СЛАЙД 1 ХРИСТЯ: The phrase pathetic fallacy is a literary term for the attribution

of human emotion and conduct to things found in nature that are not human. It is a
kind of personification that occurs in poetic descriptions, when, for example, clouds
seem sullen, when leaves dance, or when rocks seem indifferent. Ruskin coined the
term pathetic fallacy to attack the sentimentality that was common to the poetry of
the late 18th century, and which was rampant among poets including Burns, Blake,
Wordsworth, Shelley, and Keats. Wordsworth supported this use of personification
based on emotion by claiming that "objects ... derive their influence not from
properties inherent in them ... but from such as are bestowed upon them by the minds
of those who are conversant with or affected by these objects." However Tennyson,
in his own poetry, began to refine and diminish such expressions, and introduced an
emphasis on what might be called a more scientific comparison of objects in terms of
sense perception. The old order was beginning to be replaced by the new just as
Ruskin addressed the matter, and the use of the pathetic fallacy markedly began to
disappear. Ruskin's original definition is 'emotional falseness', or the falseness that
occurs to one's perceptions when influenced by violent or heightened emotion. For
example, when a person is unhinged by grief, the clouds might seem darker than they
are, or perhaps mournful or perhaps even uncaring.

СЛАЙД 2 НІЖКА: "Thanatopsis" is Bryant's most famous poem, which Bryant may
have been working on as early as 1811. In 1817 his father took some pages of verse
from his son's desk, and at the invitation of Willard Phillips, an editor of the North
American Review who had previously been tutored in the classics by Dr. Bryant, he
submitted them along with his own work. The editor of the Review, Edward Tyrrel
Channing, read the poem to associate editor Richard Henry Dana Sr., who
immediately exclaimed, "That was never written on this side of the water!"[5]
Someone at the North American joined two of the son's discrete fragments, gave the
result the Greek-derived title Thanatopsis ("meditation on death"), mistakenly
attributed it to the father, and published it. After clarification of the authorship, the
son's poems began appearing with some regularity in the Review. A portion of
Bryant’s poem, Thanatopsis, is at the base of the William Cullen Bryant Memorial
behind the New York Public Library which was dedicated in 1911. "To a
Waterfowl", published in 1821, was the most popular.

СЛАЙД 3 КАТЯ: Whittier's first two published books were Legends of New
England (1831) and the poem Moll Pitcher (1832). In 1833 he published The Song of
the Vermonters, 1779, which he had anonymously inserted in The New England
Magazine. The poem was erroneously attributed to Ethan Allen for nearly sixty years.
This use of poetry in the service of his political beliefs is illustrated by his book
Poems Written during the Progress of the Abolition Question. Highly regarded in his
lifetime and for a period thereafter, he is now largely remembered for his anti-slavery
writings and his poems Barbara Frietchie, "The Barefoot Boy", "Maud Muller" and
Snow-Bound. A number of his poems have been turned into hymns, including Dear
Lord and Father of Mankind, taken from his poem "The Brewing of Soma". The latter
part of the poem was set in 1924 by Dr. George Gilbert Stocks to the tune of Repton
by English composer Hubert Parry from the 1888 oratorio Judith. It is also sung as
the hymn Rest by Frederick Maker, and Charles Ives also set a part of it to music in
his song "Serenity".Of all the poetry inspired by the Civil War, the "Song of the
Negro Boatmen" was one of the most widely printed,and, although Whittier never
actually visited Port Royal, an abolitionist working there described his "Song of the
Negro Boatmen" as "wonderfully applicable as we were being rowed across Hilton
Head Harbor among United States gunboats."

СЛАЙД 4 КАТЯ: Holmes is one of the fireside poets, together with William Cullen
Bryant, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and John Greenleaf
Whittier. These poets—whose writing was characterized as family-friendly and
conventional—were among the first Americans to build substantial popularity in
Europe. Holmes in particular believed poetry had "the power of transfiguring the
experiences and shows of life into an aspect which comes from the imagination and
kindles that of others".

НІЖКА: Due to his immense popularity during his lifetime, Holmes was often called
upon to produce commemorative poetry for specific occasions, including memorials,
anniversaries and birthdays. Referring to this demand for his attention, he once wrote
that he was "a florist in verse, and what would people say / If I came to a banquet
without my bouquet?"[138] As critic Hyatt Waggoner noted, however, "very little ...
survives the occasions that produced it".[139] Holmes became known as a poet who
expressed the benefits of loyalty and trust at serious gatherings, as well as one who
showed wit at festivities and celebrations.