UMTS 2006 Qualcomm Semminary

Digitel Venezuela UMTS/HSDPA Lessons Learned
80-W1004-1

80-W1004-1
Engineering Services Group
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80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary
80-W1004-1
QUALCOMM Incorporated
5775 Morehouse Drive
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Copyright © 2006 QUALCOMM Incorporated. All rights reserved .
80-W1004-1 Rev A

80-W1004-1
Contents
• UMTS Network planning
• Overview and Challenges in UMTS
• In building Planning
• Network Optimization
• RF optimization
• Parameter Optimization
• System Selection
• Other UMTS lessons Learned during deployment
• HSDPA
– HSDPA Motivations
– Network Upgrade to HSDPA
– HSDPA Performance Testing
– HSDPA Optimization and Deployment (lessons Learned)
– HSDPA Performance Tests

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For further information: www.umtsuniversity.com

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Deployment
UMTS Network
Network Planning

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Deployment Overview
Determine RF
configuration and
Improve estimate starting
performance further. Planning point for basic
Improve capacity. physical layer
Decide on growth parameters.
needs.
Continuous Initial
Optimization Optimization
Verify initial parameters. Clean up RF

environment. Estimate system performance.

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UMTS Operator Challenges….
• Challenges associated with design and Network quality challenges

planning of a UMTS overlay – Coverage and Network Planning
• Integrate a UMTS network at 2.1GHz with
• UMTS and GSM planning and operational an existing GSM network. Leverage from
issues are quite different existing investment
• In-building coverage strategy
• Voice and data co-exist; new data • Site selection, cell placement – “to re-use
applications can be added alongside voice or not to re-use”
due to UMTS soft capacity – Performance and Optimization
• Call access & retention
• Balancing service quality, coverage, • UMTSÙGSM/GPRS/EDGE smooth inter-
capacity with cost of deployment operation
• New feature introduction
• Offer HSDPA alongside UMTS for higher- – Capacity
end data services • Intro of additional frequencies?
• Need for more spectrum?
• Catering for new services

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RF Network Planning & Deployment Services

UMTS Overlay planning challenges
Overlay system does not mean no planning is necessary
1. Planning ensures complete site integration
2. Planning mitigates interference, considering the difference in propagation with
the underlay network
3. Planning identifies the overshooting cells – cause for pilot pollution
4. Planning identifies the additional sites required initially and when capacity grows
Consideration when planning based on underlying GSM network
1. Compared to GSM network (typical underlay) UMTS planning cannot rely on the
same options
• Micro and Pico-cell are not readily available
• In-building Coverage (IBC) solutions are still uncommon and
expensive solutions (full Node B capacity)
2. Capacity sites cannot simply be dropped in
• Integration of the new site is necessary to manage pilot pollution,
control handover reduction factor (HRF) which impacts capacity
3. Coverage and capacity design cannot be performed independently in UMTS
4. New services (PS data mainly) could have a new distribution of traffic
• Reusing the GSM sites without proper capacity analysis has limited
validity

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Network Planning
• Network planning approach heavily influenced by GSM

planning techniques
• Sites often co-located with GSM → sub-optimal solution

and often very dense (<300 m spacing)
• Some operators rely too heavily on RSCP planning

(neglecting interference)
• Design guidelines do not consider marketing plans

– If RF optimization target for Ec/No is -10 dB over 95% of
area in unloaded network
– Then Ec/No will be around -17 dB in loaded NW
→ PS data throughput of 64 kbps at best

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Network Planning Processes: Overview
• Critical aspects
Obtain Network Propagation
– Define traffic demand and the
associated call/user models Requirements Model Tuning
• Voice can follow the GSM
Model
• Data will be impacted by the Project Setup
application available
– Ensure that the assumptions
reflect the actual configuration Nominal Design
• RF models
• Building penetration losses
• …. Site Acquisition & Review
– Ensure that design guidelines are
appropriate
• For large network, ensure that Design for Design for
all parts of the network are of
equal quality Capacity Coverage
– Coverage and capacity design are
run concurrently (and iteratively)
as both interact Network
• Interference will impact the Deployment
capacity
• Focus the effort on main area
Initial Optimization

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In Building Planning

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Lack of In-Building Coverage
• Indoor Solutions still not readily available like for GSM

• UMTS needs to compete with GSM (including propagation
advantage at 900 MHz)
• Lack of indoor coverage aggravates inter-system issues
(reselection & handover)
• 3G-only services are severely impacted by limited UMTS in-
building coverage
• Without dedicated indoor solutions the achievable data rate for
PS data is limited

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In-Building Coverage Options

• High expectation of indoor coverage in GSM markets leaves two
options
– Placing transmitters inside buildings
– Covering inside from outside
• Covering inside from outside only advisable if penetration loss <
20dB and capacity requirement low
– Outdoor cells used to cover indoors may cause outdoor pilot
pollution
– Difficult to optimize when ground level and higher floors need to be
covered
• Observed building penetration losses are greater than 20 dB
• Placing transmitters inside buildings requires cost-effective
solutions (pico cells, distributed antennae, repeaters)

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Network Optimization
RF Optimization

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Overall Optimization Processes

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Example: Result of RF Optimization

Before RF Optimization
To completely resolve this

RF problem, adding a site is
recommended
After RF Optimization

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Impact on PS data throughput
Pavilion: covered by
PSC3, 116, 123, 124, 268
Dominant server is required

at the Pavilion for better
throughput performance.
Test Conditions:
Three UE download video

clips while one Sierra data
card downloading 20MB
file from FTP server inside
Pavilion;
Recommendations:
1) Downtilt PSC 268 from 1 to 5 degree to restraint coverage in the Pavilion;
2) Change PSC123 azimuth from 0 to 45 degree to create dominant server in the Pavilion

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HSDPA serving cell Ec/Io at the Pavilion

No HS server change in the
Pavilion after RF changes were
implemented;
Hence improved throughput

and eliminated frequent
buffering for video streaming
Before the RF changes,

frequent HS servers cell
change occurred and
impacting throughput and
frequent buffering

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Impact on PS data throughput

After implemented RF changes
Average Rx AGC (lin) = -57.98dBm
Average Tx AGC (lin) = -9.68dBm
Average Ec/Io of best cell = -5.89dB
Average RSCP of best cell = -63.87dBm
Avg Physical Layer Rate (Served) = 894.3kbps
Before RF changes
Average Rx AGC (lin) = -69.65dBm
Average Tx AGC (lin) = -3.80dBm
Average Ec/Io of best cell = -9.47dB
Average RSCP of best cell = -79.12dBm
Avg Physical Layer Rate (Served) = 583.5kbps

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Parameter Optimization
Overview

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Parameter Tuning Challenges
• WCDMA requires setting and tuning of a huge set of system

parameters
– Requires good understanding of trade-offs in setting the
parameters
– Requires good understanding of interactions between
parameters
• Improper settings of parameters is a key reason for unsatisfactory

system performance
• Impact and effectiveness of some parameters is hard to determine

in unloaded networks

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Example: Impact of Handover Parameter Changes
Combined Ec/No Set A vs.

SET B
Set B, Round 4
Improved Areas
More dynamic handover

Set A, Round 6 parameters improved call
quality in bad RF conditions

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Parameter Tuning – Use of Network Statistics
• Availability of Core Network and UTRAN performance statistics

helps in showing impact of parameters
– Network statistics are necessary to verify large scale impact of
parameter changes
– Network statistics only show results but not problem causes
• Performance statistics in today’s implementations
– Limited
– Difficult to interpret by the operator
– Sometimes only under vendor control
• Same applies to Core Network and UTRAN diagnostic logging

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System selection (I-RAT)
Overview on Optimization

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Setting Inter-System Boundaries – Considerations

• Main tradeoffs to consider when setting the inter-system boundaries:
– Maximize UMTS utilization
– Avoid quality degradation at the boundary
– Reselection and Handover boundaries might be different.

• Maximize WCDMA service area:
– New applications or better service can be offered to more subscribers (e.g.,
video telephony, PS384).
– Reduce additional traffic loading onto the GSM system, resulting in higher
utilization of the new infrastructure.
– At the boundary, WCDMA users may suffer from lower reliability, lower Ec/No or
RSCP, which may result in dropped calls or access failures.
• Maximize WCDMA service quality

– Earlier transitions to GSM layer will avoid low Ec/No or RSCP at the boundary.
– In the PS domain, earlier WCDMA to GPRS transitions significantly reduce user
throughput.
– Limit ping-pongs and their impact on service quality.

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Reselection and Handover Boundaries – Ping-Pong

• Reselection and handover are controlled by different parameters. Different timings
and effects should be considered.
– Reselection
• UE performs LAU/RAU after the inter-system reselection.
• Typically 5 to 10 seconds for the entire process.
• UE may miss calls until this process is completed.
– Handover
• CM has the greatest affect on quality.
• Typically 10 to 20 seconds for the entire process.
• PS data throughput is reduced while in CM (HLS).
• Coverage is affected in CM (SF/2) due to an increase in the required Tx
power (but limited maximum HPA power).
• Ping-pong affects the service quality in both cases, because it increases the time
when service is affected.

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Inter RAT – Other Observed Issues

• Inter-vendor handover not implemented yet → operators resort to crude
methods (go through GSM)
• Standard allows a lot of room for different implementations

– Compressed mode, blind HO, dual receivers, measurement methods,
parameter combinations
– Infrastructure vendor implementations vary (Measurement quantity,
reporting methods, compressed mode patterns)
• Performance of commercial handsets vary significantly
• Some operators resort to Inter-RAT as a means of fixing pilot pollution and

coverage holes in WCDMA network
– Root cause of the RF issues should be resolved through further RF
optimization not parameter changes

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Other lessons learned
on UMTS deployments

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Equipment Performance
• Same infra vendor may perform differently in another

carrier’s network
• Relative immaturity of UTRAN equipment compared to GSM

and other CDMA technologies
• In most projects, ESG has come across network issues

which impact call performance
• Carriers are concerned about large performance

differences between different types of UEs
• Key Performance Indicators have to compete with the good

values seen in mature GSM networks

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Call Setup Latency

• High call setup delays compared to GSM
• High call set-up time for video telephony
• Examples of Call Setup Latencies (voice calls mobile to

land)
Vendor Vendor Vendor Vendor Vendor

Average Time [sec]
1 2 3 4 5
MO Call Setup Time

("Send" key to 3.7 7.0 6.5 6.9 3.8
"Alerting")
RRC Connection
Request to RRC
0.70 0.21 1.3 0.7 .56
Connection Setup
Complete

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Network Load
• Most of the networks are still lightly loaded
• Even under low loading conditions, several vendors’ UTRAN are

struggling to process handover requests
• Interference
– Pilot Ec/No in unloaded system should be higher (> -9dB at 95%)
– For loaded network additional optimization is required to ensure
adequate interference levels
– Capacity partially wasted since not enough attention is given to
controlling RF interference
• Carriers need to view NW planning and optimization as iterative,

integrated process between coverage planning & capacity planning

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HSDPA Deployments

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HSDPA Motivations

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High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

What are the drivers and motivations for migrating to HSDPA?
– Data Rate
• Demand for high data
rate multimedia services
• Demand for higher peak
data rates
– Throughput
• Cost per megabyte
– Capacity
• Improved Link
Adaptation
dependent on Radio
Conditions

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WCDMA Evolution
Downlink Peak Data Rate Downlink Peak Data Rate

(Typical Deployment) (Theoretical Maximum)
GSM 9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps
GPRS 40kbps 171 kbps
EDGE 120 kbps 473 kbps
WCDMA Release 99 384 kbps 2.0 Mbps
HSDPA 10.0 Mbps 14.4 Mbps

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Release 99 Packet Data
• Dedicated Channel Features (DCH)
– Maximum implemented Downlink of 384 kbps
– Macro diversity (soft handover)
– OVSF Codes assigned per user and limited to a small number for high speed
users
– Rate switching response to bursty throughput is slow
– Outer loop power control responds slowly to channel conditions
• Common Channel Features (FACH)
– Common spreading code
– No soft handover
– User ID detected by MAC layer
– Only low data rates supported
– Good for bursty data applications
– Fixed transmit power

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High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
– Set of high speed channels

– Channels are shared by multiple users
– Each user may be assigned all or part of the total bandwidth
every 2 ms.

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Network Upgrade to HSDPA

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UMTS Network Architecture with HSDPA

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HSDPA Channels
• New HSDPA Channels
– High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)

• Downlink Transport Channel
– High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

• Downlink Control Channel
– High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel

(HS-PDSCH)
• Downlink Physical Channel
– High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

(HS-DPCCH)
• Uplink Control Channel

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HSDPA Performance Testing

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Introduction to HSDPA Performance Assessment

Upgrading from R99 to R5,
• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) introduces “new” physical channels on top
of the conventional common and dedicated physical channels:
– HS-PDSCH, HS-SCCH, HS-DPCCH
– This affects both power and OVSF code usage on the downlink
– Quality feedbacks also load up on the uplink (power, OVSF codes)
– Ec/No is impacted by more downlink interference from HSDPA
• Packet-switched data performance is greatly enhanced with HSDPA due to the high
efficiency, short sub-frame, HARQ, AMC and more efficient modulation scheme
(QPSK/16QAM)
– High throughput
– Low latency
• Cell throughput is also increased with HSDPA
• Handover behavior is different in HSDPA (HSDPA serving cell change)
Assessment is needed to quantify the impacts on NW performance

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Key Differences in Release 99 and HSDPA

• Slow outer loop power control Î Fast Adaptive Modulation and Coding
– Fast feedback of channel condition (CQI)

– QPSK and 16-QAM
– Coding from R=1/3 to R=1
• Limited data rate Î Multi-Code Operation
– Multiple codes allocated per user

– 16-QAM
– Fixed spreading factor (up to 15 codes with SF 16)
– Data rates up to 14.4 Mbps
• Slow rate and type switching Î Node B Scheduling
– Physical Layer HARQ

– Link level re-transmissions (incremental redundancy)

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Factors that can Impact HSDPA Performance
• Level of RF optimization in the network

• Link imbalance
• System Parameters
• Deployment Strategy (power and number of codes allocated for HSDPA)
• Loading of the cell
• Backhaul bandwidth limitations
• Design issues around Iub flow control and Node-B buffer management
• IP network routing issues

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HSDPA Optimization and

Deployment
Lessons Learned

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RF Optimization Process – Existing R’99 Network
Network Network
Drive Network
Planning Performance
Test Maps Traffic Patterns
Predictions Indicators
Identify Existing Prioritize Optimize Problem Areas, especially

Problem Areas Problem Areas with Pilot Dominance Issues
Baseline Identify New Continuous

Deploy HSDPA
Performance Problem Areas optimization
Define Network
Define KPIs
Objectives
Creating Pilot Dominance during Optimization is the key!

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Deployment/Optimization Process – New R’99/HSDPA

Network
Verify coverage
Define network Select (re-use) Deploy all
and capacity
objectives sites network nodes
objectives
Network Planning
Service
Service
Pre-optimization RF optimization optimization
Optimization
verification (R’99 & HSDPA) (PS, CS and
(AMR)
Initial Optimization
HSDPA)
Commercial Continuous
launch optimization
Creating Pilot Dominance during Optimization is the key!

Continuous Optimization
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HSDPA Deployment Strategy
• HSDPA can be deployed on a dedicated carrier or as shared carrier

with R’99
• Deployment strategy depends on several considerations
– Availability of spectrum
– Expected number of data users on the network
– Marketing/business objectives
• Key is to understand the performance expectations with each

approach
– HSDPA cell throughput is a function of power available for HSDPA

channels, number of HS-SCCH supported, codes available, category of
UEs used, scheduler implementation, etc.
– Shared carrier can use static or dynamic power allocation for HSDPA

80-W1004-1
RF Optimization Issues (1 of 2)
• RF optimization is always challenging, more so from an HSDPA perspective
• Optimization tends to be more difficult due to reuse of GSM sites
– Antenna heights are limited by existing infrastructure

– Antenna orientations are kept the same as GSM sites
– Sharing the antennas with GSM further limits optimization options
• Symptoms of un-optimized RF environment typically are
– Several areas with large active set size

– Frequent active set additions/deletions
– Frequent serving cell changes for HSDPA users
– Large neighbor lists
– Unnecessary interference

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RF Optimization Issues (2 of 2)
• Lack of soft-handover for HSDPA channels results in a larger performance

hit compared to R’99
• Network performing well for R’99 may have sub-optimal HSDPA

performance
– Impact of frequent changes of best server would not be visible in
connected mode for R’99 but would lead to sub-optimal HSDPA
performance
• RF optimization is the key to improving HSDPA performance

– Poor RF conditions results in lower CQI reported by UE and smaller
Mac-HS TB sizes to be scheduled
– Numerous cell-changes impact throughput due to
• Reduced and more infrequent scheduling
• RLC PDU losses in conjunction with Mac-HS Reset

80-W1004-1
Link Imbalance – Recommendations
• Adjustments to CPICH powers to fix RF optimization

issues should be avoided except in special situations
– Important to scale common channel powers to
maintain same absolute power
• Link imbalance issues can be mitigated to certain extent

by setting CQI, ACK and NACK power offsets higher
when the UE is in soft-handover with different Node-Bs –
not all vendors do this yet!

80-W1004-1
RF Optimization – Recommendations
• It is important to address underlying RF issues

– RF issues should not be considered as quasi-unavoidable
– Parameter changes or unnecessary neighbor list changes should not be
used to mask RF issues
• Start early by assessing HSDPA readiness
• Conduct RF Optimization as for Rel 99 network with special focus on

creating Pilot dominance
– Reduce overlaps in cell coverage
– Clean up areas with frequent best server changes
– Make sure HSDPA to R99 boundaries are in low-traffic areas
• Next two slides identify the high-level optimization steps to follow depending
on network deployment status

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HSDPA Performance Tests

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Applications: Usage and Deployment
Throughput
Application Multiple Users Latency Mobility Stationary
Single User
(Cell)
Web Browsing
● ● ●
[HTTP]
(Music) Download
● ● ● ●
[FTP]
Emailing
● ●
[Background]
(Video) Streaming
● ● ●
[Streaming]

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Typical Tests for Performance Assessment (1 of 3)

Test Type Test Motivation
Single User Near Cell Throughput This test provides a baseline performance
with maximum HSDPA power of maximum achievable throughput for a
allocation user.
Single User Far Cell Throughput Performance is expected to degrade in the
with maximum HSDPA power cell edge condition, especially when only a
allocation certain percentage of cell power is
allocated to HSDPA. A comparison of this
Single User Far Cell Throughput
Stationary performance with the near cell test would
with operator selected HSDPA
(Single User) provide an estimate on expected
power allocation
degradation in performance in challenging
RF environments.
Single User Near Cell Packet Provides a baseline performance of best
Latency case latencies seen by users.
Single User Far Cell Packet Provides an estimate of expected
Latency degradation in latencies in challenging RF
environments.
Stationary Cell Throughput Provides an estimate of expected average
Cell cell throughput in practice.
Throughput Cell Throughput with HSDPA + Provides insights into the impacts of
AMR HSDPA and AMR in the same system

80-W1004-1

Single User Throughput Performance is expected to degrade in mobility

Performance conditions, especially in challenging RF areas
where there are frequent best server changes.
A comparison of this performance with the near
cell test would provide an estimate on expected
degradation in performance in mobility. Also,
Mobility any performance issues in Iub flow control and
(Single User) buffer management associated with cell
HSDPA serving cell change can be identified.
Single User Packet Latency Provides an estimate of expected degradation
in latencies in mobility conditions. A wider
variation in packet latencies can be expected in
this scenario.
Inter-frequency blind Provides an estimate on service interruption
handover or handover with duration and impact on throughput/user
Handover Compressed Mode experience during these special handover
situations.
Inter-RAT handover from/to
HSDPA to GPRS/EDGE

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HS⇔DCH and FACH⇔HS A functional test to verify state transition

State
mechanisms and estimate time taken in the
Transition
process.
HTTP performance Provides an estimate of HTTP performance in
presence of FTP traffic – testing the scheduler’s
Application
capability to prioritize bursty applications over
continuous traffic.

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Suggested Tests for Different Applications
Throughput Tests
State Hand-
Latency HTTP 16-QAM
Application Transition over
Single User Test Test Test
Cell Test Test
Mob. Stat.
Web Browsing
3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
[HTTP]
(Music) Download
3 1 1 2 3 1 3 1
[FTP]
Emailing
2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3
[Background]
(Video) Streaming
2 2 2 1 3 3 3 1
[Streaming]
• Note: 1 – Most important, 3 – Least important

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HSDPA Performance Metrics
• Key Metrics
– Throughput in stationary and mobility scenarios
– Packet latency in stationary and mobility scenarios
– Cell change statistics
• Diagnostic Metrics
– RF Statistics
– BLER (after n retransmissions)
– CQI Statistics
– ACK/NACK performance (% duplicate TSN)
– RLC resets, RLC NAKs
– Statistics of scheduled rate (based on received TBS)
– % Sub-frames UE is scheduled
– T1 Timer Expirations

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Challenges Ahead
• What applications to launch on HSDPA?
• How would real-time applications like video streaming perform on HSDPA?
• What is the impact of HSDPA on R’99 coverage when shared carrier is

used?
• How to monitor/trend the performance of HSDPA service network wide?
• Managing and predicting backhaul capacity for HSDPA
• Actual benefits of advanced receivers and 16-QAM, and when to deploy

devices and networks that support them?

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Digitel Venezuela UMTS/HSDPA Lessons Learned

Digitel Venezuela UMTS/HSDPA Lessons Learned

Copyright © 2006 QUALCOMM Incorporated. All rights reserved .

Digitel Venezuela UMTS/HSDPA Lessons Learned

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

For further information: www.umtsuniversity.com

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

Verify initial parameters. Clean up RF

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

UMTS Operator Challenges….

• Challenges associated with design and Network quality challenges

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

RF Network Planning & Deployment Services

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

• Network planning approach heavily influenced by GSM

• Sites often co-located with GSM → sub-optimal solution

• Some operators rely too heavily on RSCP planning

• Design guidelines do not consider marketing plans

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

Lack of In-Building Coverage

• Indoor Solutions still not readily available like for GSM

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

In-Building Coverage Options

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

Overall Optimization Processes

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

Example: Result of RF Optimization

To completely resolve this

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

Impact on PS data throughput

Dominant server is required

Three UE download video

1) Downtilt PSC 268 from 1 to 5 degree to restraint coverage in the Pavilion;

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

HSDPA serving cell Ec/Io at the Pavilion

Hence improved throughput

Before the RF changes,

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

Impact on PS data throughput

Avg Physical Layer Rate (Served) = 894.3kbps

Avg Physical Layer Rate (Served) = 583.5kbps

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

Parameter Tuning Challenges

• WCDMA requires setting and tuning of a huge set of system

• Improper settings of parameters is a key reason for unsatisfactory

• Impact and effectiveness of some parameters is hard to determine

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

Example: Impact of Handover Parameter Changes

Combined Ec/No Set A vs.

More dynamic handover

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

Parameter Tuning – Use of Network Statistics

• Availability of Core Network and UTRAN performance statistics

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

System selection (I-RAT)

80-W1004-1 QUALCOMM Proprietary

Setting Inter-System Boundaries – Considerations

– Maximize UMTS utilization