জগন্নাথ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়

গণয াগায াগ ও সাাংিাবিকতা বিভাগ

অ্যাসাইনযেযের বিষয়:

† : গণোধ্যে গযিষণা ও সাাংস্কৃবতক বিযেষণ

†Kvm© bs: Ggwm‡R- 5102

wb‡`©kbvq
মুহাম্মি আনওয়ারুস সালাে
সহয াগী অ্ধ্যাপক
MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvM
RMbœv_ wek^we`¨vjq

MÖæc-2

. . .
17 ‡gv.mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb 22 kviwgb Av³vi 27 gvgybyi iwk`

18 Zvgvbœv Bmjvg †cwi 23 ‡gv.Avkivdzj Bmjvg 28 kvgmy †Zvnv ivRb

19 D‡¤§ nvweev Biv 24 Avmv`y¾vgvb Avmv` 29 gwngv Av³vi gywbœ
20 25 Avigvb nvmvb 30 dvnvwg`v dviRvbv
21 †gv. mvbvDjøvn dvnv` 26 KvRx ü`q
†mwgIjwR(Semiology)
m~Pbv: ksKi Dcb¨v‡mi Aej¤^‡b mZ¨wRr iv‡qi †m mgqKvi †cª¶vc‡U 'mxgve×' wm‡bgvwU wbgv©Y Kiv
n‡q‡Q| চ -
| আ য -
| য আ ,
চ |
| |
| য
| mxgve× wm‡bgvwUi wewfbœ w`K i‡q‡Q, hvi gva¨‡g Avgiv ZrKvjxb mvgvwRK
ev¯ÍeZvi GKwU iƒc †`L‡Z cvB|

Semiology: †mwgIjwR n‡jv way of signs. mxgve× wm‡bgvwU‡Z wewfbœ wPý e¨envi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi wewfbœ wPý Øviv wewfbœ ai‡Yi A_© wb‡`©k Kiv nq| GKRb M‡elK wm‡bgv wb‡q M‡elYvi
Kivi mgq MZbyMwZKfv‡e bv K‡i wewfbœ wP‡ýiI e¨vL¨v Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡e| hv‡Z K‡i GKwU Pjw”P‡Îi
M~pv_© ev wfZ‡ii A_©mg~n Zz‡j Avbv m¤¢e nq|

Dyer Gi g‡Z, gvby‡li Qwe we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ wKQz welq i‡q‡Q| †hgb:

1) Representations of bodies:
Gender :

Pjw”PÎwU‡Z †RÛvi Gi e¨envi jÿ¨Yxq| bvix I cyiyl Df‡qi cÖvq mgvb cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q wKšÍ wKQz
‡¶‡Î AmgZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| wm‡bgvq Awd‡mi D”P c`¸‡jv‡Z cyiæl‡`i AvwaK¨ _vK‡jI bvix‡`i Lye
GKUv †`Lv hvqwb|

gywfi GB Ae¯’v `¦viv †RÛvi AmgZv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i mgv‡RI G ai‡bi wPÎ Anin
†`Lv hvq| G †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, †RÛvi ‰elg¨ ZL‡bvI wQj, GL‡bvI Av‡Q|

Age :

mxgve×' Pjw”PÎwU‡Z wewfbœ eq‡mi Awf‡bZviv Awfbq K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Pjw”PÎwU‡Z k¨vg‡j›`y P¨vUvwR© I
Zvi ¯¿x ‡`vjb Pvcv Ges kvwjKv UyUyj†K ‡ewk Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡bi k¨vg‡j›`y P¨vUvwR© I Zvi ¯¿x ‡`vjb
Ges kvwjKv UyUy‡ji eqm cªvq 30/32 eQ‡ii n‡e|

g~jZ, GKwU Qwe‡Z wfbœ eq‡mi gvbyl e¨envi Kiv nq Qwei g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ iÿv Kivi Rb¨| hvi
Kvi‡b gywfwU‡Z wfbœ eq‡mi gvbyl‡K †`Lv hvq|
Race:

Pjw”PÎwU‡Z GLv‡b †ekwKQy RvwZ ev †kªwYi gvbyl Av‡Q| AwZ`wi`ª, `wi`ª, ga¨weË, D”PweË, I abx †kªwY
mn cÖvq me ai‡Yi †kÖwYi gvbyl Av‡Q| Z‡e GLv‡b abx †kªwY‡K cªvavb¨ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|

abx †kÖwY `¦viv †h Mixe †kÖwY me mgq †kvwlZ n‡”Q Zv GB gywf Øviv cwi®‹vifv‡e †mB welqwU
dzwU‡q †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI gywfwU‡Z K‡c©v‡iU RM‡Zi gvby‡li wPšÍv fvebvi welq¸‡jv dywU‡q †Zvjv
n‡q‡Q|

Hair:

mxgve× Pjw”PÎwU‡Z wewfbœ eq‡mi Awf‡bZviv Awfbq K‡i‡Qb| Awf‡bZv‡`i gv‡S Kv‡iv Pyj Kv‡jv,
Kv‡iv ev mv`v; Kv‡iv Pyj my›`i jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| GLv‡b Pyj my›`i Gi cªwZ †ewk cªvavb¨ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
gywfwU‡Z ‡g‡q‡`i Pz‡ji wfbœ ÷vBjI dzwU‡q †Zvjv nq| gywfi GK `„‡k¨ †`Lv‡bv nq, k¨vgj Zvi Awdm
mnKvix‡K HBw`‡bi †nqvi ÷vBj †`‡L e‡j,“Change your hairstyle , your before
hairstyle is better.”
g~jZ †g‡q‡`i Pz‡ji wfbœ †nqvi ÷vBj Øviv Zv‡`i †mŠ›`h©‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GB Pz‡ji
†mŠ›`‡hi© Kvi‡b cyiæliv Lye ZvovZvwo bvix‡`i cÖwZ AvK…ó nq| Avi Pjw”PÎwU‡ZI Zv †`Lv hvq| †hgb:
bvqK k¨vg‡j›`y P¨vUvwR© I Zvi ¯¿x `yjbPvcv Py‡ji my›`‡ii Dci AvMªn †`wL‡q‡Qb| Zvi ¯¿x Py‡ji †mŠ›`h©
e„w× Kivi Rb¨ e¨qeûj GKwU weDwU cvj©v‡i wM‡q Py‡ji cwiPP©v K‡ib|

Body:

mxgve×' Pjw”PÎwU‡Z my›`i I ¯§vU© ewW‡K dywU‡q ‡Zvjv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b †`Lv hvq kvwjKv UyUyj my›`i I ¯§vU©
nIqv‡Z k¨vg‡j›`y P¨vUvwR© mn A‡b‡K Zvi cªwZ AvK…ó nq| Avevi k¨vg‡j›`yi my`k©b †Pnvivi †cª‡g c‡i
kvwjKv UyUyj|

GLv‡b g~jZ bvixi kixi Avi Zvi †mŠ›`h©‡K †ewk dywU‡q ‡Zvjv n‡q‡Q| bvix gv‡bB my›`i I ¯§vU©
ewWi AwaKvix n‡e- GiKgB aviYv Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AwaKvsk gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹ Zv GL‡bvI †Mu‡_ Av‡Q|

Size :

Pjw”PÎwU‡Z k¨vgj kvixwiK MVb Abymv‡i D”PZvq A‡bK j¤^v| Zvi GK mnKg©x Zv‡K e‡jb, ÓAvcwb GZ
j¤^v †Kb? Avcbvi wcZvI wK D”PZvq j¤^v| ZLb wZwb DËi †`q Avgvi gv j¤^v|Ó

Avgv‡`i mgv‡R me mgq fvev nq, ‡Q‡j wcZvi g‡Zv n‡e Avi †g‡q gv‡qi g‡Zv n‡e| mvavibZ
mgvR †h fv‡e Avgv‡`i wPšÍv Ki‡Z †kLvq Avgiv †mfv‡eB wPšÍv Kwi| mgv‡Ri GB MwÛ †_‡K Avgiv
GL‡bvI †ei n‡Z cvwiwb| Avi GB mvB‡Ri ga¨ w`‡qI GK ai‡bi ˆelg¨ cwijwÿZ nq|
2) Representation of Manner:
GKwU wm‡bgv A‡bK wKQyi mgš^‡q ‰Zix nq| †mLv‡b _v‡K nvwm, Kvbœv, cvi¯úwiK `…wófw½, gvivgvwi,
†Pnviv Awfe¨w³ BZ¨vw`| Gm‡ei gva¨‡g GKwU wm‡bgvi wewfbœ w`K dywU‡q †Zvjv nq| D³ welq¸‡jv‡K
gv_vq †i‡L Avgiv mZ¨wRr iv‡qi mxgve× wm‡bgvi wewfbœ w`K Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

Expression:

 Happy moment:
wm‡bgvi †K›`«xq PwiÎ k¨vg‡j›`y P¨vUvwR©| wZwb wejvmeûj Rxebhvcb K‡ib| wZwb eÜyevÜe wb‡q AvÇvq
†g‡Z _v‡Kb| Zvi nvwm Lywk fve g‡b †j‡MB _v‡K| k¨vg‡j›`yi †eŠ †`vjbI wVK GKB ¯^fv‡ei, cvj©v‡i
hvIqv Avi Kwj‡Mi eD‡`i mv‡_ Mí K‡i w`b Kv‡U †`vj‡bi| gywf‡Z wfbœ ai‡bi Awfe¨w³i gva¨‡g Zv
dzwU‡q †Zvjv n‡q‡Q|

 Sadness:
wm‡bgvi cª_‡gB Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB A‡bK †eKvi †jvK PvKwii Avkvq †Kv¤úvwbi ILv‡b fxo Rwg‡q‡Q
A_©vr GLv‡b nZvkv Avi `ytL fve †`Lv hv‡”Q| GQvov k¨vg‡j›`yi evev gv Zvi mv‡_ d¬¨v‡U _v‡K bv GUvI
`ytLRbK †`Lvq| wb‡Ri ¯^v_© nvwm‡ji Rb¨ k¨vg‡j›`y KZR‡bi ¯^v_© ewj w`‡q‡Q GB KiæY `„k¨I dzwU‡q
†Zvjv n‡q‡Q| gywf‡Z wfbœ ai‡bi Awfe¨w³i gva¨‡g GB me `y:LRbK welq dzwU‡q †Zvjv n‡q‡Q||

Facial Expression:
mxgve× wm‡bgvq A‡bK¸‡jv g~ûZ© †`Lv hvq, †hgb:

1. k¨vg‡j›`yi k¨vwjKv hLb w`w`i Kv‡Q k¨vg‡j›`yi gvB‡bi K_v wR‡Ám K‡i, ZLb `yR‡bi Pvnwb| UzUz‡ji
GB Pvnwbi g‡a¨ AevK nIqvi welq cwijwÿZ nq|

2. †Kv¤úvwbi d¨v‡bi ÎywU aivi c‡i,k¨vg‡j›`yi Kcv‡j nvZ w`‡q wPšÍvi g~ûZ© cÖKvk K‡i| Zvui GB
Awfe¨w³i ga¨ w`‡q mewKQz nvwi‡q †djvi Bw½Z cÖKvk Kiv nq|
Eye Contact :

 GB wm‡bgvi wewfbœ As‡k wewfbœ iKg fw½‡Z Eye Contact †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Zvig‡a¨ k¨vwjKvi
Pvnwb ¸‡jv †ewk AvKl©bxq| UzUzj hLb mevi mv‡_ †L‡Z hvq, †m mgq †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjK †mLv‡b
Av‡Q| ZLb †m UzUz‡ji w`‡K GK`„wó‡Z †P‡q _v‡K| ZLb Zvui HB Pvnwbi Øviv Lvivc Bw½Z cÖKvk
Kiv nq|

 ‡Nvovi †i‡mi wUwKU †Kbvi mgq k¨vg‡j›`y hLb wUwKU ¸‡jv Pvw”Qj ZLb Zvi Avi k¨vwjKvi Eye
Contact `yR‡bi `~e©jZvi w`KwU dy‡U I‡V|

Pose:
k¨vg‡j›`yi k¨vwjKv hLb eyS‡Z cv‡i †h Zvi `yjvfvB nxbeyw×gbv ZLb Zvi g‡a¨ ivM Ges nZvkv g‡bvfve
†`Lv wM‡q‡Q| ZLb †m `yjvfvB‡qi †`Iqv Nwo wdwi‡q w`‡q P‡j hvq| k¨vg‡j›`yi K~U‡KŠkj Rvbvi c‡i
Zvi k¨vwjKvi gy‡Li ‡cv‡Ri K_v GLv‡b ej‡Z cvwi| Zvui GB G·‡cªkb Øviv †evSv‡bv nq †h, Avm‡j UzUzj
Zvui me AcK‡g©i K_v †R‡b †M‡Q| ‡m †h A‰ea c_ Aej¤^b K‡i wW‡i±i n‡q‡Q GLv‡b †mUvB †evSv‡bv
n‡q‡Q|
3) Representation of Activity:
mZ¨wRr ivq cwiPvwjZ mxgve× gywf†Z Awf†bZv I Awf†bGx†`i Kvh©Kjvc ¸†jv†K wZbwU fv†M fvM Kiv
n†q†Q|

K) Touch: mxgve× gywf†Z mZ¨wRr ivq k¨vg†j›`y I iyby†`ei gva¨†g GB welqwU my›`i fv†e Zz†j a†ib|
Zv†`i `yBR†ib g†a¨ †h cªwZ†hvwMZv wQj wcUv©m wjwg†UW †Kv¤úvwbi wW†i±i nIqvi| †mB c&ªwZ†hvwMZvq
hLb k¨vg†j›`yi Rq nq| mevB ZLb wW†i±i k¨vg†j›`y†K Awfb›`b Rvbvb n¨vÛ†k†Ki gva¨†g| wVK ZLb
‡mI Zv†K n¨vÛ†k†Ki gva¨†g Awfb›`b Rvbvb wKšÍ †mB n¨vÛ†k†Ki g†a¨ †`Lv hvq GK ai†bi N„Yv I
we`ªycvZœK fve cÖKvk K†ib iæYy†`e| Zvi wecix†Z k¨vg†j›`y cªKvk K†ib Zvi A©Rb Avi `vw¤¢KZv|

L) Body : mxgve× gywf†Z bvix cyiæl†i g†a¨ cyiæl†`i active f~wgKv I bvix†`i†K wbw¯Œq(passive)
f~wgKvq cvjb Ki†Z †`Lv hvq| †hgb:

 wcUv©m wjwg†UW †Kv¤úvwb†Z 1200 kÖwgK KvR K†ib Zv†`i mevB cyiæl Ges †nW Awd†mi 180 Rb
Awdmv†i 2,3 Rb bvix Kg©K©Zv Av†Qb hviv †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~©b c†` †bB| GB †Kv¤úvbwi wW†i±i,
g¨v†bRvi wW†i±i, †mj wW†i±i mevB cyiæl| GQvovI k¨vg†j›`y eD †`vjb I GKwU m¦vfvweK
M„wnYxi f~wgKv cvjb K†i|

 k¨vg†j›`yi Awd†mi I Zvi wewfbœ Kv†Ri gvbwmK Pvc ¸†jv †m †kqvi K†i bv| GLv†b bvix†`i †K
GKRb cyiæl(¯^vgx) ØvivB cwiPvwjZ n†Z †`Lv hvq|

M) Positional Communication: mxgve× gywf†Z mZ¨wRr ivq Lye my›`ifv†e GB welqwU dzwU†q
Zz†jb| †hgb:

 wcUv©m wjwg†UW †Kv¤úvwbi wW†i±i c†`i Rb¨ mgvb `vwe`vi k¨vg†j›`y I iyby†`e g†a¨ †ilv†iwl
Kg ‡`Lv hvq wb| †Kv¤úvwbi †evW© wgwUs PjvKvjxb mgq evwn†i A†cÿv Kivi mgq Zviv `yBRb gy†L
†Kvb K_v bv e†j, `yBRb `yBR†bi kixi fvlv I AevPwbK fvlvq Ges wmMv†i†Ui †avqvui wis evwb†q
`yBR†bB Zviv Zv†`i Ae¯’vb Zz†j a†ib|
4) Props and settings:
gywf‡Z wewfbœ fv‡e GwUi e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb:

 jvB‡Ui e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î gywf ïiy nIqvi cÖ_g w`‡K wcUvm© wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi mvBb †evW©, gywf‡Z
†KvU©, UvB, Nwo, Pkgv,SvoevwZ, Mªvg‡dvb BZ¨vw`i e¨envi n‡q‡Q| GQvov, Zv‡`i e¨eüZ d¬vU
¸‡jv‡Z wejvmeûj †mvdv ,SvoevwZ,j¨v¤^ BZ¨vw`i e¨envi †`Lv wM‡q‡Q|

‡KvU©, UvB, Pkgv, Nwo GB ¸‡jv w`‡q K‡c©v‡iU R‡ei AvwfRv‡Z¨i w`KwU dywU‡q †Zvjv n‡q‡Q|
Awd‡m Kg©iZ mKj e¨vw³ cwðgv KvjPv‡ii †cvkvK cwiavb K‡i| A_v©r mevi g‡a¨ K‡c©v‡iU fve weivR
Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| g~jZ G‡Z K‡c©v‡iU RM‡Zi gvby‡li g‡bvfve, wPšÍvfvebv welqwU dywU‡q †Zvjv n‡q‡Q|

Ways of describing signs:

†h †Kv†bv Qwe †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv A_© ‰Zwi K‡i _v‡K|| Z†e GB e³†e¨ ZvwË¡K†`i gv†S gZwe†iva i†q†Q|
†KD †KD e†jb Qwe †h†nZz wbw`©ó †Kvb fvlv ‡bB ZvB GKB Qwe `k©K†`i gv†S wfbœ A_© ˆZwi K†i| Avi
GB Rb¨B w¯’i wP†Îi gv†S A†bK mgq K¨vck†bi cÖ†qvRb nq| GKRb `k©K GKwU Qwe †_†K wK wK A_©
ˆZwi Ki†e Zv wbf©i K†i mvgvwRKxKi†Yi Dci| A_©vr, Zvi AwfÁZv, wek¦vm ev a¨vbaviYvi Dci|

†h †Kvb Qwe ev wm†bgvq wewfbœ ai†Yi sign e¨envi Kiv nq| G¸†jv GKwU Qwe ev Pjw”PΆK Av†iv †ewk
A_©en K†i †Zv†j| Saussure signs wKfv†e KvR K†i Zvi aviYv †`q| g~jZ Signifier vs
Signified Gi gv†S †h m¤cK© Zv cÖKvk Kiv nq signs w`†q| Pierce GB m¤cK©†K Av†iv fv†jvfv†e
†evSv†bvi Rb¨ sign †K 3 fv†M fvM K†i †`wL†q†Qb|

1) Icon : hLb Avgiv †Kv†bv kã ïwb ev †Kvb †jLv wKsev Qwe †`wL, Gi mv†_ mv†_B †h wPÎwU
Avgv†`i gv_vq Av†m ZvB n†jv Icon| mxgve× wm†bgvq †ek K†qKwU RvqMvq icon e¨envi Kiv n†q†Q|

 k¨vg†j›`y Zvi Awd†mi eY©bv †`qvi mgq wcUvm© d¨vb Gi †jv†Mv Avi wVKvbv †`Lv†bv nq| GQvovI
Gi GKUz c†iB hLb KviLvbvq d¨v†bi †cÖvWvKk†bi mU †`Lv†bv n‡qwQ†jv ZL†bv †jv†MvUv hyg K†i
†`Lv†bv nq| †im †`Lvi ci †`vjbPvcv Pz‡ji ÷vBj Ki‡Z hLb cvj©v†i hvq| †mLv†bI cvj©vi
†evSv†Z cvj©v†ii bvg †jv†Mv †`Lv†bv nq| †jv†Mv¸‡jv wQ†jv Textual| wfbœai†Yi d›UB g~jZ
GwUi we†klZ¡|
  wg÷vi ivgvwj½vg †h `w¶Y fvi†Zi Zv †evSv†Z Dbvi Kcv†j †mLvbKvi cÖPwjZ wZjK civ‡bv
†`Lv‡bv n†q†Q| Avi GB Icon Øviv GKwU RvwZ‡K Avjv`vfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| A_v©r †m †h
`w¶Y fvi†Zi GKRb RvwZ Zv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q GLv‡b|
 wm†bgvi cÖvq †k†li w`†K GKUv `„‡k¨ wcUvm© d¨v†bi UvB†Uj U¨©vK evRv†bv nq| weÁvc‡bi
D‡Ï‡k¨B GwU e¨envi Kiv nq|

2) Index: mvaviYZ †Kvb wKQzi AšÍwb©wnZ A_© †evSvq Index Øviv| wm†bgvq-
 k¨vg†j›`y hLb Zvi †Q†ji wPwV cowQ†jv ZLb †Q†ji ¯^i Avi Qwei Dci K¨v†giv aiv nq| †Q†j,
ivRv K_v ej†Q, evev †Q†ji msjvc†K Av†iv my›`ifv†e cÖKvk Ki†ZB GB sign e¨envi Kiv nq|
G‡Z †hgb †Q‡ji cªwZ evevi fv‡jvevmv cªKvk †c‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †Zgwb Zvi D”PvKvO&¶v A_©vr
wW‡i±i nIqvi Rb¨ †Q‡ji w`‡K åy‡¶cnxb j¶ Kiv hvq|
 k¨vgj Avi †`vjb hLb evmv †_†K †ei n†q hvq Gic†ii wm†b †`Lv†bv nq †h c`©v Eo†Q| GUv Øviv
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h evmvq †bB, Zviv P†j †M†jv Zv †evSv†bv n†q†Q|
 13B gvP© †evgv nvgjv †evSv†Z †evgv we†õvi†bi kã Ges IqvPg¨vb wZIqvwii AvnZ nIqvi `„k¨
†`Lvb n†q†Q| Gi Øviv †evSv‡bv n‡”Q gvbyl Zvi ¯^v_© nvwm‡ji Rb¨ †h‡Kv‡bv wKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 KviLvbvi †MB†U Zvjv jvMv†bv n†jv| G†Z †evSv †M†jv †h KviLvbv eÜ n†q †M†Q| GUv `¦viv
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h mgv‡Ri wb¤œ †kÖwYi gvbyliv †kvwlZ|

3) Symbol : mvaviYZ Symbol Gi †¶‡Î signifier Ges signified Gi gv†S †Kvb wgj _v†K
bv| m¤c~Y© wfbœ A_© ˆZix K†i| ‡hgb:

 k¨gj†K QvÎ Ae¯’v †_†KB Pkgv ci†Z †`Lv hvq| †evSvb nq †h †m GKRb †gavex QvÎ|
 †i†mi mgq †`Lv†bv nq UzUzj Pkgv Avi LvZv wb†q e†m| †mLv†b hviv †eU Ki†Z G†m†Q mevi
nv†ZB LvZv wQ†jv, Pkgv wQ†jv †Pv†L| hviv †eU Ki†Q Zv†`i †evSv†ZB g~jZ Gi e¨venvi|
  d¨vb wi†R± n†Z cv†i Ggb m¤¢vebv †`L†Z †c†q k¨vgj evwo†Z G†m g†`i Møvm mvg†b †i†L
†mvdvq e‡m| †m Rb¥w`b Qvov g†` nvZ †`q bv| Gi Øviv †evSv†bv n†q†Q †h me wgwj†q †m KZUzKz
`ywðšÍvq fzM†Q|GQvov †m GK `„wó†Z NyišÍ d¨v†bi w`†K ZvwK†q wQ†jv| Zvi Kv†Q ZLb d¨vb gv†b
evZvm bq eis †Pv†L fvmwQj †h †Kv¤cvwbi d¨vb¸†jv wi†R± n†Z hv†”Q| G‡Z K‡i Zvi c` P‡j
hv‡e Zv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
 KviLvbvq kªwgK†`i Lvev†i mgm¨v m„wó Kiv nq | Gi cÖwZev†`i fvlv wn†m†e Zviv Lvevi _vwj †d†j
†`q| Gi Øviv †evSv‡bv nq eo wRwbm Av`vq Kivi Rb¨ gv‡S gv‡S nv½vgv m„wó Ki‡Z nq|

Syntamatic signs:
cÖ‡Z¨‡K Qwe‡Z †Kvb bv †Kvb wPý e¨envi Kiv nq| Syntamatic sign n‡jv w¯’i Qwei †¶‡Î Gi Pviw`K
ch©‡e¶Y K‡i A_© †ei Kiv A_ev wbw`ó ch©v‡qi Av‡Mi I c‡ii `…k¨ we‡ePbvq †i‡L A_© wba©vib Kiv nq|
Kvib Qwe n‡jv sequence of sign Gi mgš^‡q ‰Zwi|

mxgve× wm‡bgv‡Z Syntamatic sign e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb:

Scene (`„k¨): Ògv‡S g‡a¨B `yg`vg †evgv‡Uvgv dyU‡Q kn‡iÓ|

GLv‡b wecøex‡`i eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| kn‡i kªwgK Av‡›`vjb n‡”Q| A‡bK wecøexiv gviv hv‡”Q|

Scene (`„k¨): "hLb ¯‹y‡j coZvg K‡qKUv mve‡R± wQj †hgb, wRIMªvwd fxlY Lvivc jvMZ, wKš‘
†mUv ev` w`‡Z cviZvg bv| weKR †` Iqvi cvU© Ae `¨ wm‡jevm|" UyUyj wR‡Ám K‡i,"Zvi gv‡b Avcwb
ej‡Z Pvb †h, Avcbv‡K GLbI A‡bK wKQy Ki‡Z nq, hv Ki‡Z Avcbvi Lvivc jv‡M?"

Dˇi k¨vg‡j›`y nZvk ¯^‡i e‡j,"Zv bv n‡j †h GK RvqMvq c‡o _vK‡Z nq| †cÖv‡gvkb nq bv| †mUv wK
fv‡jv?"
 k¨vg‡j›`y K_v Abymv‡i †evSv hvq, Zvi A‡bK wKQy Ki‡Z B”Qv K‡i bv| wKš‘ †jvK †`Lv‡b wKsev
mgv‡Ri DPy ‡kÖwYi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ Zv‡K A‡bK wKQy Ki‡Z nq| †hgb †Nvovi †`Šo
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv hvIqv, K¬v‡e hvIqv,cvwU© Kiv| GgbwK cÖwZ †iveevi Mjd †Lj‡Z hvIqvUv †K †m e‡j‡Q ÒH
ev‡qvjwRi gZÓ| Avgv‡`i mgv‡RI GB `„k¨wU jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

Scene (`„k¨): Ò‡nvPU †L‡Z nq| gyL _ye‡o co‡Z nq| GgbwK `yB GKUv dvDj I n‡q hvq|Ó

wW‡i±i nIqvi Rb¨ Zv‡K A‡bK wKQyB Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ d¨v±wi‡Z MÛ‡Mvj evav‡bv,GgbwK
KviLvbvq mgm¨v m…wó K‡i †mLv‡b cwiKwíZfv‡e GKwU †evgv dvUv‡bv nq| †m †evgvi AvNv‡Z †MUg¨vb
AvnZ nq| k¨vg‡j›`y f`ªZvi LvwZ‡i Awdwmqvj wfwR‡U Zv‡K †`L‡ZI hvq, Z‡e †MUg¨v‡bi `y`©kv Zv‡K
¯úk© K‡i bv| G cy‡iv NUbvwU wb‡q Zvi gv‡S †Kv‡bv Aby‡kvPbv‡eva cwijw¶Z nq bv| ïay K‡qKevi Zv‡K
AvgZv AvgZv K‡i ej‡Z †kvbv hvq,"Gm‡e †Zv Avgvi A‡f¨m †bB| GRb¨ Aw¯’i jvM‡Q|" e¨w³¯^v‡_©i
Kv‡Q KviLvbvi kZ kZ k«wg‡Ki ¯^v_© Zvi Kv‡Q Zy”Q n‡q hvq ZLb|

Metonymic : য চ
metonymic । ।

য । য ।
চ ।

য চ আ য
চ য । আ চ
চ চ ।

আ আ চ , য আ চ
। চ
wfR¨yqvj A¨vbvjvBwmm (Visual analysis)
Visual Culture and effects of visual objects:
5 aspects of the social effects of images:

1) cÖ†Z¨K QweiB Visual A_© Av†Q| wfR¨yqvj welqwU fvlvi g†Zv bq| Qwe†Z GB visualization Gi
cÖfve A†bK| GKRb M†elK Gi Dci M†elYv Ki†Z cv†ib|

wm†bgvi GKwU `„†k¨ †`Lv†bv nq k¨vg†j›`yi mnKg©x Zvi gy†Li Dci wm†M†i†Ui †auvqv Qv†ob| wKQz¶Y ci
k¨vgjI Dbvi gy†L †avqv Qv†ob| GLv†b †Kv†bv e³e¨ wQj bv wKšÍ `„k¨wU Øiv k¨vg†ji AcgvwbZ†eva nIqv
Ges GKB AvPiY wdwi†q †`qvi gvbwmKZv cÖKvk cvq|

2) GKwU Qwe g†bv†hvM mnKv†i †`L†j †evSv hvq, GKwU Qwei g†a¨ wK ai†bi cÖfve Av†Q| A_vr Qwei
mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨¸†jv †evSv hvq|

†hgb: wm†bgvq k¨vg†j›`y †im †`L†Z hvIqvi UzUzj†K e†j 'GB kvwo c†i hvIqv hv†e bv'| G†Z †evSv hvq
†mLv†b GKUv nvB ÷¨vÛvW© †gBb†Ub Ki†Z nq| GQvov wjd†U DVvi wmbwU†Z k¨vg†j›`y e³†e¨i Dˆi e†j
D†V Avcwb ïay ˆ`wnK D”PZvi K_v fve†Qb †K†bv! †m †evSv†Z †P†q†Q c†`I †m eo| GLv†b mvgvwRK †h
ˆelg¨ Zv cÖKvk cvq|

3) GKwU Qwe †`L†Z †Kgb Zvi †_†K †ewk ¸iyZ¡c~Y© QwewU wKfv†e †`Lv n†q‡Q| Zvi gv†b way of
seeing ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| cwðgv we†k¦ †hfv†e Qwe †`Lv nq, Avgv†`i †`†k †mfv†e Qwe †`Lv†bv nq bv|

†hgb: †Kv¤cvwbi ¯^v†_© Ges e¨vw³¯^v†_©I k¨vgj wb†`©vl kªwgK†`i Dci †h Ab¨vq K†iwQj, ZvivI Gi
cÖwZev†` wecøex n†q I†VwQ†jv| Avgiv wgwj†q †dj†ev wKfv†e mv`v Pvgovi gvbyl GKUv mgq Avgv†`i Dci
GB iKg Ab¨vq AvPiY Ki†Zv Ges Avgiv wb†R†`i wewfbœ AwaKvi Av†›`vj†bi gva¨†g wdwi†q G†bwQ|
Ab¨w`†K cwðgv †KD GB Qwe †`L†j welq Uv Lye ¯^vfvweKfv†e wb†e| †h e„nr ¯^v†_© Ggb †QvU Z¨vM †`qvB
hvq| GKRb kªwg†Ki Rxe†bi †P†q †Kv¤cvwbi mybvg †ewk ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| g~jZ wfbœ ms¯‹…wZi I gvbwmKZvi Dci
wbf©i K†i †K wKfv†e †`L†e|

4) wfR¨yqvj c«fve †`Lvi †¶‡Î me ‡cÖÿvc‡Ui K_v g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Ges Qwei Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx g~j¨wba©viY
Ki‡Z n‡e|

†hgb: mxgve× gywf‡Z wfbœ `„k¨ †`Lv‡bv nq| †mB me `„k¨ wfbœ wKQzi Bw½Z enb K‡i| GKRb M‡elK†K
wfR¨yqvj A¨vbvjvBwmm Kivi †¶‡Î mewelq gv_vq iv‡L Qwe we‡kølY Ki‡Z n‡e|

5) GB As‡k `k©K‡`i Aek¨B we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e| GKB Qwe wfbœ `k©‡Ki Kv‡Q wfbœ A_© ‰Zix K‡i|
A_©vr AwW‡qÝ †f‡` Qwei A_© wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB GKRb M‡elK †K wfR¨yqvj A¨vbvjvBwmm Kivi mgq
AwW‡qÝ Gi K_v gv_vq ivL‡Z n‡e| mxgve× Qwe‡Z A‡bK `…k¨ i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b GK GKwU Qwe ev †cª¶vcU
GK GK A_© enb K‡i|

Sites and Modalities: Qwe we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wZbwU Site I wZbwU modality i‡q‡Q| Gi
gva¨‡g mxgve× wm‡bgvi wfR¨yqvj w`KwU wb‡¤œ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv|

১)Site of production: GwU‡K Avgiv wZbwU modality Gi gva¨‡g e¨vLv Kiv hvq|
K) Technological modality: চ welq চ , - ,
| চ
|

L) Compositional modality: mZ¨wRZ ivq cwiPvwjZ Ômxgve×Õ Pjw”PÎwU GKwU

K¬vwmK¨vj Wªvgv|

M) Social modality: চ চ |
চ |
চ | য চ ( ) |

চ আ আ
‘ ’ (১৯৭১) |
চ য , চ চ চ
|আ য আ |
| |
চ চ - ,
আ য চ | য
, |
আ য , , ,
আ |
|

আ ; আ ,
য য , আ ,
য | য আ ,
| য | - য |
 য | ‘ ’- ‘ ’-
|চ | য | আ
য চ চ | ’ |

চ ১৯৭১ ৪ |
| আ | য
| আ চ আ -
, | | , ৪
‘ ’| য
চ য |
য |

চ আ |
| য
চ |

, চ য
| চ
|

2) Site of image itself: GwU‡K Avgiv wZbwU modality Gi gva¨‡g e¨vLv Kiv hvq|

K) Technological modality: gywfwU‡Z cÖhyw³i Kvi‡b wfbœ wfR¨yqvj cªfve j¶¨ Kiv
hvq| ‡hgb: G‡¶‡Î Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, gywfwU‡Z h‡Zv `…k¨ Av‡Q c«‡Z¨KwU‡Z wfR¨yqvj cªfve i‡q‡Q|
G‡KK `…k¨ Øviv G‡KK A_© c«Kvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| cªwZwU `…‡k¨ jywK‡q Av‡Q Qwei Mfxi A_©| GB `…k¨¸‡jv
†h‡bv Avgv‡`i mgv‡Ri K_vB g‡b Kwi‡q †`q| gywfwU‡Z e¨eüZ cvj©v‡ii K_vB aiv hvK| GB `…k¨ Øviv
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q AwfRvZ †k«wY Zv‡`i wejvwmZv c~ib Kivi Rb¨ G¸‡jv‡Z hvq| GB gywf‡Z cÖwhy³i
e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g K¨v‡givi kU¸‡jv A‡bK Uv Ryg AvKv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

L) Compositional modality: QwewU g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i cÖwZwU `„k¨ j¶¨ Ki‡j Avgiv
†`L‡Z cv‡ev| Qwew†Z bvbv iK‡gi †d«g e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡KKUv †d«g G‡KK A_© enb K‡i| Avevi,
A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q GB †d«g¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv A_© enb Ki‡e bv|

‡hgb: QwewU ïiyi w`‡K Ggb GKwU Ask †`Lv‡bv nq †hLv‡b ¶gZvi KvVv‡gv Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| ¶gZv‡K
wKfv‡e Qwo‡q †`qv nq GB `„k¨ Øviv ZvB †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q hv Avgv‡`i mgv‡Ri GKwU Ask‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡
K‡i|
gywfwU‡Z viewpoint Gi e¨envi j¶¨ Kiv hvq| †hgb: G‡¶‡Î Avgiv Zvjv Syjv‡bvi K_v ej‡Z cvwi|
cy‡iv `iRvi gvSLv‡b Zvjv‡K †dvKvm Kiv nq| Avi GB Zvjv Syjv‡bv Øviv †evSv‡bv n‡”Q KviLvbv eÜ n‡q
hvIqvi Bw½Z cvIqv hv‡”Q Ges GLv‡bB Av‡ivI †evSv‡bv n‡”Q †h mgv‡Ri GK †kÖwY Øviv Ab¨ †k«wY
†kvwlZ n‡”Q| Zvi gv‡b GLv‡b kÖwgK †kªwYiv †h †kvwlZ n‡”Q Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡”Q GB `…k¨ Øviv| GB
wfDc‡q›U Øviv ZvB †evSv‡bv n‡”Q|

M) Social modality:
gywfwU‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, social status i¶v Kivi Rb¨ †m A‡bK A‰ea c_ Aej¤^b K‡i‡Q|
k¨vg‡j›`y P¨vUvwR© wb‡Ri cv‡qi Zjvq gvwU wdwi‡q Avb‡Z A‡b¨i Rxeb‡K ûgwKi gy‡L †V‡j w`‡ZI KyÚv
†eva K‡i wb| GgbwK Zv‡`i GB d¬¨v‡U Zvi evev-gviI RvqMv nqwb| A_P, mvgvwRK gh©v`v eRvq ivLv‡Z
d¬v‡U Ab¨ gvbyl‡`i `vIqvZ w`‡q‡Qb, cvbvnv‡ii e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb, †i‡m AskMÖnb K‡i‡Qb| g~jZ wbgœe‡M©i
gvbyl‡`i Wwg‡bU K‡i wKfv‡e AviI D”Pvm‡b AwawôZ nIqv hvq †mB welqwUB GB wm‡bgvq ¯úó fv‡e
†Zv‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK Rxe‡bi cwieZ©‡bi w`K¸‡jvI G Pjw”P‡Î D‡V G‡m‡Q|

3) Site of Audiencing: GwU‡K Avgiv wZbwU modality Gi gva¨‡g e¨vLv Ki‡Z cvwi|

K) Technological modality:
ksKi Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b mZ¨wRr iv‡qi †m mgqKvi †cª¶vc‡U 'mxgve×' wm‡bgvwU mv`vKv‡jv i‡OB aviY
Kiv n‡q‡Q| kãMZ wKQyUv RwUjZv _vKvq A‡bK `…k¨ †`‡L mn‡RB A_© †evSv hvqbv|

GQvovI cÖhyw³i `…k¨MZ wKQy ÎywU j¶¨bxq| †hgbt †`‡k wkw¶Z †eKvi `k j¶ e‡j †h wmb Uv †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q †mUv mvgÄm¨c~Y© bv| Qwe¸‡jv Av‡iv fv‡jv fv‡e A_©vr hw` Av‡iv †ewk msL¨K hyeK †Q‡j‡`i Qwe,
nv‡Z dvBj ev Awd‡mi evwn‡i wekvj jvBb †`Lv‡j welqwU Av‡iv fv‡jv fv‡e dy‡U DV‡Zv,Av‡iv Mfxi
n‡Zv|
Awd‡mi g‡a¨ Kg©iZ Ae¯’vq Kg©KZ©viv e‡m a~gcvb Ki‡Q Ges Zv ¯úó dy‡U D‡V‡Q| G‡Z K‡i eo eo
Awd‡mi fveg~wZ© Lvivc n‡”Q, GUv Gfv‡e Zy‡j bv ai‡jI cvi‡Zv| DwjøwLZ ¸wUK‡qK wRwbm QvovI cy‡iv
wm‡bgvwU cÖhyw³MZfv‡e †gwKs wKQyUv RwUjZv i‡q‡Q hv wm‡bgvwU wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡j M‡elK Lye mn‡RB
†c‡q hv‡eb|

L) Compositional modality:
K‡¤úvwRkb ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡”Q g~jZ Qwe‡Z Avgiv wK †`L‡Z cvw”Q †mUv, GKUv Qwe‡Z wewfbœ welq
_v‡K, †hgb, ‰kwíK fveaviv Zy‡j aiv, Qwei Kvjvi †Kgb n‡e IUv,Qwei g~j¨gvb cwigvc Kiv BZ¨vw`
†`Lv‡bv nq| GKwU wm‡bgv ‰Zix‡Z K‡¤úvwRk‡bi ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK| H wm‡bgv‡Z KZ¸‡jv Qwe i‡q‡Q, †Kvb
A¨v‡½j †_‡K Zvi fveaviv eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q G¸‡jv †evSvi Rb¨ K‡¤úvwRkb `iKvi nq| AwW‡qÝ †f‡`
Zv wfbœ n‡q _v‡K|

mZ¨wRZ iv‡qi "mxgve× " I GgbB GK wm‡bgv †hLv‡b Qwei wewfbœ w`K e¨vL¨vKi‡Y wewfbœ K‡¤úvwRkbvj
iyjm e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi ‡mB¸‡jvi e¨vLv wfbœ AwW‡qÝ wfbœfv‡e e¨vLv Ki‡e|

†hgb: wm‡bgvi ïiy‡ZB †`Lv hvq KZ¸‡jv †jvKRb GKUv †Kv¤úvwbi mvg‡b e‡m Av‡Q A_©vr
GB wPÎ Øviv †evSvq Zv‡`i nZvk `…wófw½, GLv‡b Qwei K‡¤úvwRkb n‡”Q †eKvi ev nZvkv wPÎ, hv †mKv‡j
wQj Avi eZ©gv‡bI we`¨gvb| GB wm‡bgvq KjKvZvi wewfbœ iv¯Ívi Qwe †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges wejvmeûj
d¬¨v‡Ui QweI evi evi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q A_©vr ZLb Qwei K‡¤úvwRkb g‡b nq KjKvZv my›`i kni Ges DbœZ
kni,GLv‡b Afve †bB e‡j-B P‡j| k¨vg‡j›`yi †eŠ †`vjb e‡j,Ó KjKvZv kni cwi`k©b Kivi mgq e‡j
GLb wK g‡b nq †h GB kn‡i †KD gviv hvq?? bv g‡b nq bv, k¨vwjKv e‡j?Ó

‡`vjb Avi Zvi †evb Rvbvjv w`‡q KjKvZv kn‡ii DPy DPy `vjvb‡KvVv †`L‡Z _v‡K| ZLb k¨vwjKv e‡j,
evn wK my›`i? " †Zviv Lye my‡L AvwQm bv w`w`!! GLv‡b Qwei wfD c‡q›UUv n‡”Q cy‡iv kni‡K my›`iZg
fv‡e wewfbœ RvqMvq †dvKvm Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI wfbœ wfD c‡q›U Øviv KjKvZv kni, Zvi cvwicvwk¦©K
Ae¯’v,KjKvZvi AvaywbKZv BZ¨vw` cªKvk cvq|

M) Social modality: GB ch©v‡q mvgvwRKfv‡e gywfwU AwW‡q‡Ýi `…wó‡Kvb ev ch©vq †_‡K e¨L¨v
Kiv n‡e| A_©vr gywfwU †Kb wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q, Kvi Rb¨ wbg©vb Kiv n‡q‡Q, Gi mvgvwRK w`K we‡ePbvq
GwU‡K `k©K wKfv‡e A¨vbvjvBwmR Ki‡e Zv GLv‡b Av‡jvwPZ n‡e|

 Gevi Av‡jvPbvq Avwm, mvwe©Kfv‡e ejv hvq mgv‡R mgZv Z_v mv‡g¨i cwie‡Z© cyuwRev‡`i
µgweKvk †`Lv‡Z g~jZ Pjw”PÎwU wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mB mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, c‡`vbœwZ Avi
D”Pwe‡Ëi wU‡K _vKvi jovB‡q GKRb wkw¶Z Ziy‡bi cwieZ©b Ges ¶gZvi †jv‡f bxwZåó nIqvi
w`KwUB g~L¨ n‡q‡Q G Pjw”P‡Î|
 mxgve× Pjw”PÎwU †Kej AwfRvZ †kÖwYi g‡a¨B mxgve×| AwfRvZ †kªwYi wejvmx Rxeb †`Lv‡ZB
e¨¯Í wQj wbg©vZv| cy‡iv Qwe‡Z K‡c©v‡iU mgv‡Ri K¬ve, Kv‡e¨i bvP, weDwU cvj©vi, cvwU©,kvwo,
c‡`vbœwZ, †i‡mi gq`vb, Ryqv BZ¨vw` w`‡q Vvmv| ‡hgb: "Zv bv n‡j †h GK RvqMvq c‡o _vK‡Z
nq| †cªv‡gvkb nq bv| †mUv wK fv‡jv?" GB GKwU evK¨B ¯úófv‡e Rvbvb †`q †h ¶gZvi †gvn
GKRb ga¨weË hyeK‡K KZUv Av”Qbœ K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Aevi, '`v‡gi Rb¨ dvBU Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q,
wPiKvjB dvBU Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q,bxjv¤^i'| Gi ci¶‡YB e‡j, 'GLbKvi hy‡M Uywc civ Ggwc, c«vBg
wgwb÷vi‡`i mvgjv‡Z mvgjv‡Z eveywR‡`i wRf †ewi‡q hvq|Õ e…× Kg©KZ©vi GB Dw³‡Z GKwU ev¯Íe
mZ¨ ¯úó nq †h,K‡c©v‡iU RM‡Z wb‡R‡`i Ae¯’vb‡K my`…p Ki‡Z †M‡j Dcignj‡`i PvUyKvwiZv
Ki‡Z nq, fxlY gvwb‡q Pj‡Z nq| mgq Ges mg‡qi †kÖwYPwi·K aviY K‡i 'mxgve×' Pjw”PÎwU
mvgvwRK w`K †_‡K we‡kl Zvrch© enb K‡i `k©K ü`‡q|

Dcmsnvi: ‘ ’ য আ |
য য , আ আ
| আ , আ ,
আ | |”

চ ' 'চ য |
চ চ চ চ | আ
|