We always ask if there’s still

hope left or if there’s still time.

But we never realize that hope
only leaves when we doubt
and time only runs out
the moment we give up.
2
#WInWithVin
Solid State Devices

• Operates by virtue of the movement of electrons

with solid piece of semiconductor material

4
 Electrical Classification of Materials

• Conductor
• Insulator
• Semiconductor

Conductor 5
6
 Conductor
• A material with LESS THAN 4 VALENCE ELECTRONS.
• Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au) and Aluminum
(Al)

Insulator 7
Materials Conductivity

• Silver 63.01 x 106 S/m

• Copper 59.60 x 106 S/m
• Gold 45.20 x 106 S/m
• Aluminum 37.80 x 106 S/m
• Iron 10.44 x 106 S/m

8
 Insulator

• A material with MORE THAN 4 VALENCE

ELECTRONS.
• glass, mica, hard rubber

Semiconductor 9
 Semiconductor
• A material with EXACTLY 4 VALENCE ELECTRONS.
• Semiconductors have electrical characteristics in between
conductors and insulators.
• SILICON, GERMANIUM are examples of semiconductor
materials.

Energy Gap (Eg) Comparison 10

 Energy Gap (Eg) Comparison

Bonding of Atoms 11
Energy Gaps
• Silicon 1.11 eV
• Germanium 0.67 eV
• Silicon Carbide 2.86 eV
• Aluminum Phosphide 2.45 eV
• Gallium Arsenide 1.43 eV
• Indium Phosphide 1.35 eV
12
 Bonding of Atoms
• Ionic Bond
• Metallic Bond
• Covalent Bond

Ionic Bond 13
 Ionic Bond

• Results from attractive forces between positive

and negative ions or between pairs of oppositely
charged ions.

Metallic Bond 14
 Metallic Bond

• Results from attractive forces between a group of

positive ions and a sea of electrons that are free to
move about among its ions.

Covalent Bonding 15
 Covalent Bonding
• Results when atoms SHARE
THEIR VALENCE ELECTRONS with
other atoms .
• The shared electrons are
attracted simultaneously to two
atoms resulting in a force that
holds them together.

Conduction in Semiconductors 16
17
 Conduction in Semiconductors

• Electron current flow

• Hole current flow

Electron Flow 18
 Electron Flow

Hole Flow 19
 Hole Flow

Types of Semiconductor materials 20

 Types of Semiconductor Materials

• Intrinsic Material
• A Semiconductor that is FREE FROM IMPURITIES, such as Silicon or
Germanium.

• Extrinsic Materials
• Semiconductor materials with SOME IMPURITIES ADDED to change its
electrical properties.
• The process of adding impurities is called DOPING.

21
Type of Extrinsic Materials
 Type of Extrinsic Materials
• N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS
• An extrinsic semiconductor material formed by adding DONOR impurities, such as as
PENTAVALENT atoms.
• Majority carriers are ELECTRONS
• Minority carriers are HOLES

Type of Extrinsic Material 22

 Type of Extrinsic Material
• P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS
• An extrinsic semiconductor material formed by adding ACCEPTOR impurities,
such as TRIVALENT atoms.
• Majority carriers are HOLES
• Minority carriers are ELECTRONS

23
Types of Dopes
 Types of Dopes
• DONOR or PENTAVALENT ATOMS
• N-TYPE
• PHOSPOROUS
• ANTIMONY
• ARSENIC
• BISMUTH

• ACCEPTOR or TRIVALENT ATOMS

• P-TYPE
• GALLIUM • ALUMINUM
• BORON • INDIUM

Semiconductor Diodes 24