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TM 1. PENDAHULUAN
Lingkungan
Genetik
Environment and Health
(WHO 2014)
ENVIRONMET OF
LIFE
Lingkungan Lingkungan
hidup baik hidup buruk
1 2
H A
A
E E
In crease in the ability of The pproportion of
an agent to infect and susceptiibles in the
cause in men human host population
is increased
A H
E
At equliibrium 4
3
H A
A I
H
E
Environmental change Enviromental change
facilities agent spruad afters host susceptibility
CAUSES OF CHOLERA
Exposure to Effect of cholera
Genetic factors contaminated toxins on bowel
water wall cells
Malnutrition
INCREASE INGESTIO
D N OF CHOLE
SUSCEPTIB CHOLERA RA
VIBRIO
ILITY
Crowded
housing
Poverty
Poverty
RISIKO:
PEKERJA:
1. KECELAKAAN KERJA (AKIBAT LONGSOR, GAS
BERACUN, GEMPA)
TANAH/SUMUR MASYARAKAT:
2. AIR SUNGAI 1. RISIKO SAMA DENGAN PEKERJA
3. TANAH KARENA PENGOLAHAN DI PEMUKIMAN
2. PADA ANAK ANAK LEBIH BESAR FS
4. TANAMAN PERTANIAN PENGLIHATAN/PENDENGARAN,
DAN PERKEBUNAN RISIKONYA!!!AUTISME, GANGGUAN
PSIKOMOTOR, ANOREXIA, GIZI KURANG,
STUNTING, DLL
Lokasi pengolahan di pemukiman
Penambahan merkuri
INDUSTRY
IndiaMart
What is Environmental
Health Science? NIEHS
charter:
„
Biological: microorganisms present in soil,
water air, insects, parasite.
Chemical : heavy metals from industry and
settlement , Air pollutants, toxic wastes,
pesticides
Physical − Temperature, Humidity, Noise,
electromagnetic field, ionizing and non-
ionizing radiation
Socio/economic − Access to safe and
sufficient health care
Dursban ( Pesticide banned by WHO, EPA
1995)
Determinant of Health
The range of personal, social,
economic, and environmental factors
that influence health status
determinants of health.
Determinants of Health :
What makes people healthy or
unhealthy?
How can we create a society in which
everyone has a chance to healthy life?
How can we create a society in which
everyone has a chance to live a long
Public Health Definition of
the environment
All that which is external to the
individual host. [It] can be divided into
physical, biological, social, and cultural
factors, any or all of which can
influence health status in populations.
Last, J. M. (Ed.). (1995). A Dictionary of Epidemiology
(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press
IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITY ON
HEALTH
HEALTH
SERVICES/FACILITIES
CURRENT ISSUE: MOTHERS and CHILD HEALTH
KESEHATAN KESEHATAN
IBU ANAK
KESEHATAN
KELUARGA
ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH
Identify sources, types and environmental
distribution of environmental agents
Describe agents interaction with biological
systems
Describe mechanisms by which this agent
exert adverse effects
Describe the influence of agents ( physical,
chemical, or biological properties)on
environment and health.
WHO definition of
Environmental Health
Environmental health comprises those aspects of
human health, including quality of life, that are
determined by physical, biological, social, and
psychosocial factors in the environment. It also
refers to the theory and practice of assessing,
correcting, controlling, and preventing those
factors in the environment that can potentially
affect adversely the health of present and future
generations
What is Environmental
Health Science? NIEHS
charter:
„
Biological: microorganisms present in soil,
water air, insects, parasite.
Chemical : heavy metals from industry and
settlement , Air pollutants, toxic wastes,
pesticides
Physical − Temperature, Humidity, Noise,
electromagnetic field, ionizing and non-
ionizing radiation
Socio/economic − Access to safe and
sufficient health care
Dursban (EPA)
Dursban* 2 E
To be applied only by or under the direct supervision of
commercial applicators responsible for insect control
programs.
Sale to or use by persons owning or occupying a dwelling is
strictly prohibited.
Active Ingredient: chlorpyrifos: O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-
trichloro2-pyridinyl)phosphorothioate ..................... 24.8%
Inert Ingredients ..................................................... 75.2%
Total .................................................................... 100.0%
Contains 2 pounds of chlorpyrifos per gallon.
Keep Out of Reach of Children WARNING.
Environmental Hazards of Dursban
(EPA).
This pesticide is toxic to birds and wildlife, and extremely toxic to fish
and aquatic organisms.
Do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present
or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark.
Drift and runoff from treated areas may be hazardous to aquatic
organisms in adjacent aquatic sites.
Cover or incorporate spills. Do not contaminate water when disposing
of equipment washwaters.
This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or
residues on blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or
allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the
treatment area.
Physical or Chemical Hazards : Combustible - Do not use or store
near heat or open flame_ Do not cut or weld container.
Refer to label booklet Directions for Use including Storage and
Disposal.
DURSBAN 200 EC: Hazards to Humans and
Domestic Animals
May Be Fatal If Swallowed· Excessive Absorption Through Skin
May Be Fatal· Causes Substantial But Temporary Eye Injury· Causes Skin
Irritation
Do not get in eyes, on skin or clothing. Wear eye protection. Handle
concentrate in a ventilated area. Wear protective clothing and chemically
resistant gloves when handling.
Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling and before eating or
smoking.
Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. Keep away from food,
feedstuffs and water supplies.
First Aid If swallowed: Call a physician or Poison Control Center immediately.
Do not induce vomiting. Contains an aromatic petroleum solvent. Do not give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
If on skin: Immediately wash with plenty of soap and water. Get medical
attention.
If in eyes: Flush with plenty of water for 15 minutes. Get medical attention.
If inhaled: Remove to fresh air if symptoms of chOlinesterase inhibition
appear and get medical attention immediately.
Dursban Poisoning:
Note to physician:
Chlorpyrifos is a cholinesterase inhibitor.
Treat symptomatically.
If exposed, plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase
tests may indicate significance of exposure (baseline
data are useful). Atropine, only by injection, is the
preferable antidote. Oximes, such as 2-
PAM/protopam, may be therapeutic if used early;
however, use only in conjunction with atropine. In case
of severe acute poisoning, use antidote immediately
after establishing an open airway and respiration.
Pestisida di Area Pertanian
Edema paru: Edema paru terjadi oleh karena adanya aliran cairan
dari darah ke ruang intersisial paru yang selanjutnya ke alveoli
paru, melebihi aliran cairan kembali ke darah atau melalui
saluran limfatik.
Neuron
INDUSTRY
RAW MATERIAL
Product
Process
ByProduct
Lung in situ (anterior view)
Bleng Kaliulo
The element 50, tin is a rare metal, it is only 0.004% of
Earth's crust. World production is around 220,000
tons per year, extract, mainly minerals of stannite and
cassiterite. The ore producing countries are China,
Indonesia, Russia, Malaysia, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia and
Mexico. The tin has a name of Latin origin 'or
Stannum Stagnum'. It was first used by mixing it with
silver and lead
Cassiterite (Greek kassiteros, tin) is an oxide (SnO2).
This is the main mineral of tin mines.
Cassiterite crystals consist of short reddish-brown and
black. It is unalterable. It is found in igneous rocks.
by heating malachite, by reduction, copper red, while a
heated mixture of malachite and cassiterite led to
bronze, brown.
Cassiterite is a mineral composed of tin
dioxide SnO2 formula, possibly
containing traces of iron, tantalum,
niobium, zinc, tungsten, manganese,
scandium, germanium, indium and
gallium.
Stannite is a mineral composed of
copper sulfide, iron and tin of formula
Cu2FeSnS4, may contain traces of silver,
zinc, germanium, indium and cadmium.
TIN (STANUM)
The Properties of Tin
Chemical Sn - The word tin is Anglo-Saxon in origin, but the symbol for tin,
Symbol Sn, comes from the Roman word Stannum.
Ore Cassiterite is the main ore mineral
Relative density 3 for cassiterite, 7.3 for tin metal
Hardness 1.5-1.8 on Mohs scale
Malleability High
Ductility High
Melting point 232°C
Boiling point 2602°C<
Uses
TIN USES
There are many important uses for tin.
Most is used to produce tinplate, or steel coated with
tin which is used for food packaging. Tin and tin alloys
are used also for solder, especially in the electronics
industry. It is commonly used as an alloy for bearing
metal and as an alloy in metallic coatings.
Inorganic compounds of tin are used in ceramics and
glazes. Organic compounds of tin are used in plastics,
wood preservatives, pesticides and in fire retardants
Tin use for:
Tin foil was once a common wrapping material for
foods and drugs: tin foil, alumunium foil,
Electronics
Tin is used in solder, it is crucial to tablet computers,
smartphones, and other electronic equipment. (For
example, the Apple iPad uses 1-3 grams of tin, and in
just two components of its 7000 solder points.)
According to Apple Inc., tin is the most common metal
used by that company's suppliers.
Etc
TaILING PENGOLAHAN EMAS
Limbah sisa proses pengolahan bijih emas
dengan Hg dan bahan bahan kumia lainnya:
1. Au
2. Pb
3. Calcite
4. Fluorite
5. Sulfur
6. Mercury (Hg)
Kadang mengandung: (tergantung proses)
1. Cyanide
2. Aqua Regia (HCl dan HNO3 pekat)
WHO definition of
Environmental Health
Environmental health comprises those aspects of
human health, including quality of life, that are
determined by physical, biological, social, and
psychosocial factors in the environment. It also
refers to the theory and practice of assessing,
correcting, controlling, and preventing those
factors in the environment that can potentially
affect adversely the health of present and future
generations
Contributors to the Environment
„
Biological: microorganisms present in soil,
water air, insects, parasite.
Chemical : heavy metals from industry and
settlement , Air pollutants, toxic wastes,
pesticides
Physical − Temperature, Humidity, Noise,
electromagnetic field, ionizing and non-
ionizing radiation
Socio/economic − Access to safe and
sufficient health care
Environmental Health
Exposure
Acute environmental catastrophes (high-
level exposures): Minamata disease (1953–
1961) − Methyl mercury poisoning, Chernobyl (1986)
− Nuclear reactor accident
Chronic (low-level) exposures : Pesticide
poisoning on farmers in Beran , Kenigoro,
Magelang 2007.
Indirect effects of global environmental
changes
Health Effects
1. Adverse Effect (keadaan/kondisi berbahaya yang
tidak sesuai harapan/tujuan /undesired harmful effect
). vs. beneficial (menguntungkan)
2. Acute vs delayed onset
3. Clinical vs. subclinical manifestations
4. chronic (irreversible) vs Transient
(reversible)/lasting
only for a short time; impermanent.
Example of Manifestation
Effect on Blood Profile: Anemia, Increase of White Blood
Cells, Leukemia, Leucocytosis, Red Blood Cell lysis and
Red Blood Cell count decrease, Change of MCV (Mean
Corpuscular Volume) , MCH (Mean Corpuscular
Haemoglobin, MCHC on Red Blood Cells, Polycitemia ,etc.
Lung disease : Pulmonary Fibrosis, Pulmonary function
Disorders, Pneumoconiosis.
Reproductive effects: Abortus spontaneous, Low Birth
Weight (BBLR).
Teratogenic effects „
Neurologic effects
„Immunosuppression and hypersensitivity
Cancer
Low Birth Weight: (BBLR= Bayi
Berat lahir Rendah)
Low birthweight is a term used to describe babies
who are born weighing less than 2,500 grams
Over half of multiple birth babies have low
birthweight compared with only about 6 percent of
single birth babies.
RECENT Public Health Paradigm
The public health paradigm change from the challenge of
improving drinking water safety, environmental sanitation,
housing condition to the discovery of vaccine and antibiotics
during the 19th and 20th centuries, and emerging and re-
emerging infectious diseases and the increasing burden of
chronic diseases in the 21st century. WHO
For Indonesia?? Still need the challenge of improving drinking
water safety, environmental sanitation, housing condition,
healthy foods, good and appropriate health services
Recent PH paradigm: assess the risks of such challenges to
the environment and population, effective communication to
develop strategies to deal with environmental health
chellenge.
Vulnerable groups
Children
Disabled
Reproductive age (women)
Elderly
Low socioeconomic status
Living in polluted area, over populated area
Living in agriculture areas where pesticides are widely
used.
Living in unappropriate managed Industrial Areas
Risk Assessment and
Risk Management
RISK ASSESSMENT
1. Define the problem
2. Measure its magnitude
3. Understand key determinants
RISK MANAGEMENT:
4. Develop intervention/ prevention strategies
5. Set policy/priorities
6. Implement and evaluate
Social Factors
RISK MANAGEMENT:
4. Develop intervention/ prevention strategies
5. Set policy/priorities
6. Implement and evaluate
Individual Behavior
Jakarta:
Kota urutan ke-3 yang paling buruk kualitas
udaranya
Pertumbuhan kendaraan bermotor sekitar
14%/th, pertumbuhan jalan hanya 4%/th
Semarang:
Pertumbuhan kendaraan bermotor 17%/th
Polutan CO nomor 3 di Indonesia
Pola pertambahan pemakaian
energi
Pencemaran Udara (1)
Definisi:
Udara yang mengandung satu atau lebih
bahan kimia dalam konsentrasi yang
cukup tinggi untuk dapat menyebabkan
gangguan atau bahaya terhadap
manusia, binatang, tumbuh-tumbuhan
dan harta benda (Kusnoputranto, 1995)
Pencemaran Udara (2)
1. Sulfurdioksida (SO2)
2. Karbonmonoksida (CO)
3. Nitrogenoksida (NOx)
4. Debu (Suspended Particulate Matter)
5. Timah hitam (Plumbum=Pb)
Sulfur dioksida (SO2)
1. Pre-combustion control
2. Combustion modification
3. Post-combustion control
4. New industrial processes
5. Energy conservation
1. Pre-Combustion Controls
Morbiditas:
10 /m3 perubahan konsentrasi debu di
udara perubahan angka kesakitan sebesar
0,68% (US)
Rata-rata debu di udara sebesar 200 g/m3
50.000 gangguan saluran pernafasan
yang perlu perawatan di RS
Mortalititas:
Rata-rata debu di udara sebesar 200 g/m3
4.500 kematian/tahun (Jakarta)
2. Lead (Pb)
• Kontaminasi dapat dibedakan menjadi sumber berupa titik (point source) dan
sumber yang tersebar (diffuse source)
• Dasar keamanan air minum ditetapkan berdasarkan standar nasional
ataupun panduan internasional. Salah satu yang terpenting adalah panduan
WHO untuk kualitas air minum (WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality).
Kontaminasi Mikroba
• Escherichia coli dan faecal streptococci sebagai indikator kontaminasi tinja/kotoran
(faecal contamination)
• Asumsi yang digunakan adalah jika organisme indikator tersebut terdeteksi, maka
berarti patogen, termasuk virus, juga mungkin terkandung di dalamnya sehingga
diperlukan tindakan antisipatif.
• Namun, waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk melakukan analisis mengakibatkan bahwa jika
terdeteksi organisme indikator, berarti bahwa air terkontaminasi segera akan
diterima oleh konsumen bahkan mungkin telah dikonsumsi
• volume contoh air yang sedikit (biasanya 100 ml) menunjukkan bahwa pemantauan
seperti ini tidak cukup menjamin keamanan air minum
• patogen oportunis seperti Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Aeromonas spp dapat
berkembang-biak selama distribusi pada kondisi yang sesuai
Kontaminan Kimiawi
• Arsenik bawaan air (waterborne arsenic) → kanker pada kulit, paru, kandung
• kemih dan mungkin hati, arsenik menyebabkan berbagai efek merugikan seperti hiperkeratosis dan
penyakit vaskuler peripheral (WHO →<10 mg/l)
• Fluorida bawaan air → meningkatnya densitas tulang dan dapat menyebabkan patah tulang dan
kelainan bentuk skeletal (WHO →<10mg/lt)
• Selenium dan uranium → Pada area dengan kadar seleniferous, air minum dapat menyumbangkan
asupan selenium yang tinggi, yang dapat menyebabkan kerontokan rambut, lemahnya kuku dan lesi
pada kulit, dan yang lebih serius adalah perubahan pada saraf periferal. Uranium ditemukan pada air
tanah yang berhubungan dengan batuan granit dan deposit mineral lainnya. Uranium merupakan
toksikan pada ginjal dan berhubungan dengan peningkatan ekskresi fraksi kalsium dan juga
meningkatnya mikroglobulinurea.
• Besi (Fe) dan mangan (Mn)
• Zat-zat kimia bersumber dari aktivitas pertanian, salah satunya adalah nitrat (<50 mg/l) →
methaemoglobinaemia, atau blue-baby syndrome
• hidrokarbon aromatik dengan BM rendah dapat meningkatkan masalah odor yang berlebihan pada
konsentrasi kurang dari 30 µg/l
• Produk samping pengolahan air → oksidan kimia → trihalometana → < 100 µg/l.
• Endocrine disrupter → Phthalates, bisphenols, alkyl phenols, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, polyethoxylates,
pestisida, hormon-hormon manusia dan obat-obatan → efek-efek kesehatan reproduksi
PENGOLAHAN AIR BERSIH
PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH
• Padatan tersuspensi (partikel-partikel fisik yang dapat menyumbat selokan dan
sungai karena dapat mengendap karena gaya gravitasi
• Bahan organik dapat terurai (biodegradable organics) misalnya BOD yang dapat
berfungsi sebagai makanan bagi mikroorganisme. Microorganisme bergabung
dengan bahan ini dengan oksigen dalam air menghasilkan energi yang dibutuhkan
untuk tumbuh dan berlipat-ganda.
• Bakteri patogen dan organisme penyebab penyakit lainnya. ini merupakan hal
yang paling penting karena air olahan digunakan sebagai air minum atau untuk
keperluan lain yang mana menyebabkan konsumen kontak dengannya
• Nutrien, seperti nitrat dan fosfat. Nutrien ini dapat menyebabkan alga yang tidak
diinginkan dalam konsentrasi tinggi, sehingga menjadikannya sebagai beban muatan
organik dapat terdegradasi.
Pengolahan primer (mekanis) didesain untuk
menghilangkan padatan-padatan besar, tersuspensi dan
mengapung dari limbah.
Prosesnya meliputi penyaringan (screening) untuk
menangkap padatan dan sedimentasi oleh gravitasi untuk
menghilangkan padatan tersuspensi. Tahap ini terkadang
disebut sebagai pengolahan mekanis. Pengolahan primer
dapat mengurangi BOD sebanyak 20-30% dan padatan
tersuspensi total sekitar 50-60%.
Ada pertanyaan?
RUMAH SEHAT &
SANITASI TTU
Sub Pokok Bahasan
Rumah Sehat
• definisi rumah sehat dan kriterianya (Kepmenkes RI No. 829/Menkes/SK/VII/1999 tentang
Persyaratan Kesehatan Perumahan)
• peran rumah sebagai determinan kesehatan
• Masalah kesehatan yang terkait dengan kondisi rumah
Sanitasi TTU
• Definisi TTU
• Ruang Lingkup TTU
• Pengendalaian Lingkungan
• Pembuangan Sampah
• Pembuangan air kotor dan kotoran manusia
DEFINISI
• Rumah : bangunan gedung yang berfungsi sebagai tempat
tinggal yang layak huni, sarana pembinaan keluarga, cerminan
harkat dan martabat penghuninya, serta aset bagi pemiliknya
(UU No. 1/2011).
• Perumahan : kumpulan rumah sebagai bagian dari permukiman,
baik perkotaan maupun perdesaan, yang dilengkapi dengan
prasarana, sarana, dan utilitas umum sebagai hasil upaya
pemenuhan rumah yang layak huni (UU No. 1/2011).
• Permukiman : adalah bagian dari lingkungan hunian yang terdiri
atas lebih dari satu satuan perumahan yang mempunyai
prasarana, sarana, utilitas umum, serta mempunyai penunjang
kegiatan fungsi lain di kawasan perkotaan atau kawasan
perdesaan (UU No. 1/2011).
FUNGSI RUMAH
Jenis bangunan:
1. Rumah bukan panggung:
Bangunan rumah berdiri langsung di atas tanah, lantai rumah
langsung menapak pada tanah.
Jenis bangunan:
2. Rumah panggung:
Lantai bangunan rumah tidak
secara langsung menapak
pada permukaan tanah atau air,
tetapi ditopang oleh tiang
beton, besi, kayu atau bambu.
3. Rumah terapung.
Bangunan rumah berada di atas
air dan dapat berpindah-pindah.
Jenis lantai:
Papan/bambu/
anyaman bambu/
rotan
Keramik/ubin/mar
mer/semen
Tanah
Semen plesteran
retak
Luas lantai:
• Luas lantai dihitung dalam satuan meter persegi
(m2), dengan cara menanyakan/menghitung berapa
panjang dan lebar bangunan rumah yang ditempati
responden, bukan panjang dan lebar tanah.
2. Ketersediaan jendela:
Bila ada jendela tetapi jarang atau tidak pernah
dibuka, maka dikategorikan
2 (ada, jarang dibuka).
3. Ventilasi:
Lubang angin terbuka yang biasanya berada di atas
jendela/pintu. Bila ada tetapi tertutup, maka dikategorikan tidak
ada. Penghitungan luas ventilasi : membagi jumlah luas lubang
ventilasi dalam ruangan dibagi luas lantai ruangan tersebut. Bila
ruangan tersebut dilengkapi AC dan dioperasikan/digunakan
setiap hari atau mekanik lain seperti exchaust van, maka
ventilasi di ruangan tersebut dimasukan kategori ‘ada, luas
≥10% luas lantai’.
4. Pencahayaan alami:
Sungai
Rawa Hutan
SEKITAR
Sawah RUMAH =
Dalam radius
krg dari 200 m
Gunung
Padat
Penduduk
Perkebunan
KONDISI LINGKUNGAN RUMAH
▪ Definisi:
Kekumuhan bukan dilihat dari kondisi rumah
respon- den, tetapi lebih ke lingkungan di
luar/sekitar rumah responden. Termasuk kumuh
bila di sekitar tempat tinggal kondisinya becek,
tidak tersedia SPAL, sebagian besar rumah tidak
dilengkapi sarana BAB, kotor, berserakan sampah,
jarak antar rumah berdekatan.