LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

IS THE NETWORK OF VESSELS LYMPATHIC SYSTEM

THROUGH WHICH THE LYMPH DRAINS
BACK TO THE BLOOD
A COMPONENT OF THE IMMUNE LYMPATHIC SYSTEM
SYSTEM
COMPROMISES LYMPH, LYMPH NODES, LYMPATHIC SYSTEM
LYMPH VESSELS AND ORGANS SUCH
AS THYMUS, SPLEEN, TONSLIS, ETC
CONNECTED TO THE CIRCULATION LYMPATHIC SYSTEM
SYSTEM
IS THE ORGANS AND THE REACTIONS IMMUNE SYSTEM
OF THE BODY, WHICH PROVIDES
RESISTANCE TO INFECTIONS AND
TOXINS
DEFEND THE BODY AGAINST IMMUNE SYSTEM
PATHOGENS
A FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM IMMUNE SYSTEM
CONNECTED TO ENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
BOTH DEFEND THE BODY PATHOGENS LYMPATHIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM
HAVE COMMON COMPONENTS LYMPATHIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM
REFERS TO THE NETWORK OF LYMPATHIC SYSTEM
VESSELS THROUGH WHICH THE
LYMPH DRAINS BACK TO THE BLOOD
REFERS TO THE ORGANS AN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
REACTIONS OF THE BODY, WHICH
PROVIDES RESISTANCE TO THE
INFECTIONS AND TOXINS
TO DRAIN THE TISSUE FLUID BACK TO LYMPATHIC
THE BLOOD
PROTECTS THE BODY FROM IMMUNE
PATHOGENS
HELPS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO LYMPATHICS SYSTEM
PROTECT THE BODY FROM
PATHOGENS
THE DIFFERENCE OF LYMPATHIC AND THE FUNCTION OF EACH SYSTEM IN
IMMUNE SYSTEM THE BODY
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 2 PARTS  LYMPHATIC VESSELS
 LYMPHOID TISSUES AND
ORGANS
TRANSPORT FLUID THAT HAVE LYMPHATIC VESSELS
ESCAPED FROM THE BLOOD
VASCULAR SYSTEM BACK TO THE
BLOOD
HOUSE PHAGOCYTIC CELLS AND LYMPHOID TISSUES AND ORGANS
LYMPHOCYTES WHICH PLAY
ESSENTIAL ROLES IN BODY
RESISTANCE TO DISEASE
PICKS UP THIS EXCESS TISSUE FLUID LYMPHATIC VESSELS
(NOW CALLED LYMPH) AND RETURN IT
TO THE BLOODSTREAM
ONE-WAY SYSTEM, LYMPH FLOWS LYMPHATIC VESSELS
 ONLY TOWARD THE HEART
THIN-WALLED AND LARGER ONES LYMPHATIC VESSELS
HAVE VALVES
PUMPLESS SYSTEM LYMPHATIC VESSELS
SPIDERWEB BETWEEN THE TISSUE LYMPH CAPILLARIES
CELLS AND BLOOD CAPILLARIES IN
THE LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES OF
THE BODY AND ABSORB THE LEAKED
FLUID (PRIMARILY WATER AND A
SMALL AMOUNT OF DISSOLVE
PROTEINS)
REMARKABLY PERMEABLE: LYMPH LYMPH CAPILLARIES
CAPILLARIES ARE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
FORMING THEIR WALLS LOOSELY
OVERLAP ONE ANOTHER, FORMING
FLAP LIKE MINIVALVES
○ ANCHORED BY FINE COLLAGEN MINIVALVES / FLAPS
FIBERS TO SURROUNDING
STRUCTURES
HIGH PRESSURE IN INTERSTITIAL MINIVALVES / FLAPS
SPACEOPEN
HIGH PRESSURE IN LYMPH MINIVALVES / FLAPS
CAPILLARIES- CLOSE
PROTECTS THE BODY BY ○ REMOVING LYMPH NODES
FOREIGN MATERIAL SUCH AS
BACTERIA AND TUMOR CELLS FROM
THE LYMPHATIC STREAM
PRODUCING LYMPHOCYTES THAT LYMPH NODES
FUNCTION IN IMMUNE RESPONSE
VARY IN SHAPE AND SIZE , MOSTLY LYMPH NODES
KIDNEYSHAPED
LESS THAN 1 INCH LONG AND BURIED LYMPH NODES
IN THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
SURROUNDED BY FIBROUS CAPSULE LYMPH NODES
FROM WHICH STRANDS CALLED
TRABECULAE EXTEND INWARD TO
DIVIDE THE NODE INTO A NUMBER OF
COMPARTMENTS
OUTER PART OF THE NODE CORTEX
CONTAINS COLLECTION OF CORTEX
LYMPHOCYTES CALLED FOLLICLES
○ HAVE DARK STAINING CENTERS FOLLICLES
CALLED GERMINAL CENTERS
ENLARGE WHEN SPECIFIC GERMINAL CENTERS
LYMPHOCYTES ARE GENERATING
DAUGHTER CELLS CALLED PLASMA
CELLS, WHICH RELEASE ANTIBODIES
ENGULF AND DESTROY BACTERIA, MACROPHAGES
VIRUSES AND OTHER FOREIGN
SUBSTANCES
A TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL, LYMPHOCYTES
STRATEGICALLY LOCATED IN THE
LYMPH NODES AND RESPOND TO
FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE
LYMPHATIC STREAM
 OTHER LYMPHOID ORGANS ● SPLEEN
● THYMUS GLAND
● TONSILS
● PEYER’S PATCHES
● SPLEEN COMMON FEATURE OF THESE
● THYMUS GLAND ORGANS IS A PREDOMINANCE OF
● TONSILS RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND
● PEYER’S PATCHES LYMPHOCYTES
A BLOOD-RICH ORGAN THAT FILTERS SPLEEN
BLOOD
LEFT SIDE OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY SPLEEN
AND EXTENDS TO CURL AROUND THE
ANTERIOR ASPECT OF THE STOMACH
FILTERS AND CLEANSES BLOOD OF SPLEEN
BACTERIA, VIRUSES AND DEBRIS
MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTION: SPLEEN
DESTROY WORN-OUT RED BLOOD
CELLS AND RETURN SOME OF THEIR
BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS TO THE LIVER
STORES PLATELETS AND ACT AS SPLEEN
BLOOD RESERVOIR (AS THE LIVER)
FETUS: HEMATOPOIETIC SITE; ADULT: SPLEEN
LYMPHOCYTES ONLY
FUNCTIONS AT PEAK LEVEL DURING THYMUS
YOUTH
A LYMPHATIC MASS FOUND LOW IN THYMUS
THE THROAT OVERLYING THE HEART
PRODUCES THYMOSIN AND FUNCTION THYMUS
IN THE PROGRAMING OF CERTAIN
LYMPHOCYTES
A COLLECTION OF SMALL LYMPHOID MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC TISSUE
TISSUES (MALT)
○ PEYER’S PATCHES
○ TONSILS
○ APPENDIX
ACTS TO PROTECT THE UPPER MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC
RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE TRACT TISSUE (MALT)
SMALL MASSES OF LYMPHATIC TISSUE TONSILS
THAT RING THE PHARYNX WHERE
THEY ARE FOUND IN THE MUCOSA
TRAPS AND REMOVES ANY BACTERIA TONSILS
OR OTHER FOREIGN PATHOGENS
ENTERING THE THROAT
FOUND IN THE WALL OF SMALL PEYER’S PATCHES
INTESTINE
CAPTURE AND DESTROY BACTERIA IN PEYER’S PATCHES
THE INTESTINES
TUBELIKE OFFSHOOT OF THE APPENDIX
PROXIMAL LARGE INTESTINE
THE MACROPHAGES OF PEYER’S APPENDIX
PATCHES AND THE APPENDIX ARE IN
IDEAL POSITION TO CAPTURE AND
DESTROY HARMFUL BACTERIA
 NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE SYSTEM BODY DEFENSES
 SPECIFIC DEFENSE SYSTEM
RESPONDS IMMEDIATELY TO NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE SYSTEM
PROTECT THE BODY FROM ALL
FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
INTACT SKIN, MUCOUS NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE SYSTEM
MEMBRANES, THE
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE,
PROTEINS PRODUCED BY BODY
CELLS
COMMONLY CALLED IMMUNE SPECIFIC DEFENSE SYSTEM
SYSTEM
MOUNTS THE ATTACK AGAINST SPECIFIC DEFENSE SYSTEM
PARTICULAR FOREIGN
SUBSTANCES
MUST FIRST BE PRIMED BY AN SPECIFIC DEFENSE SYSTEM
INITIAL EXPOSURE TO A
FOREIGN SUBSTANCE BEFORE
IT CAN PROTECT THE BODY
AGAINST IT
REFERS TO THE MECHANICAL NONSPECIFIC BODY DEFENSES
BARRIERS THAT COVER THE
BODY SURFACES AND TO CELLS
AND CHEMICALS THAT ACT ON
INITIAL BATTLEFRONTS TO
PROTECT THE BODY FROM
INVADING PATHOGENS
○ FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE NONSPECIFIC BODY DEFENSES
○ SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE  SKIN
 MUCOUS MEMBRANES

KERATINIZED EPIDERMIS IS A SKIN

STRONG PHYSICAL BARRIER TO
MOST MICROORGANISM THAT
SWARM ON THE SKIN
LINE ALL BODY CAVITIES OPEN MUCOUS MEMBRANES
TO THE EXTERIOR: DIGESTIVE,
RESPIRATORY, URINARY,
REPRODUCTIVE TRACTS
PRODUCE A VARIETY OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES
PROTECTIVE CHEMICALS
INHIBIT BACTERIAL GROWTH, THE ACID PH OF SKIN
SEBUM CONTAINS CHEMICALS SECRETIONS
TOXIC TO BACTERIA, VAGINAL
SECRETIONS ARE ALSO VERY
ACIDIC
SECRETES HYDROCHLORIC STOMACH MUCOSA
ACID AND PROTEIN DIGESTING
ENZYMES
SALIVA AND LACRIMAL FLUID LYSOZYME
TRAPS MANY MICROORGANISM STICKY MUCUS
STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS ■ MUCUS-COATED HAIRS INSIDE
THE NASAL CAVITY TRAP
INHALED PARTICLES
■ RESPIRATORY MUCOSA IS
CILIATED
CELLS AND CHEMICALS L SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
PHAGOCYTES, NATURAL KILLER SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
CELLS, INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE AND VARIETY OF
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
UNIQUE GROUP OF DEFENSIVE NATURAL KILLER CELLS
CELLS THAT CAN KILL AND LYSE
CANCER CELLS AND VIRUS-
 INFECTED BODY CELLS
CAN ACT SPONTANEOUSLY NATURAL KILLER CELLS
AGAINST ANY TARGET BY
RECOGNIZING CERTAIN SUGARS
ON THE INTRUDER’S SURFACE
ATTACK TARGET CELLS NATURAL KILLER CELLS
MEMBRANE AND RELEASE
SEVERAL CHEMICALS; TARGET
CELL’S MEMBRANES NUCLEUS
DISINTEGRATE
ENGULF A FOREIGN PARTICLE PHAGOCYTES
EXAMPLE: MACROPHAGES AND PHAGOCYTES
NEUTROPHILS
• COMPLEMENT ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS
• INTERFERON
20 PLASMA PROTEINS THAT COMPLEMENT
CIRCULATE IN THE BLOOD IN AN
INACTIVE STATE
ACTIVATED WHEN BECOMES COMPLEMENT
FIXED TO FOREIGN CELLS
OCCURS WHEN THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS BIND
TO CERTAIN SUGARS OR
PROTEINS ON THE FOREIGN
CELLS SURFACE
PRODUCES LESIONS, MEMBRANE ATTACK
COMPLETE WITH HOLES IN THE COMPLEXES
FOREIGN CELL’S SURFACE
ALLOW WATER TO RUSH INTO MEMBRANE ATTACK
THE CELL CAUSING IT TO BURST COMPLEXES
AMPLIFIES INFLAMMATORY COMPLEMENT FIXATION
RESPONSE
SOME OF THE CHEMICAL COMPLEMENT FIXATION
RELEASED ARE VASODILATORS
AND SOME ARE CHEMOSTAXIS
CHEMICALS
- CAUSE CELL MEMBRANES OF OPSONIZATION
THE FOREIGN CELLS TO
BECOME STICKY SO THEY ARE
EASIER TO PHAGOCYTIZE
SMALL PROTEINS SECRETED BY INTERFERON
VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS
DIFFUSE TO NEARBY CELLS AND INTERFERON
BIND TO THEIR MEMBRANE
RECEPTORS
BINDING HINDERS THE ABILITY INTERFERON
OF VIRUSES TO MULTIPLY
WITHIN THESE CELLS
A SYSTEMIC RESPONSE TO INVADING FEVER
MICROORGANISM
SECRETED BY WBCS AND PYROGENS
MACROPHAGES EXPOSED TO
FOREIGN CELLS
RESETS THE BODY’S THERMOSTAT FEVER
UPWARD
THE ADAPTIVE SPECIFIC DEFENSE THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
MECHANISM IS A FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM
THAT RECOGNIZES FOREIGN
MOLECULES CALLED ANTIGENS AND
ACTS TO INACTIVATE THEM
THREE ASPECTS OF ADAPTIVE ● IT IS ANTIGEN SPECIFIC
DEFENSE ● IT IS SYSTEMIC
IT HAS A “MEMORY”
RECOGNIZES AND ACTS AGAINST IT IS ANTIGEN SPECIFIC
PARTICULAR PATHOGENS OR
FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
○ IMMUNITY IS NOT RESTRICTED TO IT IS SYSTEMIC
THE INITIAL INFECTION SITE
IT RECOGNIZES AND MOUNTS EVEN IT HAS A “MEMORY”
STRONGER ATTACKS ON PREVIOUSLY
ENCOUNTERED PATHOGEN
TWO ARMS OF IMMUNITY ● HUMORAL IMMUNITY/ ANTIBODY-
MEDIATED IMMUNITY
* CELLULAR IMMUNITY/ CELL-
MEDIATED IMMUNITY
○ IS PROVIDED BY ANTIBODIES HUMORAL IMMUNITY/ ANTIBODY-
PRESENT IN THE BODY’S “HUMORS” OR MEDIATED IMMUNITY
FLUIDS
 WHEN LYMPHOCYTES THEMSELVES CELLULAR IMMUNITY/ CELL-MEDIATED
DEFEND THE BODY IMMUNITY
CELLULAR TARGETS-VIRUS-INFECTED CELLULAR IMMUNITY/ CELL-MEDIATED
TISSUE CELLS, CANCER CELLS AND IMMUNITY
CELLS OF FOREIGN GRAFTS
DIRECT: LYSING FOREIGN CELLS; CELLULAR IMMUNITY/ CELL-MEDIATED
INDIRECTLY- RELEASES CHEMICALS IMMUNITY
THAT ENHANCE INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE
IS ANY SUBSTANCE CAPABLE OF ANTIGEN
EXCITING OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM AND
PROVOKING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
FOREIGN PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, ANTIGEN
LARGE CARBOHYDRATES AND SOME
LIPIDS
POLLEN GRAINS AND ANTIGEN
MICROORGANISMS SUCH AS
BACTERIA, FUNGI, AND VIRUS
SELF-ANTIGENS-DO NOT TRIGGER AN ANTIGEN
IMMUNE RESPONSE BUT THEY ARE
STRONGLY ANTIGENIC TO OTHER
PEOPLE
CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE DEFENSE ● LYMPHOCYTES
SYSTEM ● ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
LYMPHOCYTES TWO TYPES:  B LYMPHOCYTES OR B CELLS
 T LYMPHOXYTES OR T CELLS
PRODUCE ANTIBODIES AND OVERSEE B LYMPHOCYTES OR B CELLS
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
NON-ANTIBODY PRODUCING T LYMPHOXYTES OR T CELLS
LYMPHOCYTES THAT CONSITITUTE
THE CELL-MEDIATED ARM OF
IMMUNITY
DOES NOT RESPOND TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
ANTIGEN BUT PLAY AN ESSENTIAL
ROLE IN HELPING LYMPHOCYTES THAT
DO
 CAPABLE BINDING STRONGLY WITH LYMPHOCYTES
SELF-ANTIGENS ARE DESTROYED
ONCE A LYMPHOCYTE IS BE ABLE TO REACT TO ONE ANTIGEN
IMMUNOCOMPETENT, IT WILL? ONLY BECAUSE ALL THE ANTIGEN
RECEPTOR ON ITS EXTERNAL
SURFACE ARE THE SAME
MAJOR ROLE: ENGULF ANTIGENS THEN ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
PRESENT FRAGMENTS OF THEM ON
THEIR OWN SURFACES WHERE THEY
CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY T CELLS.
DENDRITIC CELLS, MACROPHAGES ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
AND B LYMPHOCYTES
 ALSO SECRETE PROTEINS, CALLED ANTIGEN- PRESENTING CELLS
MONOKINES, THAT ARE IMPORTANT IN
IMMUNE RESPONSE
○ MONOKINES- CYTOKINE CHEMICALS ■ INTERLEUKIN 1
RELEASED BY ACTIVATED ■ TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)
MACROPHAGES:
-STIMULATE T CELLS TO PROLIFERATE INTERLEUKIN 1
AND CAUSES FEVER
- CAUSES CELL KILLING, ATTRACTS TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF)
GRANULOCYTES, ACTIVATES T CELLS
AND MACROPHAGES
BECOMES KILLER MACROPHAGES MACROPHAGES
ONCE ACTIVATED T CELLS RELEASE
CHEMICALS THAT CAUSE
MACROPHAGES TO BECOME KILLER
PHAGOCYTES
TEND TO REMAIN FIXED IN THE MACROPHAGES
LYMPHOID ORGANS
 ALSO REFERRED TO AS ANTIBODIES
IMMUNOGLOBULINS OR IGS,
CONSTITUTE THE GAMMA GLOBULIN
PART OF BLOOD PROTEINS
SOLUBLE PROTEINS SECRETED BY ANTIBODIES
ACTIVATED B CELLS OF BY THEIR
PLASMA-CELL OFFSPRING IN
RESPONSE TO AN ANTIGEN, AND THEY
ARE CAPABLE OF BINDING
SPECIFICALLY WITH THAT ANTIGEN
COMPOSED OF TWO IDENTICAL LIGHT ANTIBODIES BASIC STRUCTURE
(L) CHAINS AND TWO IDENTICAL HEAVY
(H) CHAINS
HELD TOGETHER BY DISULFIDE BONDS ANTIBODIES BASIC STRUCTURE
TO FORM A FLEXIBLE Y SHAPE. EACH
CHAIN IS COMPOSED OF A VARIABLE
(V) REGION AND A CONSTANT (C)
REGION.
ANTIBODIES BODY STRUCTURE  VARIABLE REGION
  CONSTANT REGION
HEAVY AND LIGHT CHAINS IN THE VARIABLE REGION
VARIABLE REGION COMBINE THEIR
EFFORTS TO FORM AN ANTIGEN
BINDING SITE UNIQUELY SHAPED TO
FIT ITS ANTIGEN
DETERMINE ANTIBODY FUNCTION AND CONSTANT REGION
CLASS
 ANTIBODY FUNCTION  NEUTRALIZATION
 AGGLUTINATION
 PRECIPITATION
OCCURS WHEN ANTIBODIES BIND TO NEUTRALIZATION
SPECIFIC SITES ON BACTERIAL
EXITOXINS OR ON VIRUSES THAT CAN
CAUSE CELL INJURY.
IN THIS WAY, THEY BLOCK THE NEUTRALIZATION
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF THE EXOTOXIN
OR VIRUS.
BECAUSE ANTIBODIES HAVE MORE AGGLUTINATION
THAN ONE ANTIGENBINDING SITE
BINDS TO MORE THAN ONE ANTIGEN
AT A TIME
WHEN CROSS LINKING INVOLVES AGGLUTINATION
CELL-BOUND ANTIGEN, THE PROCESS
CAUSES CLUMPING OF FOREIGN
CELLS
WHEN CROSS-LINKING PROCESS PRECIPITATION
INVOLVES SOLUBLE ANTIGENIC
MOLECULES, THE RESULTING
ANTIGENANTIBODY COMPLEXES ARE
SO LARGE THAT THEY BECOME
INSOLUBLE AND SETTLE OUT OF THE
SOLUTION
 T CLONES CLASSES  HELPER T CELLS
 ● CYTOTOXIC (KILLER) T CELLS
 SUPPRESSOR T CELL
 DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY T
CELLS
 MEMORY CELLS
ONCE ACTIVATED, THEY CIRCULATE HELPER T CELLS
THROUGH THE BODY, RECRUITING
OTHER CELLS TO FIGHT THE
INVADERS.
STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF OTHER HELPER T CELLS
IMMUNE CELLS (KILLER T CELLS AND B
CELLS) TO HELP FIGHT THE INVADER
RELEASE A VARIETY OF CYTOKINES HELPER T CELLS
CYTOKINES ACT INDIRECTLY TO RID  STIMULATING KILLER T CELLS
OF ANTIGENS BY: AND B CELLS TO GROW AND
DIVIDE
 ATTRACTING OTHER TYPES OF
PROTECTIVE WHITE BLOOD
 CELLS SUCH AS NEUTROPHILS
IN THE AREA
 ENHANCES ABILITY OF
MACROPHAGES TO DESTROY
AND ENGULF MICROORGANISM
SPECIALTY: KILLING VIRUS INVADED CYTOTOXIC (KILLER) T CELLS
BODY CELLS
INVOLVED IN GRAFT REJECTION CYTOTOXIC (KILLER) T CELLS
SLOWS OR STOPS THE ACTIVITY OF B SUPPRESSOR T CELL
AND T CELLS ONCE THE INFECTION
HAS BEEN CONQUERED
ARE EFFECTOR CELLS THAT PLAY DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY T
MAJOR ROLE IN CELL-MEDIATED CELLS
ALLERGIES AND LONGTERM CHRONIC,
INFLAMMATIONS
WHEN ACTIVATED, THEY RELEASE A DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY T
DELUGE OF LYMPHOKINES THAT CELLS
PROMOTE INTENSE INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE
DESCENDANT OF AN ACTIVATED B AND MEMORY CELLS
T CELLS
GENERATED DURING AN INITIAL MEMORY CELLS
IMMUNE RESPONSE
MAY EXIST IN THE BODY FOR YEARS MEMORY CELLS
THEREAFTER ENABLING IT TO
RESPOND QUICKLY AND EFFICIENTLY
TO SUBSEQUENT INFECTIONS OR
MEETINGS WITH THE SAME ANTIGEN
 FOUR TYPES OF GRAFTS ○ AUTOGRAFTS
○ ISOGRAFTS
○ ALLOGRAFTS
○ XENOGRAFTS
THE SAME PERSON AUTOGRAFTS
-GENETICALLY IDENTICAL PERSON ISOGRAFTS
UNRELATED PERSON ALLOGRAFTS
DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES XENOGRAFTS
ABNORMALLY VIGOROUS IMMUNE ALLERGIES/ HYPERSENSITIVITIES
RESPONSE IN WHICH THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM CAUSES TISSUE DAMAGE AS
IT FIGHTS OFF A PERCEIVED THREAT