STATAPP: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION

CHAPTER 4 & 5: Measures of Central Tendency

MX. LEOPOLDO A. LIANGCO JR – DHVSU COLLEGE OF BUSINESS STUDIES
BS ACCOUNTANCY | 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Problem:

• The measure of central tendency refers to ◼ Compute the average grade of a certain student
measures, which describes the middle or the for a particular semester given his grades as
center of the distribution. It is a central reference follows:
value which is usually close to the point of greater Number of Units Course Code Final Grade
3 units Stat App 1.25
concentration of the measurements and may in 6 units Chem 1 1.50
some sense be thought to typify the whole set. 3 units Literature 1.75
• It is also a value used to represent a set of 3 units Sociology 1.75
observations or frequencies. Solution:
x W (Weight) WX
1.25 3 3.75
MEAN 1.50 6 9
◼ Arithmetic average or arithmetic mean is defined 1.75 3 5.25
as the sum of the values in the data group 1.75 3 5.25
∑ 𝑿𝒘 ∑ 𝟐𝟑.𝟐𝟓
divided by the number of values. WX = = = 1.55
∑𝐰 𝟏𝟓
◼ It is also a value used to represent a set of
observations or frequencies.
Find the weighted mean of the three groups of means
Mean for Ungrouped Data
below:
Formula: Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
◼ X = ∑𝑋 X1 = 60 X1 = 50 X1 = 70
n W1= 10 W1= 60 W1= 30
Where: x = the mean
n = is the sample data ∑Xw = X1w1 + X2w2 + X3w3
∑ 𝑥 = the sum of all measures = (60)(10) + (50)(60) + (70)(30)
= 5700
Example A.
Find the mean of the following set of observations: ∑w = N = 10 + 60 + 30
1) 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 – Answer: 18 = 100
2) 21, 26, 25, 28, 35, 36, 37, 38, 29 – Answer 30.56
5700
3) Scores Of 30 Students in Midterm Examination Wx = = 57
100
88 86 90 92 75
89 79 97 87 79
78 88 73 83 99 THE MEDIAN
74 98 79 76 91 • It is the value of the middle observation in an
90 83 99 84 92 ordered distribution.
75 77 100 86 76 • It is the value or score that divides the ranked
Formula: distribution into two equal parts.
◼ X = ∑𝑋 • The score or class in a distribution below the
N median is where 50% of the scores fall and
= 2563 above where the other 50% lies.
30 • Appropriate to use as measure of average for
distribution containing open-ended class
The Weighted Mean intervals.
• The given groups of data are the average of • Used when the data are ordinal.
means of all the groups.
• Sometimes, some values are given more • To find the median for ungrouped data, we
importance than others. In such cases, the arrange the data first from the highest value to
weighted mean is computed. the lowest or vice versa. The middle value is
Weighted Mean Formula: the median in the distribution.
∑ 𝑿𝒘 ∑𝐗𝐰 a. If there is odd number of observations,
WX = ∑𝐰 = 𝑵
the middle value is the median.
Where: b. If there is an even number of
WX = the weighted mean observations, the median is the sum of
w = the weight of X the middle two scores divided by 2.
∑Xw = the sum of the weight of X’s
∑w = the sum of the weight of W or (N) / total
number of weights

Mind over matter.

 STATAPP: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION
CHAPTER 4 & 5: Measures of Central Tendency
MX. LEOPOLDO A. LIANGCO JR – DHVSU COLLEGE OF BUSINESS STUDIES
BS ACCOUNTANCY | 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023

Example: Other Measures of Locations (Quantiles)

1. Find the median of the following numbers: • Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles
15, 11, 14, 3, 21, 17, 22, 16, 19, 16, 5, 7, 19, 8, 9, 20, 4 • To understand the concept of quartiles, let us take
Answer to (1) Arrange data from lowest to highest the percentile or centiles. A percentile is a point in
3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 16, 17, 19, 19, 20, 21, 22 a distribution below which a given percent of
cases lie.
n = 17, since it is odd, middle value is (n+1)/2 • For example, the 60th percentile or P60 is the
n = (17+1)/2 point or score in a distribution below which 60% of
= 18/2 the cases lie.
= 9th data which is 15. • If the 60th percentile is equal to 75, that is P60 in
2. Find the median of the set of observations if a distribution of scores given to freshmen
observation 22 is deleted. entrance in a certain college, a student who got 75
3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 16, 17, 19, 19, 20, 21 in the admission examination surpassed 60% of
To determine the middle values, first determine the cases with only 40% examinees higher than
𝒏 𝟏𝟔 his grade.
= = 𝟖𝒕𝒉
𝟐 𝟐
The median: (8th data + 9th data)/2 Formula:
14+15
= 2 • Location of Percentile (Note: arrange data from
= 14.5 lowest to highest to locate percentile)
𝑃
𝑷𝒏 = (𝒏 + 𝟏) 100
Find the median of these quiz scores: Where:
5, 10, 8, 6, 4, 8, 2, 5, 7, 7 P = percentile point
n = sample size
SOLUTION:
We start by listing the data in order: Example:
2, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 10 a. Find the 20th percentile or P20 of the following
Since there are 10 data values, an even number, there is scores
no one middle number. Raw Data 17 20 6 8 22 16 5 25 12
So, we find the mean of the two middle numbers, 6 and 7, Array 5 6 8 12 16 17 20 22 25
and get (6+7)/2 = 6.5. b. Find the 60th percentile or P60 of the following
The median quiz score was 6.5. scores
Array 60 70 75 80 95 99
Answers:
The Mode
• The mode is the value or item in a distribution with 20
the highest frequency, denoted by Mo. a. To locate: P20 = (𝒏 + 𝟏) 100, n = 9
• When there are two values with the same 20
P20 = (9 + 𝟏) 100 = 2nd (location)
frequency and they are the highest in the
distribution, each value may be considered as the Array 5 6 8 12 16 17 20 22 25
mode, and the distribution is bimodal.
• For ungrouped data, it requires no calculation b. To locate: P60 = (𝒏 + 𝟏) 100, n = 6
60
only counting. 60
• Some distributions have one or more modes, but P20 = (6 + 𝟏) 100 = 4.2 (location)
some have none. To find the value corresponding to the 60 th
percentile, you would locate the 4th value and 5th
Example. Determine the Mode for the following value and determine the distance between the two
Ungrouped Data values. Next, multiply this difference by 0.8 and
a. 16, 28, 28, 28, 17, 16, 22, 19 add the result of the smaller value. The result
Ans. Mo = 28 (unimodal) would be the 60th percentile.
b. 5, 8, 24, 24, 24, 17, 17, 17, 36, Array 60 70 75 80 95 99
Ans. Mo= 24, 17 (bimodal)
c. 39, 39, 12, 18, 18, 27, 13, 44, 45, 45 Therefore, P60 = 80 + .2(95-80)
Ans. Mo=39, 18, 45 (trimodal) 60th percentile or P60 = 83
d. 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 19, 20
Ans. No mode

Mind over matter.

 STATAPP: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION
CHAPTER 4 & 5: Measures of Central Tendency
MX. LEOPOLDO A. LIANGCO JR – DHVSU COLLEGE OF BUSINESS STUDIES
BS ACCOUNTANCY | 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023

Location of the Quartiles – data is divided into 4 parts. Example 02:

Quartile points (First, Second, Third) FINACC ACCTG Frequency Midpoint fM
SCORES (f) (M)
First Quartile Second Quartile is Third Quartile 40-49 5 44.5 222.5
1 3
Q1 = (𝒏 + 𝟏) 4 also the median Q3 = (𝒏 + 𝟏) 4 50-59 5 54.5 272.5
60-69 11 64.5 709.5
Location of the Deciles – data is divided into 10 parts (D1, 70-79 14 74.5 1043
D2,… D9) 80-89 8 84.5 676
Let’s say: Locate 90-99 7 94.5 661.5
Second Decile Point 7th Decile Point N = 50 ∑ = 3585
2 7
D2 = (𝒏 + 𝟏) 10 D7 = (𝒏 + 𝟏) 10
Solution:
∑𝑓𝑀
◼ X = 𝑁
Note: Procedure for determining quartile and decile points 3585
from the data is the same as Percentiles. ◼ = = 71.70
50

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 02 MEDIAN for Grouped Data

MEAN for Grouped Data Formula:

𝑁−𝐹

Formula: Mdn = L + 2
(i)
𝑓𝑀
◼ X = ∑𝑋
N Where:
Where: X = the mean L = exact lower limit/ boundary of interval containing
Fm = product of each midpoint and the median class
the corresponding frequency F = the sum of frequencies or CF below median class
N = number of class Fm = frequency of interval containing the
median class
Problem 01: N = total number of cases
◼ The Umasa Pero Di Pinaglaban Management i = interval size
* Median class is the class interval where N/2 interval
Class took an online examination in Cost is found
Accounting subject. The 40 students have tallied
their scores via frequency distribution. Find the
Class Interval f M fM <Cf
mean using the grouped data formula.
25-29 1 27 27 1
30-34 0 32 0 1
Example: Find the Mean using grouped data
35-39 3 37 111 4
Class Interval f M fM 40-44 6 42 252 10
25-29 1 27 27 45-49 6 47 282 16
30-34 0 32 0 50-54 6 52 312 22
55-59 7 57 399 29
35-39 3 37 111
60-64 4 62 248 33
40-44 6 42 252
65-69 4 67 268 37
45-49 6 47 282
70-74 1 72 72 38
50-54 6 52 312
75-79 1 77 77 39
55-59 7 57 399
80-84 1 82 82 40
60-64 4 62 248 ∑ = 2130
65-69 4 67 268 N = 40
70-74 1 72 72 𝑁−𝐹 fM F
75-79 1 77 77 Mdn =L+ 2
(i)
80-84 1 82 82 𝑓𝑀 Median Class
(20−16)
N = 40 ∑ = 2130 = 49.5 + 6 (5)
Solution: = 49.5 + 3.33
◼ X = 𝑁
∑𝑓𝑀 = 52.83
2130
◼ = = 53.25
40

Mind over matter.

 STATAPP: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION
CHAPTER 4 & 5: Measures of Central Tendency
MX. LEOPOLDO A. LIANGCO JR – DHVSU COLLEGE OF BUSINESS STUDIES
BS ACCOUNTANCY | 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2022-2023

Compute the Median of the test scores:

Class Interval f M <Cf

16-20 2 18 2
21-25 7 23 9
26-30 14 28 23
31-35 8 33 31
36-40 8 38 39
41-45 1 43 40
𝑁−𝐹
Mdn =L+ 2
(i)
𝑓𝑀
(20−9)
= 25.5 + 14 (5)
= 25.5 + 3.93
= 29.43

MODE for Grouped Data

Formula:
𝑑1
Md =L+ (i)
𝑑1+𝑑2

Where:
L = exact lowest limit/boundary of interval containing the
modal class
d1 = difference between the frequency in the modal class
and the frequency in the preceding class interval
d2 = difference between the frequency in the modal class
and the frequency in the succeeding class interval
i = interval size

Compute the mode of the test scores.

Class Interval f <Cf

16-20 2 2
21-25 7 9
26-30 14 23
31-35 8 31
36-40 8 39
41-45 1 40

Modal class: 26-30

L = (26-25)/2 = 25.5
D1 = 14 – 7 = 7
D2 = 14 – 8 = 6
I=5

Formula:
7
Md = 25.5 + (5)
7+6
7
= 25.5 + 13 (5)
= 25.5 + (.538) (5)
= 25.5 + 2.69
Md = 28.19

Mind over matter.