Bagdi Electrostatics−1 Bagdi

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 Bagdi Electrostatics−2 Bagdi
Electrostatic: -Branch of physics in which we study about electric charge at rest is called electrostatics or Static
electricity. i.e. Charge is not allowed to flow from one body to another body.
The physical phenomenon, which involves electric charge & its effect is called electricity.
A) Thales, a Greek philosopher discovered friction electricity in 600 BC. He observed that when a piece of amber
(kind of resin) is rubbed with fur it acquires a property of attracting small pieces of dry leaves & dust.
B) In 1600, Sir Dr William Gilbert (physician to Queen Elizabeth-I) found that some other bodies also acquire the
same property. He gave name electricity for this phenomenon from Greek word electrum for Amber.
The electricity produces in a body due to friction between the two bodies is called friction electricity.
OR-Charging of an object by rubbing it with another object is called friction electricity.
The agency, which gives the attractive power, is called electricity.
The body, which acquires the attracting power, is called electrified or charged.
According to Gilbert charge can be classified in two classes. Charge on the amber is called resinous because
amber is a resin. Charge developed on the wool is called vitreous.
C) An American scientist Benjamin Franklin (1706 to 1790) introduced a sign convention according to which
charge on amber is −ve & charge on the wool is + ve. These conventions followed till day.
D) Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electrical and magnetic
effects.
Positive Charge Wool Glass rod Fur or woollen cloth Dry hair Cat skin Fur
Negative Charge Plastic Silk cloth Ebonite or amber Comb Rubber Cat skin

Application of electrostatic :-(1) Prevention of pollution of atmosphere by electrostatic precipitation of fly ash.
Such devices are often called electrostatic precipitators.
(2) In designing the electrostatic generator e.g. Van de Graff generator.
(3) In electrostatic spraying of paint & powder.
(4) In designing the cathode ray tube for radar & TV etc.
(5) In electrostatic loud speaker microphone.
(6) Insecticide spraying, inkjet printers, photocopiers
1.2 Two Type of Charge: -
(a) (i) Two glass rod rubbed with silk,
one is suspended by a thread &another
similarly charged rod bring closed to
first. The two-glass rod repels each
other.
(ii) Similarly, two ebonite rods rubbed
with fur also repel each other.
Since charge produce on the glass (ebonite) rods is of same kind, so same type of charge repels each other.
(b) But the glass rod attracts the ebonite rod. Since charge on glass rod is different from charge of ebonite so,
different kind of charge attract each other.
Hence charges are of two types- (i) Positive charge (ii) Negative charge.
1.3Modern Electronic Theory: -
(i) According to this theory, total mass and total positive charge of atom lies in this small region of nucleus. The
Magnitude of charge of proton is equal to magnitude of charge of electron 1.610−19 Coulomb.
(ii)Electrons of outermost orbit are loosely bound. When two bodies are rubbed with each other, there is transfer of
electron from one body to another body as the friction provides the necessary energy for ionisation.
(iii)The body loses electron become positively charged (glass rod) due to deficiency of electrons (mass of the body
decreases).
(iv)The body gaining the electron becomes negatively charged (silk) due to excess of electrons (mass of the body
increases). However, mass of electron is very small
(A)Conservation of Charge: -Individual charges can neither be created nor destroyed it can be
transferred from one body to another body.
So we can say the total charge of a system (e.g. a rubber rod and a piece of wool) is conserved.
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 Bagdi Electrostatics−3 Bagdi
However, it is possible to separate positive and negative charges by transferring electrons from one material to
another.
We call this state an electrified state in which the electrical balance is upset with either some electrons being
removed from or added to an electronic orbit.
In this electrification process the total negative charge is equal to the total positive charge in the system.
(B) Quantisation of Charge: - Minimum Charge possess by a body is equal to the charge of one electron (basic
charge ‘e’). We denote charge by symbol "Q" and measure it in coulombs (C).
The charge of a proton or an electron is the elementary charge (e.c.) of all the matter.
One coulomb is equal to the total charge of 6.25 × 1018 electrons.
According to Millikan− ”charge possess by a body is equal to integral multiple of charge of electron”.
Thus, charge on a body exist in terms of discreet packets or quanta of `e` this property is known as quantisation of
charge. Because fraction of independent charge is not observed yet.
Charge on a body is Q =  n e where n = 1,2,3, - - - - - - - - - & e = 1.6  10 – 19 Coulomb.
Recently particles of charge e/3 &2e/3 have been observed known as quarks. But no quark has been detected in
experiments, although there are indirect evidences in favour of quarks.
(C) Charge produces electric field and magnetic field:(i) A charged particle at rest produces only electric field
in the space surrounding it.
(ii) However, if the charged particle is in uniform motion it produced both electric and magnetic fields.
(iii) If the motion of charged particle is accelerated it not only produces electric and magnetic field but also
radiates energy in the space surrounding the charge in the form of electromagnetic waves.
1.4 Properties & difference between Mass & Charge: -
Charge Mass
1. Charge is a physical quantity, which determines the physical 1. Mass is the quantity of matter posses by
interaction between charged bodies. a body.
2. Charge is quantised i.e. Q =  n e 2. Mass is not quantised.
3. Charge is conserved. 3. Mass is not conserved
4. Charge posses by a body is positive, negative or zero. 4. Mass is always 0 or +ve.
5. Charge is non-relativistic i.e. not change with speed. 5. Mass is relativistic i.e. with increases in
speed mass increases.
6. Force between the two charges is attractive & repulsive both. 6. Gravitation force is only attractive.
7. Charge is additive (transferable) 7. Mass is not additive.
8. charge can not exist without mass 8. mass can exist without charge
Conductors, are materials through which allow electrons to move freely. Metals are the best conductors because
the outermost electrons of the atoms are loosely bounded and so can move freely between atoms. e.g. All Metals.
Insulators are materials that do not allow the electrons to move through freely. e.g.water, moist air, glass etc.
Most non-metals are poor conductors of electricity because they have few, or no, free electrons.
Semiconductors are materials through which very few electrons are able to move freely. e.g. Ge, Si

1.5 Types of Electrification :-

(1)Charging Conductors by Conduction: - A neutral body can be charged by touching a charged body.
This is called charging by conduction. After the process, the charges on both bodies have the same polarity.
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + ++ ++ + + + + +
+ + + ++ ++ ++ + + + +

Uncharged Charged Bodies in contact Both are positively charged

(2) Charging Conductors by Induction: - To charge a conductor equally and oppositely by bringing a
charged conductor closed to it (without touching) is called electric induction.
(a) A positively charged rod (inducing body) is brought near to an insulated metal conductor without touching.
Charge induced on the either side of conductor due to electric induction.

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Due to the electric force, the electrons will be attracted and move closer to the rod & it become negative (it is
called bound charge). Due to deficiency of electrons, the opposite side of conductor become positively charged (it
is called free charge).

(b) Keeping the rod in position if we touch the conductor by our fingertip, the free charge (+ve) passes through
our body to the earth.
(c) Now first remove the finger.
(d) And then remove the rod. The bound (−ve) on conductor distributed uniformly over its surface and the body
become negatively charged.
Laws of Electrostatic induction: -
(I) In electric induction dissimilar kind of charge induced on the body Bound Charge& Free charge.
(II) In metals induced charge is equal and opposite to inducing charge.
Remark:−(a) Induced charge can be lesser or equal to inducing charge (but never greater) and its maximum value
 1
is given by Q' = −Q 1 − where Q is the inducing charge and K is the dielectric constant of the material of the
 K 
uncharged body. Kair = 1, Kmica = 6, Kwater = 81, Kmetal = 
(b) For metals K =  and so Q = – Q; i.e. in metals induced charge is equal and opposite to inducing charge.
(3) Charging Conductors by Friction: By rubbing two bodies together, both positive and negative charges
in equal amounts appear simultaneously due to transfer of electrons from one body to the other.
(a) When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the rod becomes positively charged while the silk becomes negatively
charged. The decrease in the mass of glass rod is equal to the total mass of electrons lost by it.
(b) Ebonite on rubbing with wool becomes negatively charged making the wool positively charged.
(c) Clouds also get charged by friction.
(d) During landing or take-off, the tyres of an aircraft get electrified therefore special material is used to manufacture
them.
(e) A comb moving through dry hair gets electrically charged. It starts attracting small bits of paper.

1.6 Coulomb's Law: - The electrostatic force, exerted on a point charge Q2 by another point charge Q1
separated by a distance r is F.
Statement-“Electrostatic force, is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of two charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and the force act along the line joining them”.
So F Q1  Q2 - - - - - - - - - -(1) And F 1/r2 - - - - - - - - - -(2)
q q q q
Combining Eq 1 & 2 F  1 2 F = k 1 2 This is Coulomb’s law of electrostatics.
r2 r2
1) +F indicates that Q1& Q2 are like charges and the force is repulsive, −F indicates that Q1& Q2 are opposite and
the force is attractive.
2) The proportionality Constant k depends on medium between the charges & system of unit.
q q 1 q1 q2
(a)For Air (i)in cgs unit k= 1 F = 1 2 (ii)In mks unit F =
r 2 4  0 r2
k = 1/ ( 4o ) = 9  109 N m2/C2
Where 0 (epsilon zero) is called the permittivity of the vacuum or free space. 0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C2/N m2 (The
electrostatic force can act through empty space or a vacuum.)
(b)For a given medium−(i) In cgs unit k = 1/r . For air, r = 1.005  1, Thus, for air r0 .Where K or r is
called dielectric constant or relative permittivity or specific inductive capacity (SIC) of the medium.r has no unit.
 Absolute permittivi ty of medium 1 1 q1 q2
r = = (ii) In SI units, k = , Fa =
0 permittivi ty of vacuum 4  0 K 4  0 r2
3. Vector form of Coulomb’s law:−
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1.7 Dielectric Constant is defined as the ratio of the electrostatic force between two charges separated by
some distance in air to the force experienced by same charges kept at same distance in a medium. It is also called
relative permittivity or specific inductive capacity or dielectric coefficient.
1 q1 q2 F
If charges are kept in a medium then force Fm = so K = air
4  0K r 2
Fmed
K K
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2

r r
If a dielectric medium (dielectric
1 Q1 Q 2
constant K, thickness t) is partially filled between the charges then force F=
4  0 (r − t + t K ) 2

1.6 Unit of Electric Charge: - S I unit of electric charge is Coulomb.

IfQ1 = Q2 = Q & r =1 m &force F = 910 9N
F = 9  10 9 Q1 Q2 / r2 So 9  10 9 = 9  10 9 QQ / 12 Hence Q =  1
If two equal charges separated by a distance 1 m in air, experience a force of repulsion of 9  10 9N then each
charge is said to be one coulomb.
1 Coulomb = 3  10 9 Stat Coulomb or Franklin (Fr)
CGS unit of electric charge is state coulomb or e.s.u (electrostatic unit) of charge.
Franklin (i.e., e.s.u. of charge) is the smallest unit of charge while faraday is largest (1Faraday = 96500 C).
Electrostatic Force Gravitation Force
a. It depends on medium between the charges (it a. Gravitation force does not depend on medium
become 1 / K times) between the bodies.
b. It is stronger force (1036 times gravitation force) b. It is weak force.
c. It may be attractive or repulsive c. It is always attractive
Similarity: -1. Both forces obey inverse squire law. 2. Both act in vacuum.
3. Both forces are central forces i.e. act along the line joining the two charges/masses
4. Both are conservative force i.e. work is independent of the path in these field.

1.7Principle of Superposition: - Statement-“ In the presence of many charges the total force act on a
given charge is equal to vector sum of the forces exerted on it by all other charges”.
This principle gives a method to find out force on a charge 1 when n charges are interacting.
→ → → → → → → → → →
F = F12 + F13 + F14 + − − − − − + F1n Similarly electric field E = E12 + E13 + E14 + − − − − − + E1n
+
1.8 Continuous Distribution of Charge:- +  +
+ +
+

A system of closely spaced charges forms a continuous distribution of charge. +
+
+
+
+
(a) Charge per unit length is define as linear charge density + +

 = total charge possess by the conductor / total length of the conductor = q / l

+
+ + +
+ +
+ +
 +
+ +
+
 
(b) Charge per unit area is define as surface charge density  +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
 = Total charge on the surface / total surface area = q / A + + + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +

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(c) Charge per unit volume is define as volumetric charge density 
= Total charge on the body/Volume of the body = q /V.
Charge on a conductor : Charge given to a conductor always resides on it's outer surface. This is why a solid
and hollow conducting sphere of same outer radius will hold maximum equal charge. If surface is uniform the
charge distributes uniformly on the surface and for irregular surface the+ distribution
+ +
+
of charge,+ i.e., +charge density
+
+ +
is not uniform. It is maximum where the radius of curvature +
+
+
+
+ +
is minimum and vice versa. i.e., σ  (1 /R ) . + +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
This is why charge leaks from sharp points. (A) (B)

1.8 Electric Field: - Electric field is the space

around a charged body, where electric interaction can be
experience by another charged body.
The force experience by a one coulomb positive charge (small test charge Qo→0) placed at a point in the electric
field is called Electric field intensity or strength of the point. Its SI unit is N/C.
𝐹
The strength of electric field 𝐸⃗ = lim Where qo→0 so the presence of this test
𝑞𝑜→0 𝑞𝑜
charge may not affect the source charge Q and its electric filed is not changed.
1 1 Q Q0 1 Q
Hence E = E =
Q0 4   0 r 2 4  0 r2

In vector form

(a) Direction of electric field :Electric field (intensity) E is a vector quantity. Electric field due to a positive charge is
always away from the charge and that due to a negative charge is always towards the charge
+Q E –Q
P E

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(b) Super position of electric field :The resultant electric field at a point due to various charges is equal to the vector
sum of individual electric fields 𝐸⃗ = 𝐸⃗1 + 𝐸⃗2 + 𝐸⃗3 +. ..
(c) Relation between F and E: In an electric field 𝐸⃗ a charge (Q) experiences a force F=QE. If charge is
positive, it experiences force in the direction of field and if it is negative direction of force is opposite to the field.
(d) Unit of electric field : - It’s S.I. unit – Newton = volt = Joule
coulomb meter coulomb  meter
and C.G.S. unit – Dyne/stat coulomb.
Dimension formula: [ E ] =[ MLT −3 A −1 ]

Neutral Point:-the point where net electric field intensity is zero called neutral point.

1.9Electric Lines of Forces: - Like a gravitational field, an electric field is represented by a series of
arrow lines called electric field lines or flux lines this concept of lines of force is given by Michel Faraday.
An electric field line is the path along which a free unit positive charge would move in an electric field. It
is an imaginary straight line or curve. OR
If a unit positive charge is free to move in an electric field, then path followed by the unit positive charge is
called electric lines of force.
For a positive test charge, field direction radiate outwards, for a negative test charge, field direction radiate inwards.
[1] The electric field lines are always originating normally from a positive charge and terminate normally to the
negative charge. (If not so then electron would flow due to effect of field i.e. electric current would flow).
[2] The lines of force in uniform field are parallel equidistant straight lines.
[3] The electric field intensity is defined as the number (density) of the electric field lines passing through unit area

A B QB
QA

placed ⊥ to the electric field. More lines are drawn in the area of stronger field.
[4] A tangent drawn at a point on electric line will give direction of electric field at that point.
[5] Two lines of force never intersect each other. If two lines of force intersect each other at a point ‘P’ then there
will be two tangents at point ‘P’ on two curves giving two directions of electric field at same point. But it is
impossible because electric field is a vector quantity which possess both magnitude & definite direction.
C C
+ +

– – – – – – – – – –
A B A B
+ + + + +

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[6] Lines of force tend to contract lengthwise (longitudinal tension). This explains unlike charge attract each other.
[7] The lines of force tend to repel each other (lateral repulsion). This explains like charge repels each other.
[8] Electric lines do not pass through a close conductor i.e. electric field inside a conductor is zero.
Uniform Electric Field: - The field where magnitude and direction of field intensity are constant and same is
called uniform electric field.
1.10 Electric Field due to Uniformly Charged Ring: -Consider a positive charged q distributed
uniformly over the surface of a metal ring of radius r
having linear charge density  = dq /dl
Electric field due to the length element ABC is
1  dl 1 dq
dE = = {  dl = dq}
4 0 a 2
4 0 a 2
From resolution of vector at point P there are two
components dEcos along the axis and dE sin
perpendicular to the axis. Components dE sin of
segment ABC & DEF are equal & opposite on Y-axis so they cancel out each other. So the effective value of electric
field at P due to element ABC is
q Q0
Q Q
1 dq x x 1 Q x 1
E =  dE cos  =     BOP cos  = x / a Hence E =  dq E=
0 0 4 0 a 2 a 4 0 a 3 0 4 0 a 3

E=
x 1
Q − 0
4 0 a 3
1 Qx 1 qx
E= But in  BOP a = r 2 + x 2 so E=
4  0 a 3 4   0 (a + x 2 ) 3 / 2
2

Special Case−I At the centre of the ring x = 0 so electric field x = 0

Special Case−II At a point much away from the centre of the cercular coil x >> r so neglecting r 2
qx 1 q
E= So E=
4  0 ( x 2 ) 3 / 2 4  0 x2

Motion of Charge Particle in Electric Field:− (a) Suppose a charge particle having charge Q and mass m is
initially at rest in an electric field of strength E. The particle will experience an electric force which causes it's motion.
(i) Force and acceleration: The force experienced by the charged particle is F = QE .
F QE
Acceleration produced by this force is a = =
m m
(ii)Velocity: Suppose at point A particle is at rest and in time t, it reaches the point B where it's velocity becomes v.
Also, if V = Potential difference between A and B, S = Separation between A and B E
A B
QEt 2QV
v = = S
m m
(2) When a charged particle enters with an initial velocity at right angle to the uniform field
When charged particle enters perpendicularly in an electric field, it describe a
Y
parabolic path as shown E
(i) Equation of trajectory: Throughout the motion particle has uniform velocity
alongx-axis and horizontal displacement (x) is given by the equation x = ut P(x, y)
Since the motion of the particle is accelerated along y–axis
2 u X
1  QE   x 
So y=    ; this is the equation of parabola which shows y  x2
2  m  u 
QEt
(ii) Velocity at any instant: At any instant t, v x = u and vy = so v
m
vy
Q 2 E 2t 2 v y QEt
v = | v | = v x2 + v 2y = u 2 + 2
& tan  = = 
m vx mu
If  is the angle made by v with x-axis .
1.11Electric Dipole:-A system of two equal but opposite charges separated by a small distance is called
electric dipole. Its S.I. unit is coulomb-metre or Debye (1 Debye = 3.3 × 10–30Cm)
Consider a dipole of charge +q &−q separated by distance 2l.

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The physical quantity, which is measure of strength of the electric dipole and equal to product of magnitude
of one of the charge and distance between the charges, is called electric dipole moment (p).
It is a vector quantity; its direction is from negative to positive charge. p = q  2l

Suspended charge System of three collinear charge

Freely suspended charge  In the following figure three charges Q1, Q and Q2 are
E F = QE 
In equilibrium  l E kept along a straight line, charge Q will be in
Q T cos  Q2
QE = mg 1
Q equilibrium if and only if
T 
+Q
E=
mg x1 x2 |Force applied by charge Q1|
T sin  QE
Q x = |Force applied by charge Q2 |
mg 2
Q1 Q Q2 Q Q1  x 1 
mg
i.e. =  = 
Suspension of charge from string
x 12 x 22 Q 2  x 2 

In equilibrium This is the necessary condition for Q to be in

equilibrium.
T sin  = QE….(i)
If all the three charges (Q1, Q and Q2) are similar, Q
T cos  = mg ….(ii)
will be in stable equilibrium.
From equations (i) and (ii) If extreme charges are similar while charge Q is of
T= (QE )2 + (mg )2 and tan  =
QE
different nature so Q will be in unstable equilibrium.
mg

1.12 Electric field intensity at a point on axial line of dipole: - Consider a dipole of charge
+q &−q separated by a distance 2l so dipole moment p = 2ql.
We have to find field intensity at point P, at distance r from centre of the dipole. So electric field due to +q charge
is

− − (2) {along OP}

1 q 1 q
E1 = So E1 =
40 BP 2 40 (r − l )2
− − − − (3) {along PO}
1 q 1 q
Intensity at P due to –q chargeis E2 = So E 2 =
4 0 AP 2 4 0 (r + l )2
1 q 1 q
So resultant intensity at P is E = E1 + E2 = −
4 0 (r − l )2 4 0 (r + l )2
q  1 1  q  (r + l )2 − (r − l )2 
E =  − 2
So E =  
4 0  (r − l )2 (r + l )  4 0  (r − l )2 (r + l )2 

E =
q (r 2
) (
+ l 2 + 2 rl − r 2 + l 2 − 2 rl ) So E =
q 4r l
40 {(r − l )(r + l )}2 (
40 r 2 − l 2 )
2

1 2r  q  2 l 1 2r p
E = Therefore E = Since p = q×2l, is electric dipole moment.
(
40 r − l 2
)
2 2 40 r − l 2 ( 2
)
2

Special case:− If dipole is very small, then r >l so r2>>l2, therefore neglecting r2.
→
2 p 1 2p → 1
1 2r p
E = Therefore E = In vector form E =
( )
.
40 r 2 2
4 0 r 3 40 r 3

1.12Electric Field at a point on equatorial line of a dipole: - Consider a dipole with

charges + q &− q separated by a distance of 2 l. So dipole moment p = 2 q l - - - -(1)
We have to find intensity of electric field at point A on the equatorial line of the dipole at distance ‘r’ from the
centre of the dipole. So a 2 = r 2 + l 2
1 q 1 q
Electric field intensity at A due to +q charge is E 1 = = along BA
4  0 AP 2
4  0 a2

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 Bagdi Electrostatics−10 Bagdi
1 q
E1 = - -- - - - (2) Electric field at A due to –q charge is
4  0 r2 + l2
1 q 1 q 1 q
E2 = = E2 = - - - - (3) {Along AC}
4  0 BP 2
4 0 a 2
4  0 r + l2
2

Since E1 = E2 = E0 (Let ) .
So E1 Sin  = E2 Sin  . Since the vertical components are equal but
opposite so the cancels out each other but the horizontal component
are along same direction, so resultant field intensity at A due to dipole
is E = E1 cos  + E2 cos  = E0 cos  + E0 cos  Therefore
E = 2 E0 cos 
1 q 1 2q l
E2 = 2  Cos  = 
4  o r + l 22
4  0 r + l
2 2
r2 + l2
1 p
Therefore E =
4  0 (r 2 + l 2 ) 3 / 2
Where P= 2ql is dipole moment. Its direction is parallel to the dipole
axis and from +ve to –ve.
Special case:- For a small dipole 2l is very small so l< r hencel2<< r2. Now we can neglect l2.
1 p 1 p 
E = E= e E
4  0
2 3/ 2
(r ) 4  0 r3 
E
e g
Electric field and potential due to an electric dipole:
If a, e and g are three points on axial, equatorial and general position
–q +q +
at a distance r from the centre of dipole  
Ea
1 p a
At general point: Eg = .
4 0 r 3
(3 cos2  + 1) r
2l 
p
1.13a.Torque and Force acting on a dipole placed in uniform electric field:-
Consider a dipole with charges + q & - q separated by a distance of 2l, angle
between the dipole moment & electric field intensity is .
So dipole moment p = 2 q l
Force on each charge is F = q E -- - --- (1)
Force on + q is along the direction of field & on – q opposite to the direction
of the field so net force on the dipole is zero.
The system of two equal but opposite charges constitute a couple. The torque
of the couple  = Force  perpendicular distance
= F AC - - - - - - - - (2)
In ABC sin  = BC/AB  BC = AB sin  = 2lsin  - - - - -- -(3)
Putting values from eq1 & eq3 in eq 2 = qE 2l Sin 
But the dipole moment p = 2qlso  = p E sin  - - - - - - - - - -(4)
→ → →
In vector form  = p E
The direction of the torque is perpendicular to both E and p & given by Fleming’s right hand rule.
Case-I  = 0 Then the torque  = pE sin 0 = 0
Hence if dipole is placed parallel to the field torque on it is minimum.
Case-II  = 90 Then the torque  = pE sin 90 = p E
Hence if dipole is placed perpendicular to the field torque on it is maximum.
1.13b. Work done& Potential Energy in deflecting a Dipole in Uniform Electric Field:-
If the dipole rotate through an angle d against the torque  = pEsin 
Then work done dW =  d = pEsin× d
So Total work done in deflecting the dipole from angle 1 to2 is
2 2
W =   d=  p E sin  d
1 1

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 Bagdi Electrostatics−11 Bagdi
2
W = p E  sin  d  W = p E (− cos ) 2  W = − p E ( cos  2 − cos 1 )

1 1

Work done: -In equilibrium dipole is parallel to the field so 1 = 0 . Hence work done in deflecting the dipole
through an angle 1 =. W = − p E ( cos  − cos 0 )  W = p E ( 1 − cos  )

Potential Energy: -Work done in deflecting the dipole perpendicular to the field so 1 = 90 . Hence work done
in deflecting the dipole through an angle 2 =.W = U = − p E ( cos −cos 90)
→ →
Hence potential energyU =− p E cos  or U = − p. E →
→ E
→ p
→
E → p
→ E
p

 = 0o,  = 0&Umin = – pE(minimum) = 90O, max = pE, U = 0,  = 180o,  = 0, Umax = pE(maximum)

Stable equilibrium Not in equilibrium Unstable equilibrium
1.15 Electric Flux:-Total number of electric lines passing through any surface area in the electric field is called
electric flux . It is a scalar quantity.

→ →
d = E dS Cos OR d = E . d S
→ →
Hence total flux through the hole surface  =  d =  E dS Cos  Hence  =  E . d S
S
S

Area Vector: - area is considered as vector quantity having direction perpendicular to the surface area.
Solid Angle: -In two dimensions, the angle subtended by an arc of length dl of a circle of radius r is,
Angle  = arc / radius = dl/r
Due to identical properties concept of solid angle is given. Consider a sphere of radius ‘r’ & small surface area
element dS on it. The solid angle subtended by the surface element is d  = dS / r 2
dS Cos 
If area vector makes an angle  , with the line joining point O & surface then d = 2
r
S 4r 2
SI unit of solid angle is Steradian. The total solid angle over the whole surface is  = 2 = 2 OR Ω = 4
r r
1.16 Gauss`s Theorem of Electrostatics: -Karl Fiedric Gauss gave a theorem which gives the value of net
outward electric flux through any closed hypothetical surface called
Gaussian surface.
Statement (SI unit): -“The surface integral of the normal component of the
electric field over any closed hypothetical surface is equal to 1/0total charge
enclosed by the surface”.
OR “The net outward electric flux through any closed hypothetical
surface is equal to 1/0total charge enclosed by the surface”.
→ → Q Q
 E . dS = OR  =
s 0 0

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 Bagdi Electrostatics−12 Bagdi
Proof: -Consider a closed surface S with charge + q lies inside it at O. dS is a small surface area element
surrounding point P, which is at distance ‘r’ from point O. Electric field intensity at point P due to charge + q is
1 q
E= - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (1)
4  0 r2
If  is the angle between E & dS then net outward electric flux through the surface is
→ → 1 q
 =  E . dS =  E dScos0o  =  dS 1
S S 4  0 r2
s
q q
 =  dS   = 
×4r2 dS = 4 r is the total surface area of the surface.
2

4  0 r 2
S 4  0 r 2
q
Hence net outward flux  =
0
q
For large number of charges, the total outward flux is  = 1 +  2 +  3 + − − − − OR  = 
o
Q → → Q
Hence  = Whereq = Q is total charge enclosed by the surface.  =  E . dS =
0 s 0
1.17Application of Gauss’s Theorem
(1) Electric Field Intensity due to uniformly Charged Hollow Sphere
Case−I At a Point lies on the surface of the Conductor: -Consider a charged sphere of radius ‘R’ having charge
+ q. P is a point outside the sphere at distance ‘r’ from the centre of the sphere where we want to find electric field
intensity.
We will draw an imaginary sphere of radius ‘r’ with ‘O’ as a centre; this surface is Gaussian surface & point ‘P’
lies on it. Electric field at each point on the Gaussian surface is same & directed perpendicularly outward so angle
between E & dS is  = 0
(a) Therefore net outward flux through the Gaussian surface is
 =  E dS cos 0 = E  dS 1
s s
 = E  4 π r −−− (1)
2

(b) From Gauss’s theorem, net outward flux  = q / 0 −− (2)

Comparing eq1 & eq2
q 1 q
E  4 π r2 = Hence E =
0 4 π  0 r
2

Hence electric field intensity outside the sphere will be same as if whole charge is concentrate at the centre of the sphere.
Case−II At a Point lies on the surface of the Conductor: - In this case the radius of the Gaussian surface is equal
1 q
to radius of the conductor i.e. r=R Hence electric field intensity E=
4 π0 R 2
Case−III At a Point lies inside the surface of the Conductor: - Consider a charged sphere of radius ‘R’
having charge + q.P is a point in side the sphere at distance ‘r’ from the centre of the sphere where we want to find

kQ
E=
R2
1
E
r2
E=0

r R O R r
The variation of electric field intensity E with distance from the center of a uniformly charged spherical shell
electric field intensity. We will draw an imaginary sphere of radius ‘r’ with ‘O’ as a centre; this surface is Gaussian
surface & point ‘P’ lies on it. Electric field at each point on the Gaussian surface is same & directed
perpendicularly outward so angle between E & dS is  = 0.
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 Bagdi Electrostatics−13 Bagdi
(a) Therefore, net outward flux through the Gaussian surface is  =  E dS cos 0 = E  dS 1 −−−− (1)
s s
q 0
(b) From Gauss’s theorem, net outward flux  = OR = = 0 −−− (2)
0 0
0
Comparing eq1 and eq2. So E  dS 1 = (Since there is no charge lies inside the Gaussian surface so q = 0.)
s
0

E  4 π r 2 = 0 Hence E = 0 . Hence electric field inside the hollow conductor is zero.

(2) Electric Field Intensity due to uniformly Charged Plane Metal Sheet:-
Consider a thin metallic plate of uniformly charged density
 = q / S - - - - - - - - -(1)
We have to find field intensity at a point P at distance r
from plate. Consider an imaginary cylinder across the plate,
it acts as Gaussian surface & point P lies on it.
(a) The net outward electric flux through the Gaussian
surface is  = 1 +  2 +  2
 =  E dS Cos 0 +  E dS Cos 0 +  E dS Cos 90
sA sB s curved
 = E  dS + E  dS + 0 OR
sA sB
 = E S + E S + 0 = 2ES −−−−−(1)
q
(b) From Gaussian theorem the net outward flux through the Gaussian surface is  = − − − − − (2)
0
q 
Comparing eq1 & eq2 2 Ε S = q /0  E =  E =
2 S 0 2 0
So electric field is independent of the distance of the point i.e. constant.
(3) Electric Field Intensity due to two uniformly Charged Plane Metal Sheet: -
Consider two parallel long metallic plate having + ve charge with
surface charge density 1and 2. Electric field intensity near plate A
& B is E1& E2.
(a) Intensity in Ist region: -In this region electric field due to
both plates is from right to left. So intensity in the first region
is E = −E1− E2
From Application of Gaussian theorem.
σ1 σ − ( σ1 + σ 2 )
E=− − 2 = − − − − − (1)
2 0 2 0 2 0
(b) Intensity in II nd region: -In this region electric field due to plate B is from right to left & due to plate A is
from left to right. So intensity in the second region is, E = E1− E2 From Application of Gaussian theorem.
σ1 σ ( σ1 − σ 2 )
E= − 2 = ........ (2)
2 0 2 0 2 0
Special Case: -If second plate is – ve and having same charge density  then, E = E1+ E2
σ σ 2σ σ
So intensity in the second region is E = + = E= − − − − (3)
2 0 2 0 2 0 0
rd
(c) Intensity in III region: -In this region electric field due to both plates is from left to right. So intensity in
first region is E = E1 + E2
σ1 σ ( σ1 + σ 2 )
From Application of Gaussian theorem. E = + 2 = − − − − − (4)
2 0 2 0 2 0

(4) Electric field intensity due to uniformly charged infinite long charged Wire (cylinder) :-
Consider a thin infinite long positively charged straight long conductor of linear charge density
 = q / l - - - -(1).

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 Bagdi Electrostatics−14 Bagdi
We have to find electric field intensity at point P, which is at distance ‘r’ from the plate.
With conductor as an axis we will draw an imaginary cylinder of radius ‘r’ & length ‘l’ it is called Gaussian
surface& point ‘P’ lies on it. Electric field at each point on the conductor is same & directed ⊥ outward.
(a) Hence net outward flux through the Gaussian surface is  = 1 + 2 + 3

 =  E dS Cos 0 +  E dS Cos 90 +  E dS Cos 90 dS

+
s1 s2 s3 +
S2 + E
 = E  dS 1 + 0 + 0  = E  2  r l − − − ( 2) +
+
+
s1 +
+
(b) From Gauss’s theorem the net outward flux through the E +
+ S1 E
q + dS
Gaussian surface is  = − − − − (3) +
+
0 +
+
comparing eq3 &2 +
S3 + E
q q +
2 r l E =  E= From eq1 +
+
0 20l r dS


E= Hence electric field at a point near a straight long conductor is inversely proportional to distance of the point.
20 r

( 5 )To Derive Coulomb’s Law:-From application (1) case−I , derive the formula of field intensity at a point
1 q
on the conductor E = . If we keep a point charge q0 at point P ,
4  0 r2
Then the force on the test charge is F = q0 E
1 q 1 q0 q
F = q0  Hence F = This is Coulomb’s Law.
4  0 r 2 4  0 r 2
Charge and Coulomb’s Law
1. Electric charges of 1C , − 1C and 2 C are placed 10 cm apart. If one electron from every 10 6 atoms is
in air at the corners A, B and C respectively of an transferred from one ball to the other, the coulomb
equilateral triangle ABC having length of each side 10 force between them is (atomic weight of Cu is 63.5)
cm. The resultant force on the charge at C is (a) 2.0  1010 N (b) 2.0  10 4 N
(a) 0.9 N (b) 1.8 N(c) 2.7 N (d) 3.6 N (c) 2.0 108 N (d) 2.0 10 6 N
2. Charge on  -particle is 8. A solid conducting sphere of radius a has a net
(a) 4.8 10 −19 C (b) 1.6  10 −19 C positive charge 2Q. A conducting spherical shell of
(c) 3.2 10 −19 C (d) 6.4 10 −19 C inner radius b and outer radius c is concentric with the
3. Two small conducting spheres of equal radius have solid sphere and has a net charge – Q. The surface
charges + 10C and − 20C respectively and placed at a charge density on the inner and outer surfaces of the
spherical shell will be
distance R from each other experience force F1 . If they
2Q Q
are brought in contact and separated to the same distance, (a) − ,
they experience force F2 . The ratio of F1 to F2 is 4b 4c 2
2
a
Q Q b
(a) 1 : 8 (b) – 8 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 (d) – 2 : 1 (b) − ,
4. Two charges each equal to 2 C are 0.5m apart. If 4b 2 4c 2 c

both of them exist inside vacuum, then the force Q

(c) 0, (d) None of the above
between them is 4c 2
(a) 1.89 N (b) 2.44 N(c) 0.144 N (d) 3.144 N 9. Three charges each of magnitude q are placed at the
5. Two charges are at a distance ‘d’ apart. If a copper corners of an equilateral triangle, the electrostatic force
plate (conducting medium) of thickness ½ d is placed on the charge placed at the center is (each side of
between them, the effective force will be triangle is L)
(a) 2F (b)F / 2 (c) 0 (d) 2 F 1 q2 1 3q 2 1 q2
(a) Zero (b) (c) (d)
6. Two electrons are separated by a distance of 1Å. 4 0 L2 4 0 L2 12 0 L2
What is the coulomb force between them 10. Two charges placed in air repel each other by a
(a) 2.3  10 −8 N (b) 4.6  10 −8 N force of 10 −4 N . When oil is introduced between the
(c) 1.5  10 −8 N (d) None of these charges, the force becomes 2.5  10 −5 N .
7. Two copper balls, each weighing 10g are kept in air The dielectric constant of oil is
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 Bagdi Electrostatics−15 Bagdi
(a)2.5 (b)0.25 (c) 2.0 (d) 4.0 21. Two identical conductors of Cu and Al are placed in
11. Three charges are placed at the vertices of an an identical electric field. The magnitude of induced
equilateral triangle of side ‘a’ as shown in the figure. charge in the aluminium will be
The force experienced by the charge placed at the (a) Zero (b) Greater than in copper
A
vertex A in a direction normal to BC is + Q (c) Equal to that in copper (d) Less than in copper
(a) Q2 /(40a 2 ) 22. Two spherical conductors B&C having equal radii
and carrying equal charges in them repel each other
(b) − Q /(40a2 )
with a force F when kept apart at some distance. A
(c)Zero (d) Q2 /(20a 2 ) –Q
a
+Q third spherical conductor having same radius as that of
B C
12. Two particles of equal mass m & charge q are B but uncharged is brought in contact with B, then
placed at a distance of 16 cm. They do not experience brought in contact with C and finally removed away
any force. Value of q/m is from both. The new force of repulsion between B&C is
(a) F / 4 (b) 3F / 4 (c) F / 8 (d) 3F / 8
0 G
(a)l (b) (c) (d) 40G 23. When a body is earth connected, electrons from the
G 4 0 earth flow into the body. This means the body is
13. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, it (a) Unchanged (b) Charged positively
(a)Gains electrons from silk (c) Charged negatively (d) An insulator
(b) Gives electrons to silk 24. The charges on two spheres are +7C and – 5C
(c) Gains protons from silk (d) Gives protons to silk respectively. They experience a force F. If each of them
14. An electron is moving round the nucleus of a is given and additional charge of – 2C, the new force of
hydrogen atom in a circular orbit of radius r. The attraction will be
coulomb force F between the two is (a) F (b)F / 2 (c) F / 3 (d) 2F
e2 𝑒2 𝑒2 2
25. The ratio of electrostatic and gravitational forces
(a) − K rˆ (b)𝐾 𝑟 3 𝑟 (c) −𝐾 𝑟 3 𝑟 (d) K e 2 rˆ
r3 r acting between electron and proton separated by a
15. A body has – 80 C of charge. Number of distance 5  10 −11 m, will be
additional electrons in it will be (a) 2.36  1039 (b) 2.36  1040
(a) 8  10 −5 (b) 80  10 −17 (c) 5  1014 (d) 1.28 10 −17 (c) 2.341041(d) 2.34  1042
16. Two point charges placed at a certain distance r in 26. Two point charges 3  10–6C and 8  10–6C repel
air exert a force F on each other. Then the distance r' at each other by a force of 6  10–3N. If each of them is
which these charges will exert the same force in a given an additional charge – 6  106C, the force
medium of dielectric constant k is between them will be
(a)r (b)r/k (c) r/ k (d) r k (a) 2.4  10–3N (attractive) (b) 2.4  10–9N (attractive)
17. Dielectric constant for metal is (c) 1.5  10–3N (repulsive)(d) 1.5  10–3N (attractive)
(a)Zero (b)Infinite (c)1 (d) Greater than 1 27. Two equally charged, identical metal spheres A and
18. A charge of Q coulomb is placed on a solid piece of B repel each other with a force 'F'. The spheres are kept
metal of irregular shape. The charge will distribute itself fixed with a distance 'r' between them. A third identical,
(a)Uniformly in the metal object but uncharged sphere C is brought in contact with A
(b) Uniformly on the surface of the object and then placed at the mid-point of the line joining
(c)Such that potential energy of system is minimised A&B. The magnitude of net electric force on C is
(d) Such that the total heat loss is minimised (a) F (b)3F/4 (c)F/2 (d)F/4
19. Five balls numbered 1 to 5 are suspended using 28. Two charges of equal magnitudes and at a distance
separate threads. Pairs (1, 2), (2, 4) and (4, 1) show r exert a force F on each other. If the charges are halved
electrostatic attraction, while pair (2, 3) and (4, 5) show and distance between them is doubled, then the new
repulsion. Therefore ball 1 must be force acting on each charge is
(a) Positively charged (b) Negatively charged (a) F / 8 (b)F / 4 (c) 4 F (d) F / 16
(c) Neutral (d) Made of metal 29. An infinite number of charges, each of charge 1 C,
20. Equal charges q are placed at the four corners are placed on x-axis with co-ordinates x = 1, 2, 4, 8,
A, B, C, D of a square of length a . The magnitude of the ..... If a charge of 1 C is kept at origin, then what is
force on the charge at B will be the net force acting on 1 C charge
3q 2 4q 2 (a) 9000 N (b) 12000 N (c) 24000 N(d)36000 N
(a) (b) 30. The number of electrons in 1.6 C charge will be
4 0 a 2 4 0 a 2
(a) 1019 (b) 10 20 (c) 1.1  1019 (d) 1.1  102
1+ 2 2  q 2  1  q2 31. Four metal conductors having different shapes
(c)  
 4 a 2 (d)  2 + 
 4 0 a
2
 2  0  2 1. A sphere 2. Cylindrical
3. Pear 3. Lightning conductor
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 Bagdi Electrostatics−16 Bagdi
are mounted on insulating stands and charged. The one (a) ½ (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
which is best suited to retain the charges for a longer time is 3. The insulation property of air breaks down at
(a) 1 (b)2 (c) 3 (d)4 E = 3  10 6 volt/metre. The maximum charge that can be
32. Identify the wrong statement in the following. given to a sphere of diameter 5 m is approximately (in
Coulomb's law correctly describes the electric force that coulombs)
(a) Binds the electrons of an atom to its nucleus (a) 2  10 −2 (b) 2  10 −3 (c) 2  10 −4 (d) 2  10 −5
(b) Binds protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
4. The distance between the two charges 25 C and
(c) Binds atoms together to form molecules
36 C is 11 cm At what point on the line joining the two,
(d) Binds atoms & molecules together to form solids
33. Three charge +4q, Q and q are placed in a straight the intensity will be zero
line of length a at points distance x = 0, x = a/2 and x = (a) At a distance of 5 cm from 25 C
a respectively. What should be the value of Q in order (b) At a distance of 5 cm from 36 C
to make the net force on q to be zero? (c) At a distance of 10 cm from 25 C
(a) –q (b) –2q (c) –q/2 (d) 4q (d) At a distance of 11 cm from 36 C
34. Two point charges placed at a distance r in air 5. Intensity of electric field required to balance a proton
exert a force F on each other. The value of distance R at of mass 1.7  10 −27 kg and charge 1 .6  10 −19 C is nearly
which they experience force 4F when placed in a (a) 1  10 −7 V / m (b) 1  10 −5 V / m
medium of dielectric constant K = 16 is :
(c) 1  10 7 V / m (d) 1  10 5 V / m
(a) r (b) r/4 (c) r/8 (d) 2r
35. A total charge of 20 C is divided into two parts 6. Two point charges Q and – 3Q are placed at some
and placed at some distance apart. If the charges distance apart. If the electric field at the location of Q
experience maximum coulombian repulsion, the is E then at the locality of −3Q , it is
charges should be : (a) − E (b) E / 3 (c) −3 E (d) −E / 3
(a) 5C, 15C (b) 10C, 10C 7. A metallic solid sphere is placed in a uniform
40 20 electric field. The lines of force follow the path(s)
(c) 12C, 8C (d) C, C
3 3 shown in figure as 1 1
36. Two small spherical balls each carrying a charge Q 2 2
= 10 C (10 micro-coulomb) are suspended by two 3 3
insulating threads of equal lengths 1 m each, from a 4 4
point fixed in the ceiling. If is found that is equilibrium (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
threads are separated by an angle 60º between them, as 8. Two positive charges of 20 coulomb and Q coulomb
shown in the fig. What is the tension in the threads - are situated at a distance of 60 cm . The neutral point
between them is at a distance of 20 cm from the
60º 20 coulomb charge. Charge Q is
(a) 30 C (b) 40 C (c) 60 C (d) 80 C
9. Equal charges q are placed at the vertices A and B
Q Q
of an equilateral triangle ABC of side a . The magnitude
(a) 18 N (b) 1.8 N (c) 0.18 N (d) none of electric field at the point C is
37. One of the following is not a property of field lines q 2q 3q q
(a) Field liner are continuous curves without any breaks (a) (b) (c) (d)
4  0 a 2
4  0 a 2
4  0 a 2
2 0 a 2
(b) Two field lines cannot cross each other 10. A particle of mass m and charge q is placed at rest
(c) Field lines starts at positive charge and end at in a uniform electric field E and then released. The
negative charge kinetic energy attained by the particle after moving a
(d) They from closed loops distance y is
ELECTRIC FIELD (a) qEy 2 (b) qE 2 y (c) qEy (d) q 2 Ey
1. The magnitude of electric field intensity E is such 11. Four charges are placed on corners of a square as
that, an electron placed in it would experience an shown in figure having side of 5 cm . If Q is one
electrical force equal to its weight is given by Q – 2Q
mg e e2
microcoulomb, then electric field
(a) mge (b) (c) (d) g intensity at centre will be
e mg m2
2. Two parallel plates have equal and opposite charge. (a) 1.02  10 7 N / C upwards
When the space between them is evacuated, the electric (b) 2.04  10 7 N / C downwards
field between the plates is 2  10 5 V / m . When the space (c) 2.04  10 7 N / C upwards
–Q + 2Q
is filled with dielectric, the electric field becomes (d) 1.02  10 7 N / C downwards
1  10 5 V / m . The dielectric constant of the material

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 Bagdi Electrostatics−17 Bagdi
12. Two charges +5 C and +10 C are placed 20 cm If the electric field at P makes an angle  with the x-
apart. The net electric field at the mid-Point between axis, the value of  would be
the two charges is   3  3
(a) 4.5  10 6 N/C directed towards +5 C (a)  (b) + tan −1  
 2 
(c) 2 (d) tan −1  
 2 
3 3   3  
(b) 4.5  10 6 N/C directed towards +10 C 5. Electric charges q, q, − 2q are placed at the corners of
(c) 13 .5  10 6 N/C directed towards +5 C an equilateral triangle ABC of side l . The magnitude of
(d) 13 .5  10 6 N/C directed towards +10 C electric dipole moment of the system is
13. In the given figure distance of the point from A (a) ql (b) 2ql (c) 3 ql (d) 4 ql
where the electric field is zero is
A B 6. Torque acting on a dipole of moment P in field E is
(a) P  E (b) P  E (c) Zero (d) E  P
10 C 20 C
80 cm
7. The electric field at a point on equatorial line of a
(a) 20 cm (b) 10 cm dipole and direction of the dipole moment
(c) 33 cm (d) None of these (a)Will be parallel (b) Will be in opposite direction
14. Figures below show regular hexagons, with charges (c) Will be perpendicular (d) Are not related
at the vertices. In which of the following cases the 8. Two opposite and equal charges 4  10 −8 coulomb when
electric field at the centre is not zero placed 2  10 −2 cm away, form a dipole. If this dipole is
placed in an external electric field 4  10 N / C , the
8

q q q –q value of maximum torque and the work done in rotating

q q
q q
it through 180  will be
q q (a) 64  10 −4 Nm & 64  10 −4 J
(b) 32  10 −4 Nm & 32 10 −4 J
–q
(c) 64  10 −4 Nm & 32 10 −4 J
q

(d) 32 10 −4 Nm & 64  10 −4 J

(1) (2)
2q q
2q 2q 9. If E a be the electric field strength of a short dipole at
q a point on its axial line and E e that on the equatorial
q q 2q
line at the same distance, then
2q 2q q (a) Ee = 2 Ea (b) Ea = 2 Ee (c) Ea = Ee (d) None
2q
(3)
10. An electric dipole is placed in an electric field
(4)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 generated by a point charge
Electric Dipole (a) The net electric force on the dipole must be zero
1. The electric field due to a dipole at a distance r on (b) The net electric force on the dipole may be zero
its axis is (c) The torque on the dipole due to the field must be zero
(a) Directly proportional to r 3 (d) The torque on the dipole due to the field may be zero
(b) Inversely proportional to r 3 11. A point Q lies on the perpendicular bisector of an
(c) Directly proportional to r 2 electrical dipole of dipole moment p . If the distance of
(d) Inversely proportional to r 2 Q from the dipole is r (much larger than the size of the
2. Two charges + 3 .2  10 −19 and − 3.2  10 −19 C placed at dipole), then electric field at Q is proportional to
2 . 4 Å apart form an electric dipole. It is placed in a (a) p −1 & r −2 (b) p & r −2 (c) p 2 and r −3 (d) p & r −3
uniform electric field of intensity 4  10 5 volt / m . The 12. If the magnitude of intensity of electric field at a
electric dipole moment is distance x on axial line and at a distance y on
(a) 15.36  10−29 C  m (b) 15.36  10−19 C  m equatorial line on a given dipole are equal, then x : y is
(c) 7.68  10−29 C  m (d) 7.68  10−19 C  m (a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 3 2 : 1
3. An electric dipole of moment p is placed at the 13. An electric dipole in a uniform electric field experiences
origin along the x -axis. The electric field at a point P , (When it is placed at an angle  with the field)
whose position vector makes an angle  with the x -axis, (a) Force and torque both (b) Force but no torque
1 (c) Torque but no force (d) No force and no torque
will make an angle ..... with x -axis, where tan  = tan 
2 14. Electric intensity due to a dipole of length 10 cm and
(a)  (b)  (c)  +  (d)  + 2 having a charge of 500C , at a point on the axis at a
4. An electric dipole is placed along the x − axis at the distance 20 cm from one of the charges in air, is
origin O . A point P is at a distance of 20 cm from this (a) 6 .25  10 7 N/C (b) 9 .28  10 7 N/C
origin such that OP makes an angle /3 with the x-axis. (c) 13 .1  11 11 N/C (d) 20 .5  10 7 N/C

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 Bagdi Electrostatics−18 Bagdi
15. Electric potential at an equatorial point of a small cm. The electric field will be zero at point between the
dipole with dipole moment P (r, distance from the dipoles whose distance from the dipole of moment P is
dipole) is (a) 5 cm(b) 25 cm(c) 10 cm (d) 4 cm
P P 2P 9 13
(a) Zero (b) (c) (d)
4 0 r 2
4 0 r 3
4 0 r 3 27. When an electric dipole P is placed in a uniform
16. The distance between +
H and Cl ions in HCl −
electric field E then at what angle between P and E the
molecule is 1.28 Å. What will be the potential due to value of torque will be maximum
this dipole at a distance of 12 Å on the axis of dipole (a) 90 o (b) 0 o (c) 180 o (d) 45 o
(a) 0.13 V (b)1.3 V (c) 13 V (d)130 V 28. Two charges + 3.2  10 −19 C and − 3.2  10 −9 C kept
17. The potential at a point due to an electric dipole will 2.4 Å apart forms a dipole. If it is kept in uniform
be maximum & minimum when angles between the
electric field of intensity 4  105 volt/m then what will
axis of the dipole and the line joining the point to the
dipole are respectively be its electrical energy in equilibrium
(a) 90 o & 180 o (b) 0 o & 90 o (c) 90 o & 0 o (d) 0 o & 180 o (a) + 3  10 −23 J (b) − 3  10 −23 J
18. The value of electric potential at any point due to (c) − 6  10 −23 J (d) − 2  10 −23 J
any electric dipole is 29. What is the angle between the electric dipole
→ → → → →→ →→
𝑝×𝑟 𝑝×𝑟 𝑝⋅𝑟 𝑝⋅𝑟 moment and the electric field strength due to it on the
(a) 𝑘. 𝑟 2 (b)𝑘. 𝑟 3 (c) 𝑘. 𝑟 2 (d) 𝑘. 𝑟 3
equatorial line?
19. An electric dipole has the magnitude of its charge as (a) 0o (b)90o (c)180o (d) None of these
q and its dipole moment is p. It is placed in a uniform 30. The electric field due to an electric dipole at a distance
electric field E. If its dipole moment is along the r from its centre in axial position is E. If the dipole is
direction of the field, the force on it and its potential rotated through an angle of 90° about its perpendicular
energy are respectively axis, the electric field at the same point will be
(a) 2q  E and minimum (b) q  E and p  E (a) E (b) E / 4 (c) E / 2 (d) 2E
(c) Zero and minimum (d) q  E and maximum Electric Flux and Gauss's Law
20. Intensity of an electric field E due to a dipole, 1. A point charge + q is placed at the centre of a cube of
depends on distance r as side L . The electric flux emerging from the cube is
(a) E  14 (b) E  13 (c) E  12 (d) E  1
2
(a) q
(b) Zero (c) 6 qL (d) q
r r r r 0 0 6 L2  0
21. The ratio of electric fields on the axis and at equator
2. A charge q is placed at the centre of the open end of
of an electric dipole will be
cylindrical vessel. Flux of the electric field through the
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d)None
surface of the vessel is
22. For a dipole q = 2  10 C and d = 0.01m .
−6
(a)Zero (b) q (c) q (d) 2q
Calculate the maximum torque for this dipole if 0 2 0 0
E = 5  105 N / C 3. It is not convenient to use a spherical Gaussian
(a) 1  10 −3 Nm −1 (b) 10  10 −3 Nm −1 surface to find the electric field due to an electric dipole
using Gauss’s theorem because
(c) 10  10 −3 Nm (d) 1  10 2 Nm 2
(a)Gauss’s law fails in this case
23. A molecule with a dipole moment p is placed in an
(b) This problem does not have spherical symmetry
electric field of strength E. Initially the dipole is aligned (c) Coulomb’s law is more fundamental than Gauss’s law
parallel to the field. If the dipole is to be rotated to be (d) Spherical Gaussian surface will alter the dipole moment
anti-parallel to the field, the work required to be done 4. According to Gauss’ Theorem, electric field of an
by an external agency is infinitely long straight wire is proportional to
(a) – 2pE (b) – pE (c)pE (d) 2pE 1 1 1
(a) r (b) (c) (d)
24. An electric dipole of moment p placed in a uniform r 2 r3 r
electric field E has minimum potential energy when the 5. Electric charge is uniformly distributed along a long
angle between p and E is straight wire of radius 1mm. The charge per cm length
3 of the wire is Q coulomb. Another cylindrical surface of
(a) Zero (b)  (c)  (d) radius 50 cm and length 1m symmetrically encloses the
2 2
25. A region surrounding a stationary electric dipole has wire as shown in the figure. The total electric+ flux
+
(a) Magnetic field only (b) Electric field only passing through the cylindrical surface is +
(c) Both electric and magnetic fields (a) Q (b) 100 Q
(d) No electric and magnetic fields 0 0
1m
26. Two electric dipoles of moment P & 64 P are (c) 10 Q (d) 100 Q
( 0 ) ( 0 )
placed in opposite direction on a line at a distance of 25
6. The S.I. unit of electric flux is +
+ 50cm
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 Bagdi Electrostatics−19 Bagdi
(a) Weber (b)Newton per coulomb 16. Gauss’s law is true only if force due to a charge varies as
(c) Volt  metre (d)Joule per coulomb (a) r −1 (b) r −2 (c) r −3 (d) r −4
7. q1 , q 2 , q 3 and q 4 are point charges located at points 17. An electric dipole is put in north-south direction in
as shown in the figure and S is a spherical Gaussian a sphere filled with water. Which statement is correct
surface of radius R. Which of the following is true (a)Electric flux is coming towards sphere
according to the Gauss’s law S (b) Electric flux is coming out of sphere
𝑞1 +𝑞2 +𝑞3 (c)Electric flux entering into sphere and leaving the
(a)∮𝑠(𝐸⃗1 + 𝐸⃗2 + 𝐸⃗3 ). 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜀 q1
0 R sphere are same
(𝑞1 +𝑞2 +𝑞3 )
(b) ∮𝑠(𝐸⃗1 + 𝐸⃗2 + 𝐸⃗3 ). 𝑑𝐴 = q4 (d) Water does not permit electric flux to enter into sphere
𝜀0
(𝑞1 +𝑞2 +𝑞3 +𝑞4 )
q2 q3 18. Two infinite plane parallel sheets separated by a
(c)∮𝑠(𝐸⃗1 + 𝐸⃗2 + 𝐸⃗3 ). 𝑑𝐴 = distance d have equal and opposite uniform charge
𝜀0
(d) None of the above densities  . Electric field at a point between the sheets is
8. Gauss’s law should be invalid if (a)Zero (b)  (c) 
0 2 0
(a)There were magnetic monopoles
(b) The inverse square law were not exactly true (d) Depends upon location of the point
(c)The velocity of light were not a universal constant 19. The electric flux for Gaussian surface A that enclose
(d) None of these the charged particles in free space is (q1 = –14 nC, q2 =
9. The inward and outward electric flux for a closed 78.85 nC, q3 = – 56 nC)
Gaussian
surface in units of N - m 2 / C are respectively 8  10 3 (a)103 Nm2 C–1 q surface A
(b) 103 CN-1 m–2
3
q1
and 4  10 3. Then total charge inside the surface is] q2
Gaussian
(c)6.32  103 Nm2 C–1 surface B
C (c) (−4  10 ) C(d) − 4  10 3  0 C
3
(a) 4  10 3 C (b) − 4  10 3
(d) 6.32  103 CN-1 m–2

10. A charge q is placed at the centre of a cube. Then 20. The electric intensity due to an infinite cylinder of
the flux passing through one face of cube will be radius R and having charge q per unit length at a
distance r(r  R) from its axis is
(a) q (b) q (c) q (d) q
0 2 0 40 6 0 (a) Directly proportional to r 2 (b) Directly proportional to r 3
11. If a spherical conductor comes out from the closed (c) Inversely proportional to r (d) Inversely proportional to r 2
surface of the sphere then total flux emitted from the 21. A sphere of radius R has a uniform distribution of
surface will be electric charge in its volume. At a distance x from its
centre, for x  R , electric field is directly proportional to
(a) 1  (Charge enclosed by surface)
0 (a) 1/x2 (b) 1/x (c) x (d) x 2
(b)  0  (charge enclosed by surface) 22. Eight dipoles of charges of magnitude e are placed
(c) 1
 (charge enclosed by surface) (d) 0 inside a cube. The total electric flux coming out of the
4 0 cube will be
12. If the electric flux entering and leaving an enclosed (a) 8e
(b) 16 e
(c) e
(d) Zero
surface respectively is 1 &  2 the electric charge 0 0 0
inside the surface will be 23. A point charge cause an electric flux of -1.0 × 103
(a) (1 + 2 )0 (b) ( 2 − 1 ) 0 (c) (1 +  2 ) /  0 (d) (2 − 1) / 0
Nm2C-l to pass through a spherical Gaussian surface
13. A charge q is located at the centre of a cube. The of 10.0 cm radius centred on the charge. If the radius
electric flux through any face is of the Gaussian surface were three times, how much
(a) 4q (b) q (c) q (d) 2qflux would pass through the surface
6(4  0 ) 6(4  0 ) 6(4  0 ) 6(4  0 )
(a) 3.0 × 103 Nm2/C (b) -1.0 × 103 Nm2/C
14. Shown below is a distribution of charges. The flux (c) -3.0 × 10 Nm /C
3 2 (d) -2.0 × 103 Nm2/C
of electric field due to these charges through the surface 24. An infinitely long thin straight wire has
S is
+q +q
S
uniform linear charge density of 1/3 cm−1 . Then,
the magnitude of the electric intensity at a point 18
(a) 3q /  0 (b) 2q /  0 cm away is (Given 0 = 8.8 × 10-12 C2 Nm-2)
(a) 0.33 × 1011 NC-1 (b) 3 × 10-11 NC-1
(c) q /  0 (d) Zero +q

15. Consider the charge configuration and spherical (c) 0.66 × 1011 NC-1 (d) 1.32 × 1011NC-1
Gaussian surface as shown in the figure. When 25. Gauss’s law is valid for
+q q 2
(a) Any closed surface
calculating the flux of the electric field over 1

the spherical surface the electric field will be due –q

to1 (b) Only regular closed surface
(a) q 2 (b) Only the positive charges (c) Any open surface (d) Only irregular open surface
(c)All the charges (d) +q1 and −q1
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