Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage.

8(2): 169-182, Spring 2022, Serial #30

Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management

(GJESM)

Homepage: https://www.gjesm.net/

ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

Hydro-mechanical behavior of two clayey soils in presence of household waste leachates
H.F. Yonli1,2,*, B. François3, D.Y.K. Toguyeni1,4, A. Pantet5
1
Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-Zerbo, BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
2
Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénierie, Université de Fada N’Gourma, BP 46 Fada N’Gourma, Burkina Faso
3
Building Architecture and Town Planning Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP 194/2, 1050
Bruxelles, Belgique
4
Ecole Polytechnique de Ouagadougou, 08 BP 143 Ouagadougou 08, Burkina Faso
5
UMR 6294 CNRS, Laboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes, Normandie Université, Unihavre, 53 rue Prony, 76600 Le Havre,
France

ARTICLE INFO A B ST R AC T
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In landfills, containment is provided by natural or artificial clayey
Article History: materials known for their low permeability and for their pollutant retention capacity. However, the
Received 08 June 2021 properties of these media are modified by leachates, whose migration they are supposed to limit. This
Revised 29 July 2021 study aims to reconsider the criteria for choosing suitable materials to make a bottom liner through both
their long term hydraulic and mechanical performances.
Accepted 06 September 2021
METHODS: Two fine materials sampled in Burkina Faso (West Africa) have been characterized in order to
compare their hydro-mechanical behavior in the presence of household waste leachates. The first material
Keywords: is classified as an inorganic clay of low to medium plasticity according to Casagrande plasticity diagram, it is
mainly kaolinitic with some traces amounts of smectites. The second one is classified clayey sand of low to
Bottom liner
medium plasticity, the predominant mineral clay being kaolinite. Hydro-mechanical tests were performed
Compressibility on both sampled materials to judge the sealing properties of these materials, as well as the characteristics
Hydraulic conductivity of deformation and rupture which have an important effect to ensure the durability of a bottom liner. All
Leachate these tests were performed first with distilled water then with leachates as interstitial fluids in order to
understand the modification of the hydro-mechanical properties of the clayey soils.
Shear
FINDINGS: Leachate contamination always alters hydraulic properties of the materials. However, between
the two soils, the most clayey and the most impervious (soils from Nouna) undergo the deeper weathering.
Indeed, hydraulic conductivity of these soils in contact with a synthetic leachate increases from 1.71x10-10
to 1.51x10-9 m/s. In contrast to soils from Boudry, these soils also undergo very significant settlements over
the long term with compressibility indexes varying from 0.164 to 0.225. For both soils, the shear strength
increases showing that, from this point view, the leachate work in the sense of of the bottom liner stability.
For soils from Nouna, the effective cohesion increases from 3 to 21 kPa with a slight decrease of friction
angle; for soils from Boudry a slight increase of cohesion is noticed while friction angle increases from 34
to 37°.
CONCLUSION: This comparative study is of practical use to environmental geotechnics professionals
because it shows that the choice in designing a bottom liner must be a compromise between long term
hydraulic and mechanical behaviors of soils. It is also important to know the nature of the flows to contain
in order to ensure the durability of the structure.

DOI: 10.22034/gjesm.2022.02.02

NUMBER OF REFERENCES NUMBER OF FIGURES NUMBER OF TABLES

40 7 7
*Corresponding Author:
Email: fabienyonli@yahoo.fr
Phone: +226 7140 9576
ORCID: 0000-0002-4981-4705
Note: Discussion period for this manuscript open until July 1, 2022 on GJESM website at the “Show Article.
 H.F. Yonli et al.
INTRODUCTION
Due to the evolution of its demography as well
as its consumption, Burkina Faso (West Africa) is
experiencing a situation of high waste production
currently estimated at 500 000 tons per year for
its capital Ouagadougou. As in many developing
countries, waste storage has migrated from
uncontrolled dumping to landfills of several ha.
The construction of a landfill requires phases of
earthworks to define a main excavation which will
be divided in several cells. These cells will be filled
with waste and covered with a clayey cap liner when
full in order to isolate waste. Before the installation
of this cover, the rainwater percolates through
the waste and is temporarily loaded to produce
leachate. Leachate quality is the result of the waste
composition, water budget, biological, chemical, and
physical conditions in the landfill body (Erhig and
Stegmann, 2018), its composition varies significantly
among landfills depending on waste composition,
waste age and landfilling technology (Christensen et
al, 2001). Familiarly called “garbage juice” (Jambeck,
2007), leachate of household and similar waste has
a potentiel impact on land, soils and groundwater
(Wdowczyk and Szymańska-Pulikowska, 2021; Ullah
et al., 2018; Azizi et al., 2016). These leachates must
be drained by a granular material and a network
of flexible pipelines before being pumped out for
treatment. Despite the presence of this Leachate
Collection and Removal System (LCRS), soil and
groundwater protection must also be ensured by a
geological barrier known as bottom liner which covers
the slope and the bottom of the excavation. The
bottom liners must limit the infiltration of pollutants
and various authors such as Widomski et al. (2018)
agree that it ensures the long-term safety of the site.
Very often, adequate geological conditions are not
satisfied and techniques of strengthening and soil
treatment are implemented. The design of landfills
is mainly based on a criteria related to hydraulic
flow of leachate through the sealing barriers. The
most stringent national and international regulations
define a threshold value of 10-9 m/s for hydraulic
conductivity (also called permeability) over a
thickness of at least 1 m on the bottom and 0.5 m
on the slopes (Wagner, 2013). In addition, mechanical
properties such as shear strength, low compressibility,
low shrinkage-swelling are required for the design
(Abdellah et al., 2020). Indeed, the geometry of the
170
slopes is determined so as to ensure a sufficient
coefficient of stability (Abramson et al., 2002).
Vertical deformations of the liner, called settlements,
will occur during the exploitation of the landfill.
Settlements are linked to compressibility, which
similar to the hydraulic conductivity, is one of the most
important properties of the liner material (Mishra et
al., 2010). The assessment of the settlements caused
by the overloads represented by the weight of the
waste accumulated over several meters vertical
deformations must be verified (Dutta and Mishra,
2016) as well as the risk of failure of the landfill
that may occur during the phases of construction,
operation and closure of the landfill (Townsend et
al., 2015). All this requires the determination of the
appropriate geotechnical parameters of the bottom
liners. As stated above, hydraulic conductivity is the
parameter used to judge of the sealing potential of
the bottom liner. In soil mechanics, stability analyzes
are based on the determination of cohesion and
angle of friction (parameters relating to shear
strength). Recompression and compression indexes
are used to predict settlements. Hydro-mechanical
tests are carried out to measure such parameters in
order to judge the use of these local clayey materials
as perennial impervious barriers. However some
major concerns are not sufficiently addressed. For
instance there is no regulatory specification about
how to measure hydraulic conductivity (Ait Saadi,
2003) of a bottom liner. Yet, many authors such as
Benson et al. (2018) have well established that this
parameter often increase when soils suitable for
liners experience leachate leakage. Also note that
according to established normative procedures tests
are often conducted with distilled water whereas
some authors have noticed changes on the long term
mechanical behavior due to the leachate impact
(Cuisinier et al., 2014). Sometimes the behavior can
be quite unpredictable and leachate can improve
or alter mechanical properties of the liner. Indeed
Dutta and Mishra (2016) noticed a decrease in
compressibility index of bentonites in presence
of salt solutions. Naeini et al. (2016) showed that
interaction of inorganic clay with bentonite increased
shear strength of the liner. Otherwise Gratchev and
Towhata (2016) noticed an increase of compressibility
indexes of Kansai clay with acidic solutions, meaning
an increase in settlements. Another concern is the
fact that most impervious clays do not always have
 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(2): 169-182, Spring 2022

the best mechanical properties. Few works have
highlighted the considerations described above
through a comparison between two clayey materials
solicited by the same leachate. This approach makes it
easier to understand the criteria for choosing suitable
clayey material to make a bottom liner. The study
highlights the importance of a compromise between
hydraulic and mechanical performances. It also
highliths the importance of the representativeness
of the type of fluid used for the determination of
the geotechnical parameters. In summary, the study
offers to environmental geotechnics professionals a
reflection on how to judge the performance of clay
barriers on the long term. In this study, the hydro-
mechanical performances of two clayey materials,
sampled in Burkina Faso (West Africa) and their
evolution when they are in presence of household
waste leachates are examined. The study was
conducted in Burkina Faso between 2018 and 2020.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The methodological approach consists first of all, in
selecting two soils which have different mineralogical
properties, both potentially suitable as bottom liners,
and testing their hydro-mechanical properties in a
defined reference condition. This reference condition,
simulated by saturation with distilled water, aims to
describe the behavior of a landfill when it is not yet
solicited by the chemical action of the leachates. The
hydro-mechanical properties are then assessed with
two types of leachates in order to understand the
modification of the behavior of the bottom liner during
the operation of a landfill, including leachate leakage,
deformation and risks of failure of the bottom liner. The
discussion which follows will focus on the modification
of properties according to the mineralogical nature
of the liner and according to the type of leachate. It
is oriented towards the selection criteria to consider
in the choice of suitable clayey soils to make bottom
liners. Fig. 1 presents the overall methodology of the
characterization of the studied clayey soils.
Choice and identification of soils
In this study, two soils were collected in Burkina
Faso. The first one is natural and comes from
Nouna located 284 km northwest of the capital
Ouagadougou. In this zone, the geological conditions
indicate a cover of aeolian sands, clays and alluvium
constituting young sediments on old lands. The
sampling area is located in a vast plain flooded in
places and covered with weeds in the winter season.
When sampled, the soil is in the form of hardened
blocks. Soils from Nouna are gray and hard when dry.
They are moistened when black, they are soft and
they smell as organic matter in decomposition. The
sampling area is X = 406,327 and Y = 1,405,498 (UTM
ZONE 30P). The second one comes from Boudry
located 100.5 km east of Ouagadougou (X = 749,953
and Y = 1,353,945 UTM ZONE 30P). These soils from
Boudry are generally shallow and not very fertile, of
the ferruginous tropical type, vulnerable to the action
of erosion and runoff. The sampling area is located

Fig. 1: Methodology of characterization of the hydro-mechanical behavior of the two clayey soils
Fig. 1: Methodology of characterization of the hydro-mechanical behavior of the two clayey soils

171
 Hydro-mechanical behavior of clayey soils

Table1:1:Geotechnical
Table Geotechnicalidentification
identificationparameters
parametersofofthe
thestudied
studiedsoils
soils

Fine Clay Organic Optimum Maximum dry

Liquidity Plasticity Plasticity
Soils fraction (≤ fraction (≤ matter water content unit weight
limit wl [%] limit wp[%] index PI[%]
80 µm) [%] 2 µm) [%] content [%] wOPM [%] γdmax [kN/m3]

Nouna 95 74 44 22 22 10.8 16.30 16.53

Boudry 47.6 22.5 42 20 22 3.9 9.20 19.91

Fig. 2: Mineralogical composition of the fine fraction of the studied soils

Fig. 2: Mineralogical composition of the fine fraction of the studied soils

on a large, sparsely treed plain. The reddish surface
of the soil is sandy-silty. When sampled, the soil is
in the form of hardened blocks. The walls remain
vertical. The soil is completely dry, light brown to
yellow with gravel or nodules. Soils were collected
by hand digging of 75 cm deep hole. These samples
were brought to the laboratory after a first on-site
quartering operation. These samples of about 100 kg
of soil were air-dried in the laboratory and broken up
by hand. By a second quartering operation, several
homogeneous batches were made, which will serve
as test samples as well as for the production of test
specimens. Identification tests (mineralogy by X-Ray
diffraction over the infra 80 μm, particle size analysis
using sieve analysis and sedimentometry, Atterberg
limits, and determination of organic matter by
calcination according to NF standards (AFNOR, 1992;
1996; 1998; 2002) and modified Proctor tests were
carried out on these soils in order to determine their
nature parameters of and compaction characteristics.
The results of the geotechnical identification are
shown in Table 1. The semi-quantitative mineralogical
composition of the powders, which can be obtained
by XRD analysis, is shown in Fig. 2. This mineralogical
analysis were carried out on air-dried and glycol
saturated preparations from the fine fraction of the
soils. The diffractograms analysis was carried out
according to Rietveld method.
The geotechnical identification tests essentially
indicate clayey materials; the results of the
mineralogy confirm that the fine fraction is mainly
clayey respectively 76% for soils from Nouna
and 41% for soils from Boudry. XRD results from
oriented preparations and glycol-saturated oriented
preparations reveals that the predominant mineral
is kaolinite (74% of kaolinite and 2% of smectites
for soils from Nouna, 41% of kaolinite for soils from
Boudry). The results also report a significant amount
of organic matter. In the Casagrande diagram, these
materials are described as medium inorganic clays
(CL), however the soil from Boudry are rather clayey
sand (SC-CL). Their PI values ​​are relatively high and
thus make them promising from the point of view of
their sealing potential.

172
 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(2): 169-182, Spring 2022

Table 2: Composition
Table 2: Composition by
by category
category of
of waste
waste for
for Ouagadougou
Ouagadougou landfill
landfill (Haro
(Haroet
etal.,
al.,2018)
2018)

Percentage composition of waste fraction

Category of waste
Rainy season Dry season
Fermentable waste 23.86 19.94
Paper 1.65 2.37
Cardboard 4.49 5.19
Composites 1.53 2.28
Textiles 5.41 4.32
Sanitary textiles 1.69 1.94
Plastics 11.13 12.1
Non-classified combustibles 3.46 2.81
Glass 1.14 3
Metals 2.89 1.71
Non-classified incombustibles 4.27 5.12
Special wastes 0.22 1.14
Fine materials 38.27 38.08

Table3:3:Chemical
Table Chemicalcomposition
composition(major
(majorions)
ions)of
ofthe
thesynthetic
syntheticleachate
leachate

Ionic species Ca2+ Cl- Cu2+ K+ Mg2+ Na+ NH4+ SO42-

Concentrations (mol/L) 0,014 0,07 7.10-4 0,017 0,002 0,035 0,003 0,009
Concentrations (mg/L) 570,2 2475,8 5 673,5 50 793,2 50 834,9

Choice of leachates Thus, there are two leachates, the synthetic

Two types of leachates have been used in this
study. The first one is natural and has been collected
from the leachate storage and treatment ponds
from the drainage system of Ouagadougou landfill.
The values of BOD5/COD highlight a large amount
of organic matter. The pH value of the leachate is
representative of a basic leachate with a pH of 7.68.
The low electrical conductivity value of 1182 µs/cm​​
shows that the salinity and at the same time the ionic
strength of this leachate are not important. More
details about its composition figured in Vianney et
al. (2017). The composition by category of waste of
Ouagadougou landfills are given in Table 2.
The second leachate is synthetic and has been
formulated to be as close as possible of a young
leachate from a household landfill in an acidogenesis
phase. The formulation of this leachate has been
described by Yonli et al. (2017). It has a relatively high
biodegradable organic load consisting mainly of VFAs
(Volatile Fatty Acids) and it is also loaded with heavy
metals. Concentrations of chemical species (Table 3)
are selected to stay within the usual ranges found in
landfills and described by Christensen et al. (2001).
The pH of the synthetic leachate is acidic with the
value of 5.07 and an electrical conductivity of 12,560
µs/cm highlighting a high value of ionic strength.
one is potentially more aggressive. The formulation
of synthetic leachates is a practice used in several
studies. It has the advantage of guaranteeing control
of the chemical composition and of discussing the
modifications induced by the chemical species present
by varying their concentration or by considering their
actions in isolation.
Assessment of hydraulic conductivity by means of
filtration tests on the two materials
The hydraulic behavior of the soils was assessed
by means of API (American Petroleum Institute) type
filtration tests. The method is well documented and
consists of subjecting a suspension of soil and solvent
to a pressure of 690 kPa (Sherwood, 1997; Benna-
Zayani et al., 2001; Pantet and Monnet, 2007 ; Rosin-
Paumier et al., 2011). The applied pressure forces
the liquid to flow while the solid part called cake is
retained on a filter paper. The kinetics of filtration
are related to the hydraulic properties of the cake
as well as the chemical composition of the filtered
liquid. Although Darcy’s law was developed for grainy
soils (sands and gravels), to this day, it is still used,
for cohesive soils (clays and silts). Application to fine
soils assumes a sufficiently high hydraulic gradient so
as not to observe deviations from Darcy’s law. This

173
 H.F. Yonli et al.
condition is fulfilled within the framework of this
study, given the high pressure value applied to the clay
suspensions. From Darcy’s law, it is established that
the cumulative volume of filtrate V(m3) is expressed
as a linear relation as a function of the square root of
time t(s) using Eq. 1.
V²=2.K.S².P.t/(μ.b)  (1)
Where, K is the desired intrinsic permeability (m²)
of the material, S the surface of the sample (m²), P
the pressure (Pa), μ the viscosity of the water (Pa.s-
1
) and b = cS/Vf the specific volume of the cake
deposited per unit volume, c the cake thickness (m),
Vf is the final volume at the end of filtration (m3). The
coefficient of permeability or hydraulic conductivity
k(m/s) is thereafter obtained by Eq. 2.
k = ρ.g.K/μ  (2)
Where, ρ is the bulk density of water (kg/m), g is
the acceleration due to gravity (m²/s)
The suspensions dosed at 100 g/L are prepared
with distilled water (which serves as a reference
situation) then in the presence of the leachates
(natural leachate and synthetic leachate) at the same
dosage. The void ratio of the cake is calculated after
determining its dry density ρd using Eq. 3.
e = ρs/ρd-1  (3)
Where, ρs is the density of the solid particles
assumed equal to 2.65 g/cm3.
The advantage of the filtration tests method lies
in its rapidity since it makes it possible to avoid the
saturation period required before permeability falling
head tests. Although the void index is not the same
in both tests, filtration tests and permeability falling
head tests lead to the same orders of magnitude of
the hydraulic conductivity.
Assessment of mechanical behavior of soils from
Nouna
The various mechanical parameters were
determined by conducting tests on compacted
samples of soils from Nouna and Boudry under
drained conditions with water as saturating fluid and
then with leachates. Conditions of compaction and
conditions of drainage are identical in both cases.
174
To ensure a low permeability, the samples have
been remoulded by compaction with the energy of
Modified Proctor on wet side of the Proctor curve (at
wOPM+3%).
Assessment of compressibility
The deformation properties of the soils were
assessed by means of oedometric tests, applying a
loading stage every 24 hours. In this approach, the
consolidation phenomenon involded, implies a strong
coupling between the mechanical compressibility of
the soil skeleton and the drainage of the interstitial fluid
and supposes a saturation of the soil. The samples of
soils tested in this study were allowed to swell almost
freely during a saturation phase, the sample is only
subjected to a vertical stress corresponding to the
weight of the piston (3 kPa). Then, the loads applied
to the sample were increased, step by step, up to 483
kPa, with three loading/unloading cycles. The value
of 483 kPa corresponds to the order of magnitude of
the stresses caused by the weight of the waste in the
landfills in Burkina Faso. The deformation parameters
were calculated from the compressibility curve e-logσ’v
where e is the soil void ratio and σ’v is the corresponding
applied effective vertical stress. The compression and
recompression indexes Cc and C r are important
because they allow to calculate the settlement (vertical
deformation of the bottom liner). In the case of excessive
settlements and especially differential settlements, the
clayey bottom liner may be damaged.
Assessment of shear strength
The shear strength is measured by means of direct
shear test, using a shear test appartus equipped with
an automated acquisition device. It is assumed that,
in landfills, the application of loads related to the
weight of waste leads to the consolidation of the
soil through the dissipation of interstitial pressures.
This is why, tests conducted with different loads
were carried out under saturated conditions with a
sufficiently slow speed (of 0.02 mm/mn), in order
to measure the effective characteristics. The shear
stress at the rupture obeys Coulomb’s law, using Eq.
4.
τ= C ′ + σ v′ .tanφ '  (4)
Where, C' is the effective cohesion and φ' the
effective angle of internal friction.
 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(2): 169-182, Spring 2022
Table 4: Hydraulic
Table 4: Hydraulic conductivities of studied
conductivities of studied soils
Soils
Hydraulic conductivity k(m/s)
Void ratio e
Table 5:
Table 5: Influence
Influence of
of the
the leachate
leachate on
on hydraulic
hydraulicconductivities
Test fluids
Distilled water
Natural leachate
Synthetic leachate
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Filtration tests with water and leachate
The results of filtration tests carried out on
suspensions dosed at 100 g/L with soils from Nouna
and Boudry are presented below. Table 4 also presents
the characteristic values of the cake obtained.
These results show that the soil from Nouna has a
hydraulic conductivity at saturation less than 10-9 m/s,
confirming the possibility of being used as a bottom
liner. The soil from Boudry however has a value of
hydraulic conductivity of 1.01x10-9 m/s. This value of
hydraulic conductivity is at the limit of the acceptable
threshold. It appears otherwise that even with trace
amounts, smectites are very necessary to obtain
an optimal sealing. Indeed, the permeability of clay
materials is highly dependent on the mineralogical
composition of the clay compounds, the texture, its
water content and its state of consolidation (Marcoën
et al., 2000). The results of the filtration tests with
the synthetic leachate (Table 5) showed an important
increase in the hydraulic conductivity k of the soils
from of Nouna, which varies from 1.71x10-10 m/s to
1.18x10-9 m/s, i.e. k almost multiplied by 10; it results
in the decrease in their sealing potential. Concerning
the soils from Boudry, the increase with this leachate
is slightly less significant. The less impervious material
appears to undergo the deeper alteration. The
degradation of the sealing potential with leachates
is a phenomenon highlighted by many authors. For
example Badv and Omidi (2007) who studied the
effect of a synthetic leachate rich in calcium (4000
mg/l concentration) on the hydraulic conductivity
of a clayey sand found an increase in the hydraulic
conductivity of 20%. Wang et al. (2019) used a
natural leachate (stabilized inorganic hazardous
waste leachate) to conduct hydraulic conductivity
175
soils obtained
obtained with
with distilled
distilled water
water
Nouna Boudry
1.71x10-10 1.01x10-9
1.11 0.90
conductivitiesof
ofstudied
studiedsoils
soils
Hydraulic conductivities k(m/s)
Nouna Boudry
1.71x10-10 1.01x10-9
3.51x10-10 2.70x10-9
1.18x10-9 7.72x10-9
tests on bentonites and also noticed an increase
in the hydraulic conductivity. The phenomenon
of degradation of the sealing potential deserves
further investigation, because many parameters are
involved such as the composition of the leachate and
its concentration. The natural leachate has a very
slight impact on the permeability of the materials.
This result is in agreement with the nature of the
leachate: the synthetic leachate formulated has a
very high ionic strength compared to that of the
natural leachate. This indicates that the mineral
pollutant load of the landfill leachate is not so high.
Setz et al. (2017) noticed that solutions having high
ionic strength or predominantly divalent cations lead
to larger pores and higher hydraulic conductivity.
Influence of leachates on compressibility
Compressibility of soils from Nouna
The results of œdometric tests conducted on
soils from Nouna are given in Table 6. They show that
although compacted (with an initial void ratio e of
0.65 and an initial density (saturated density) gsat of
18.92 kN/m3 compared to the value e of 1.11 and gsat
of 13.42 kN/m3 obtained by filtration), the soils from
Nouna have values of compression and recompression
indexes which characterize compressible soils.
Despite the low percentage of smectites of 2%,
the swelling of the soils from Nouna (part “AB” of
the curve) appears to be very important. Indeed,
according to Tabani (1999) and Xu et al. (2003), the
amount of swelling clay is one of the first factors
which condition the swelling of clayey soils. Tabini
(1999) found a swelling rate of 6.3% for a soil having
a percentage of bentonite of 10% under a pressure of
5 kPa. Nouna clay, for its part, has a swelling rate of
12.05% under a pressure of 3 kPa. Nevertheless, many
 Hydro-mechanical behavior of clayey soils

Table 6: Influence of leachate on the parameters of the mechanical behavior of the soil from Nouna
Table 6: Influence of leachate on the parameters of the mechanical behavior of the soil from Nouna

Deformabilty properties
Initial specific weight Preconsolidation pressure
Test fluids Recompression index Compression index
𝜸𝜸sat (kN/m3) 𝝈𝝈′ 𝒑𝒑 (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌)
Cr Cc
Distilled water 18.92 0.049 0.164 55
Natural leachate 18.83 0.054 0.148 55
Synthetic leachate 19.37 0.095 0.225 50

Fig. 3: Compressibility curves obtained for soils from Nouna (A. Distilled water; B. Natural leachate; C. Synthetic leachate)
Fig. 3: Compressibility curves obtained for soils from Nouna
(A. Distilled water; B. Natural leachate; C. Synthetic leachate)
authors agree that the initial state of the soil (water
content and dry density) and other structural effects,
seasonal influence and even test conditions may have
an influence on the swelling rate (Chrétien, 2010). All
else being equal, the mechanical behavior of Nouna
clay is also modified under the influence of leachates.
Results are summarized in Table 6 and on Fig. 3. The
compressibility curves e-logσ’v seem quite similar
for distilled water (Fig. 3A) and natural leachate (Fig.
3B). Thus, it appears that the natural leachate having
a weak ionic strength has few interactions with the
soil. On the other hand, the impact of the synthetic
leachate is very noticeable (Fig. 3C). This raises the
question of the representability of leachate as a test
fluid. Let’s remember that the synthetic leachate is
formulated to be as close as possible to a leachate
of household landfill in its early stages of maturation.
The swelling of Nouna is partially inhibited. Indeed,
the cations contained in this solution diffuse through
the layer space of the clay resulting in a reduction of
repulsive forces between the clay particles (Yonli et al.,
2017). The compression index undergoes a significant
increase from 0.164 to 0.225 and it is necessary to
consider in the design of the bottom liner as it will
lead to higher settlements. Gratchev and Towhata
(2009) made this same observation. The authors
noted that the compressibility of Ariake clay leached
with acidic fluids increased because of the dissolution
of ferric oxide between the clay aggregates.
In order to know the contribution of each group
of chemical species contained in the synthetic
leachate (VFA, major mineral ions, heavy metals)
in the increase of the compressibility, œdometric
tests were also performed with each one of them.
The results shown in Fig. 4 reveal that while major
mineral ions and heavy metals cause a decrease in
compressibility (decrease in Cc), for acetic acid, the
opposite occurs. It is therefore the reaction of VFA
with some compounds of the soils from Nouna which
contributes to such an increase in the settlements.
Compressibility of soils from Boudry
The results obtained for the soils from Boudry
(Table 7 and Fig. 5) well illustrate the role of mineralogy
on the modification of the mechanical properties of
soils. Swelling is not affected by both leachates. Unlike
soils from Nouna, the compressibility of soils from
Boudry decreases because the settlements become
less important. Thus, if permeability is altered by
leachates regardless of the type of clay, it is not the
same way for compressibility. This observation leads
us to reflect on the criteria for choosing suitable clayey
soils to make bottom liners. Shouldn’t it be the result
of a compromise between hydraulic and mechanical

176
 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(2): 169-182, Spring 2022

Fig. 4: Influence of the

Fig.type of pollutants
4: Influence contained
of the type in thecontained
of pollutants syntheticinleachate on the
the synthetic compressibility
leachate of Nouna clay,
on the compressibility comparison
of Nouna clay, with distilled
comparisonwater
with distilled water

Table 7: Influence of leachate on the parameters

Table 7: Influence ofon
of leachate thethe
mechanical behavior
parameters of the soils from
of the mechanical Boudry
behavior of the soils from Boudry

Deformabilty properties Preconsolidation

Initial specific weight
Test fluids Recompression index pressure
𝜸𝜸sat (kN/m3) Compression index Cc
Cr 𝝈𝝈′ 𝒑𝒑 (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌)

Distilled water 20.21 0.007 0.109 50

Synthetic leachate 20.10 0.007 0.075 50
Real leachate 20.25 0.001 0.067 50

Fig. 5: Compressibility curves obtained for soils from Boudry (A. Distilled water; B. Real leachate; C. Synthetic leachate)
Fig. 5: Compressibility curves obtained for soils from Boudry
(A. Distilled water; B. Real leachate; C. Synthetic leachate)

performance which takes into account the composition
of the leachate? The answer to this question would
obviously involves the choice of the representability of
the test fluid as leachate. According to some authors
such as Dutta and Mishra (2016), the decrease of
compression index may be the result of the orientation
of clay particles becoming more flocculated and
resisting to settlements. Litterature also suggests that
the effect of diffuse double layer on the compressibility
of soils is less pronounced for kaolinitic soils compared
to soils containing smectites (Mitchell and Soga, 2005).
This statement is in agreement with the results of this
study.
Influence of leachates on shear strength
Shear strength of soils from Nouna
The effective cohesion C’ and the effective angle of
internal friction Ф’ (measured at a state of compacity
identical to the case of the oedometric tests) and
determined from the Mohr relation, are respectively
3 kPa and 28° for tests with distilled water. The low
value of cohesion and the relatively high value of
the angle of friction are consistent with the state of
saturation of the clay. Since the real leachate did not
significantly alter the compressibility of Nouna, only
synthetic leachate (compared with distilled water)
was used to conduct shear tests. The results of shear

177

tests with the synthetic leachate as a saturating fluid
reveal that the soil experiences an increase in shear
strength (Fig. 6). The shear strength is modified with
only an increase in the soil cohesion at 21 kPa. The
value of the angle of internal friction is not affected.
The observation of this phenomenon could find an
explanation in the theory of the diffuse double layer.
Leachate highly concentrated in electrolytes would
cause a change in the organization of particles. From
a morphological point of view, the leachate favors an
increase in the number of sheets per aggregate and
consequently a decrease in the number of aggregates
with equal dry matter quantity. All this shows that
the soil migrates towards a more cohesive state.
Some authors have pointed out that it is precisely
aggregates which generate the shear resistance
(Derriche et al., 1997).
Shear strength of soils from Boudry
The intrinsic curves of soils from Boudry, on the
other hand, show that the increase in shear strength
induced by the synthetic leachate is due both to the
Fig. 6: Influence of synthetic leachate
Fig. 6:on the shear
Influence
= 100strain
(A. Stress kPa ;curve
C. Stress
σ’ = strain
50 kPacurve
; B. Stress
v v
H.F. Yonli et al.
cohesion of the soil as well as to its internal friction
angle (Fig. 7). However, the increase in cohesion is less
significant than that of the soils from Nouna: it goes
from 19 kPa to 23 kPa, i.e. an increase of 21%. This
finding is in agreement with œdometric tests which
have shown that the influence of the leachate on the
swelling and therefore on the diffuse double layer is
negligible because of the mineralogy of the soils from
Boudry, whose clay fraction mainly contains kaolinite.
The slight increase in the internal friction angle, which
goes from 34 ° to 37 °, may be due to the action of the
synthetic leachate on the geometry of the grains of
sand contained in soils from Boudry.
Some authors have also found similar results,
they notice an increase in shear strength of clayey
soils in contact with leachate. Indeed Naieni et al.
(2017) studied the effect of leachate’s components
on undrained shear strength of clay-bentonite liners.
They noticed that by addition of soluble salts of
single-valence cations and leachate provided from
them up to 2%, the undrained shear strength of
clay-bentonite liners increased. However, they also
ofstrength
syntheticofleachate
soils fromonNouna (A. Stress
the shear strengthstrain curvefrom
of soils σ’v =Nouna
50 kPa ; B. Stress strain curve σ’v
σ’v =strain
200 kPa ; D.
curve σ’ Stress strain
= 100 kPa ; C. curve
Stress σ’ = 400
strain
v
kPa
curve σ’ E. Failure
= 200 kPa ;envelope)
D. Stress strain curve
v
σ’v = 400 kPa E. Failure envelope)
178
 Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(2): 169-182, Spring 2022

Fig. 7: Influence of synthetic leachate on the shear strength of soils from Boudr (A. Stress strain curve σ’v = 50 kPa ; B. Stress strain curve σ’v
Fig. 7:strain
= 100 kPa ; C. Stress Influence
curveofσ’synthetic leachate
= 200 kPa on the
; D. Stress shear
strain strength
curve of soils
σ’v = 400 kPa from Boudry
E. Failure envelope)
v*
(A. Stress strain curve σ’v = 50 kPa ; B. Stress strain curve σ’v = 100 kPa ; C. Stress strain curve σ’v* = 200 kPa ; D.
Stress strain curve σ’v = 400 kPa E. Failure envelope)
pointed out, shear strength decrease with further Contamination by leachate always alters the hydraulic
increase in contaminants. Sunil et al. (2009) noticed properties of soils. However, between the two soils
that even in lateritic soils used as landfill foundation, studied, the most clayey and the most impermeable
the contamination by municipal solid waste leachate (soils from Nouna) undergo the deeper alteration.
lead to changes in the shear strength characteristics. Furthermore, whatever the soils considered, the
The effective cohesion increases while the effective leachate with the greatest ionic strength is also the
friction angle decreases. most aggressive in terms of degradation of the sealing
The results of all the hydro-mechanical tests properties. The study emphasizes that the choice of
in this study show that while leachates are always the clayey soils as bottom liners should results from
detrimental to the sealing of a bottom liner, it is a compromise between long term hydraulic and
not necessarily the case for its mechanical behavior. mechanical performance. Indeed, soils from Boudry
This should draw attention to the fact that designing (mainly containing quartz and kaolinite), which are
a bottom liner is a complex process that requires the less impermeable of both materials, experience
extensive investigations. an improvement of their deformation properties
meaning that settlements decrease. On the contrary
CONCLUSION a bottom liner made from soils from Nouna, would
This study consisted to assess the modification experience very significant settlements over the long
of the long-term hydro-mechanical behavior of two term because of the influence of volatile fatty acids
clayey soils in presence of household waste leachate. contained in the synthetic leachate. The influence
It allowed to reconsider the criteria of choice of of the synthetic leachate on the shear strength
suitable clayey soils for a use as bottom liners. characteristics shows that it always improves the

179
 H.F. Yonli et al.

stability of the bottom liner. In this case, a short-term Attribution 4.0 International License, which
design of the liner, is better from a safety point of view. permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and
This result requires further investigation by carrying reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you
out the same tests with other clayey soils and other give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and
leachates as research perspectives. The question of the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons
the representativeness of the leachate for carrying out license, and indicate if changes were made. The
a long-term characterization is also raised. The natural images or other third party material in this article are
leachate of lower ionic strength has less impact on included in the article’s Creative Commons license,
the hydro-mechanical behavior of the studied soils unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the
as evidenced by the values ​​of hydraulic conductivities material. If material is not included in the article’s
and those of the compression and recompression Creative Commons license and your intended use is
indexes. The conclusions of this comparative study not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the
of the hydro-mechanical properties of two clayey permitted use, you will need to obtain permission
soils are of practical use to professionals in the field directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of
of environmental geotechnics. The importance of the this license, visit:
surface properties with respect to leachate is well http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
demonstrated. On the long term, leachate production,
linked to the decomposition of waste, can lead to a loss PUBLISHER’S NOTE
of hydraulic performance and a modification of the GJESM Publisher remains neutral with regard
mechanical characteristics of the bottom liners. to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional afflictions.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
H.F. Yonli performed the literature review, ABBREVIATIONS
compiled and interpreted the data, prepared and API American Petroleum Institute
edited the manuscript. B. François interpreted the b Specific volume of the cake
data and prepared the manuscript. D.Y.K. Toguyeni BOD5 Biologic Oxygen Demand
and A. Pantet performed the elaboration of the c Cake thickness
research problem.
C’ Effective cohesion
Cc Compression index
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the national Ca2+ Calcium ion
laboratory for building and public works in Burkina CL Inorganic clay of low to medium plasticity
Faso, where a lot of geotechnical tests were carried Cl- Chloride ion
out in the framework of this study. Special thanks go COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
to the members of the technical management team Cu2+ Copper ion
on the date on which this work was carried out, in Cr Recompression index
particular the technical director Mr. Kalsibiri Kaboré. cm Centimeter
cm3 Cubic centimeter
CONFLICT OF INTEREST e Void ratio
The authors declare no potential conflict of g Gram
interest regarding the publication of this work. In
i.e. That is to say
addition, the ethical issues including plagiarism,
informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and, k Hydraulic conductivity
or falsification, double publication and, or submission, K Intrinsic permeability
and redundancy have been completely witnessed by K +
Potassium ion
the authors. kg Kilogram
km Kilometer
OPEN ACCESS kN Kilonewton
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons kPa Kilopascal

180
 K Intrinsic permeability
K+ Potassium ion
kg Kilogram
km Kilometer
kN Kilonewton
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(2): 169-182, Spring 2022
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AUTHOR (S) BIOSKETCHES

Yonli, H.F., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, 1Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-Zerbo, BP 7021
Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso. 2Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénierie, Université de Fada N’Gourma, BP 46 Fada N’Gourma, Burkina Faso.
Email: fabienyonli@yahoo.fr
ORCID: 0000-0002-4981-4705
François, B., Ph.D., Professor, Building Architecture and Town Planning Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roos-
evelt 50, CP 194/2, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
Email: bertrand.francois@ulb.be
ORCID: 0000-0001-5075-1222
Toguyeni, D.Y.K., Ph.D., Professor, 1Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-Zerbo, BP 7021
Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso. 2Ecole Polytechnique de Ouagadougou, 08 BP 143 Ouagadougou 08, Burkina Faso.
Email: togyen@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0001-5306-6095
Pantet, A., Ph.D., Professor, UMR 6294 CNRS, Laboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes (LOMC), Normandie Université, UNIHAVRE, 53
rue Prony, 76600 Le Havre, France.
Email: anne.pantet@univ-lehavre.fr
ORCID: 0000-0002-8776-5182

HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE

Yonli, H.F.; François, B.; Toguyeni, D.Y.K.; Pantet, A., (2022). Hydro-mechanical behavior of two clayey soils in
presence of household waste leachates. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 8(2): 169-182.
DOI: 10.22034/gjesm.2022.02.02
url: https://www.gjesm.net/article_246026.html

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