famous Italian traveler born in Vicenza
around 1490 and died in the same city in
1534, who is also known by the name of
Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio
Pigafetta.
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
• He became a great friendship with
Magallanes, who accompanied, together with
Juan Sebastián Elcano, in the famous
expedition to the Moluccas begun in August
of 1519 and finished in September 1522.
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
• He was wounded at the battle of the
island of Cebu (Philippines) in which
Magellan found death.
• The output of Seville made it aboard
of the Trinity; the return, along with a
handful of survivors (17 of the 239
who left this adventure), in victory,
ship that entered in Sanlúcar de
Barrameda (Cádiz) in Spain on
September 6, the designated year.
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
 In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet reached
what he called the LADRONES ISLANDS
or the “Islands of the Thieves.”
 He recounted: “These people have no
arms, but use sticks, which have a fish
bone at the end.

 They are poor, but ingenious, and great
thieves, and for the sake of that we call
these three islands the Ladrones Islands.”
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
 The Ladrones Islands is presently known as
the Marianas Islands. Ten days after they
have reached Ladrones Islands, Pigafetta
reported that they have what he called the
Isle of Zamal, now Samar but Magellan
decided to land in another uninhabited island
for greater security where they could rest for
a few days.
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
 On MARCH 18, nine men came to
them and Magellan realized that the
men were showed joy and eagerness
in seeing the reasonable and
welcomed them with food, drinks and
gifts.
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
 Pigafetta detailed in amazement and
fascination the palm tree which bore fruits
called cochos and wine.
 He characterized the people as “very familiar
and friendly” and willingly showed them
different islands and the names of these
islands.
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
 The fleet went to Humunu Island
(Homonhon) and there they found
what he referred to as the “Watering
Place of Good Signs.” for it is in this
place that they found the first signs of
gold in the island.
 They named the island together with a
nearby island as the archipelago of St.
Lazarus.
 A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
On March 25th, Pigafetta recounted that they
saw two balanghai (balangay), a long boat
full of people in Mazzava/Mazaus.
The leader whom he referred to the king
became closely bonded with Magellan as
they both exchanged gifts to one another.
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
 After a few days, Magellan was introduced to
the king’s brother who was also a king of
another island where Pigafetta reported that
they saw mines of gold.
 The gold was abundant that parts of the ship
and of the house of the king were made of
gold. This king was named Raja Calambu,
king of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and
Caragua), and the first king was Raia Siagu.
 On March 31st (Easter Sunday), Magellan
ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass by
the shore. The king heard about this plan
and sent two dead pigs and attended the
Mass with the other king.
 Pigafetta then wrote: “…when the offertory of
the mass came, the two kings, went to kiss
the cross like us, but they offered nothing,
and at the elevation of the body of our Lord
they were kneeling like us, and adored our
Lord with joined hands.”
This was the first Mass in the Philippines, and
the cross would be famed Magellan’s Cross
which is still preserved at present day.
This was the same cross which Magellan
explained to the kings as a sign of his
emperor who ordered him to plan it in the
places were he would reach and further
explained that once other Spaniards saw this
cross, then they would know that they had
been in this island and would not cause them
troubles.
 By April 7th, Magellan and his men reached
the port of Zzubu (Cebu) with the help of
Raia Calambu who offered to pilot them in
going to the island.
 The kind of Cebu demanded that they pay
tribute as it was customary but Magellan
refused.
 By the next day, Magellan’s men and the
king of Cebu, together with other principal
men of Cebu, met in an open space.
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
 There the king offered a bit of his blood and
demanded that Magellan do the same.
 On April 14, Magellan spoke to the kind and
encouraged him to be a good Christian by
burning all of the idols and worship the cross
instead. The king of Cebu was then baptized
as a Christian.
 After 8 days, all of the island’s inhabitant
were already baptized.
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
 When the queen came to the Mass one day,
Magellan gave her an image of the Infant
Jesus made by Pigafetta himself.
 On 26th of April, Zula, a principal man from
the island of Matan (Mactan) went to see
Magellan and asked him for a boat full of
men so that he would be able to fight the
chief name Silapulapu (Lapulapu).
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST
VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
 Magellan offered 3 boats instead and went to
Mactan to fight the said chief. – They
numbered 49 in total and the islanders of
Mactan were estimated to number 1,500.
 Magellan died in battle. He was pierced with
a poison arrow in his right leg. The king of
Cebu who was baptized offered help but
Magellan refused so that he could see how
they fought.