Accuracy refers to the closeness of a
• Subatomic- The subatomic scale is the
measured value to a standard or known
value. For example, if you obtain a weight
measurement of 3.2 kg for a given
substance, but the actual or known weight is
10 kg, then your measurement is not
accurate. In this case, your measurement is
not close to the known value.
Precision refers to the closeness of two or
more measurements to each other. Using
the example above, if you weigh a given
substance five times, and get 3.2 kg each
time, then your measurement is very
precise. Precision is independent of
accuracy. You can be very precise but
inaccurate, as described above. You can
also be accurate but imprecise.
A good analogy for understanding accuracy
and precision is to imagine a basketball
player shooting baskets. If the player shoots
with accuracy, his aim will always take the
ball close to or into the basket. If the player
shoots with precision, his aim will always
take the ball to the same location which may
or may not be close to the basket. A good
player will be both accurate and precise by
shooting the ball the same way each time
and each time making it into the basket
Molecules- a group of atoms bonded
together, representing the smallest
fundamental unit of a chemical compound
that can take part in a chemical reaction. •
Particles- a small localized object or entity
to which can be ascribed several physical or
chemical properties such as volume,
density, or mass
.
domain of physical size that encompasses
objects smaller than an atom.
Atoms of the same element are identical in
physical and chemical properties and have
the same mass. Atoms of different elements
differ in physical and chemical properties
and have different masses
Electrons • First subatomic particle to be
discovered. • Discovered by J.J Thompson •
An electron is a negatively charged
subatomic particle. It can be either free (not
attached to any atom), or bound to the
nucleus of an atom. • Electrons in atoms
exist in spherical shells of various radii,
representing energy levels. The larger the
spherical shell, the higher the energy
contained in the electron.
b. Protons • Discovered by Eugene
Goldstein in 1886. • A stable subatomic
particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a
positive electric charge equal in magnitude
to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.
c. Neutron • Discovered by James
Chadwick in 1932 • a subatomic particle of
about the same mass as a proton but
without an electric charge, present in all
atomic nuclei except those of ordinary
hydrogen
• Isotopes – variants of a particular
chemical element that differ in neutron
number, and consequently in nucleon
number.
Mass number ➢ Is the number of protons and
neutrons contained in the nucleus of an atom.
Mass number = number of protons + number of
electrons.
a. FeO = Ferrous Oxide (the oxidation
number of Fe is +2)
b. Fe2O3 = Ferric Oxide (the oxidation
number of Fe is +3)
Empirical Formula – it is the simplest
positive integer ratio of atoms present in a
compound.
Chemical equation – the symbolic
representation of a chemical reaction in the
form of symbols and formulae, wherein the
reactant entities are given on the left-hand
side and the product entities on the right-
hand side.
• Reactants – a substance that takes part in
and undergoes change during a reaction. •
Products – a substance that is formed as
the result of a chemical reaction.
PHYSICS
1. Acceleration
The object’s thrown upward decelerate at – 9.8
m/s2. This means the object is slowing down as it moves
upward.
2. Initial velocity (vi)
For objects to move upward, the
initial velocity is always necessary.
Initial velocity is not equal to zero
(v ≠ 0)
3. Maximum height (dy)
This is the topmost portion the moving object
could reach. Since vf is zero (vf = 0), this could be
computed using where ag is the acceleration due to
gravity equal to (-9.8 m / s2 ).
4. Time (t)
This refers to the time it will take for the
moving object to reach the maximum height. This could
be computed using
5. Time of flight (T)
This is twice as t if we are referring to the time
it took the object to reach the maximum height and back
to the horizontal position where the object was thrown.
Mathematically expressed as T = 2t.
Kinematic quantities of Objects in
Projectile Motion I (Vertical)
1. Acceleration due to gravity (ag) – It is
equal to 9.8 m / s2 since object will speed up
as it moves downward.
2. Height (dy) – It is the vertical displacement
component of the trajectory. Most often, it is given
in the word problem.
3. Time (t) – It is the time from the point of release
up the end of the trajectory. As mentioned earlier,
the ball dropped and thrown horizontally will hit the
same ground. Using this information, the time could
be computed using
4. Vertical Initial Velocity (viy) – Since the
initial velocity is horizontal, there is no vertical
component for its initial velocity, hence, it is zero (v iy
= 0)
5. Vertical final Velocity (vfy) – It is the
vertical component of the projectile’s velocity. This
is just equal to the final velocity of a free-falling
body with zero (0) initial velocity mathematically
expressed as vfy = agt
Kinematic quantities of Objects in
Projectile Motion I (Horizontal)
1.. Range (dx) – horizontal distance component of
the trajectory mathematically expressed as
dx = vxt

2. Horizontal Velocity (vx) – velocity equal to

initial horizontal velocity since it is in constant
motion.

1. A metal ball was thrown vertically upward

from a horizontal with an initial velocity of 10 m
/ s.
a. What is the maximum height the metal ball
could reach?
b. How long will it take for the ball to reach the
maximum height?
c. What is the time of the flight?
d. Using the time of flight, how fast is the ball
just before it hits the ground?
e. How fast is the ball at 1.5 s? Was it moving
upward or downward?