BIDIRECTIONAL POWER CONTROL OF A CONVERTER IN A

DC MICROGRID
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Literature Review......................................................................................................................3

1.1 Converter for DC Micro grid application..............................................................................3

1.2 Battery Charging and Discharging Controller in a Micro grid..............................................5

2.3 Isolated Bidirectional Converters in Dc Micro grid...............................................................6

2.4 Performance Indicators of Battery.........................................................................................7

2.5 Literature Summary...............................................................................................................7

2.6 Research Gap.........................................................................................................................8

Reference List..................................................................................................................................9

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1.0 Literature Review

In the increasing technological advancement the electronic devices play an important role. The
involvement of the electronic devices are useful for achieving high efficiency of power
conversion. These devices are also implemented with the renewable power integration, solid-
state transformation as well as storage interface. It also includes the development in the
performance of electric vehicles and micro grids. Basically, in the recent situation the DC micro
grid is most suitable as well as an alternative solution for the DC distribution system globally
(Baig et al. 2020). This entire controlling process incorporates various power electronic devices
which are useful for maintaining a viable control of the system. The DC micro grid is basically a
local controllable system which is capable of operating with the grid-connected system as well as
standalone operation mode of the machines. In this context, sometimes the entire operating
system is isolated from the main transmission system.

1.1 Converter for DC Micro grid application

According to Sara et al. 2021, it is clearly mentioned that the DC micro grid is the most suitable
tool for overcoming the drawbacks. This arrangement of the device is applicable for managing
the overcoming the problems with control for the whole requirements of reactive power. This
helps the system for handling the reducing efficiency in the performance. There are no technical
issues as well as challenges related to harmonics content in the output, skin effect during
operation as well as issues of frequency stability. On the other hand, there are several advantages
but there are some challenges including maintenance of power stability, overcoming the
instability which are responsible for causing the constant power loads with effective power
stability.
The author has also mentioned that the most challenging issue is to maintain the Constant Power
Load (CPL) which is useful for maintaining the point-of-load converter. This also includes the
dynamic interaction with the multiple power converters (Bharath et al. 2018). In this context the
other approach is the integration approach for operating with the conventional AC distribution
grid. There is a balanced energy source as well as load which are responsible for acquiring high
efficiency and high operating performance with power convention. In order to make the

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controlling of the micro grid system there has been introduced various other power operating
devices which are used with the both grid-connected mode as well as stand-alone mode. Based
on this system the entire research is made which is useful for maintaining the efficiency at higher
density of power, and reduced costing and weight of the entire arrangement. In the DC to DC
converters there are the most suitable alternatives which are useful for interfacing with the
sources including photovoltaic sources as well as batteries with suitable fuel cells. Thus, with the
system there is the increasing requirement of a bidirectional system isolated with the DC-DC
converter (Shahat, and Sumaiya, 2019). The author recommended that the DAB circuit DC to
DC converter is the most considerable converter which is useful for implementing the modern
controlling devices. This includes the focusing on bidirectional power flow, galvanic isolation as
well as high efficiency in the entire power conversion process. In the construction of this bridge
there are two full bridge DC-AC converters which are interfaced with the series inductors. The
series inductor is included in order to ensure the high-frequency isolation transformation.

Figure 1: Typical configuration of DC micro grid

(Source: https://www.researchgate.net)
In this arrangement there has been implemented the effective method of controlling power flow
in the system to generate the two different phase shifts of frequency with high value of AC
voltage. The proposed two phases are being applied in the two different ends of the energy
transfer inductor (Keshavarzi, and Ali, 2020). This helps to achieve the energy flow from the
leading voltage end to the lagging voltage end of the entire bridge circuit. With this device it is

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also possible to perform the power transmission control under a traditional AC power system.
This helps to control the direction as well as magnitude of the inductor currents in the active
circuit of the device.
As per Kevin et al. 2021, in this entire process there are three basic levels which are being
generated with their respective duty-ratio. This mainly includes the adjustment of the internal
phases within the two active legs of the bridge (Kumar et al. 2020). In the operating mechanism
there are basically four degrees-of-freedom (DOF) which is useful for controlling the flow of
DAB converters. In such conditions there are two main internal phases. These two phases are
connected with the primary as well as secondary bridge. In this arrangement there is also an
external phase shift which includes the shifting between two phase shifts of AC voltage with the
controlling on the switch frequency. In this arrangement there are basically five categories which
mainly includes the zindle-phase shift modulation, dual-phase shift modulation in the circuit,
triple phase-shift modulation, extended phase-shift modulation as well as four degrees of
freedom modulation technique. With the presence of these modulation techniques the main
benefit is to reduce the peak current magnitude in the active device and give rise to small back-
flow power in the circuit (Lin et al. 2018). This power is being compared with the SPS
modulation scheme which is basically a main controlling strategy while dealing with the micro
grid system.

1.2 Battery Charging and Discharging Controller in a Micro grid

As per the FAISAL et al. 2019, it is observed that for charging as well as discharging of the
battery is done with the help of Fuzzy logic controlling system. This includes the controlling of
batteries during the storage of energy in the micro grid application. It is clearly observed that the
energy storage mainly occurs during the off-peak hours. This helps in keeping the constant
balance of energy within the storage as well as micro grid system. This includes the evaluation of
the system including the battery storage as well as with the micro grid. This includes the
development of the flexible evaluation of the model (Ning et al. 2021). This approach is being
utilized for analyzing the optimal fuzzy algorithms with the comparative evaluation of the device
functioning.
On the other hand, the author also mentioned that the evaluation of backtracking search
algorithms also plays an important role for maintaining the high convergence speed. Thus, it is

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important to evaluate the state of charge as well as power balance. This searching algorithm is
useful for conducting the exploring process with the extended capabilities. Basically the micro
grid is designed in such a manner that it is being operated in both grid connected and islanded
grid systems. This includes the trend of integrating the energies with the implementation of
active devices and micro grid applications (Ríos et al. 2021). In the island system the micro grid
is basically designed to operate with the off-grid network. This incorporates the primary
frequency controller which plays an important role for controlling the system. With the presence
of these modulation techniques the main benefit is to reduce the peak current magnitude in the
active device and give rise to small back-flow power in the circuit. There is a balanced energy
source as well as load which are responsible for acquiring high efficiency and high operating
performance with power convention.

Figure 2: Battery charging and discharging controller

(Source: https://www.researchgate.net)
Apart from this it is mentioned that there are various charging as well as discharging of the
battery device. But the discussed method maintains the controlling efficiency as well as maturity
of the device. On the other hand, it is clearly observed that there are different types of batteries
including lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid, as well as sodium sulfur. There are several ESS based
models which are useful for evaluating the merits as well as demerits of the entire device
(Samanta et al. 2018). The super capacitors are useful for maintaining the improved electrode

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connectivity with the enhanced accessible area. Under this approach there is a facile method
which is responsible for maintaining the effective electrochemical decomposition during the
operation.

2.3 Isolated Bidirectional Converters in Dc Micro grid

According to Alex et al. 2018, it is mentioned that the GaN which is basically an isolated
bidirectional device used for performing DC-DC conversion. It is the most suitable approach for
micro grid energy storage systems. This system is basically a bidirectional DC-DD converter
which mainly depends on the phase shift with the controllable DAB power. This includes the
defined converter system which implements the half-bridge as well as center-tap with the active
clamp circuit. This is useful for maintaining the promising performance with the low voltage as
well as high-current application. The most considerable point is that this approach has the
transistors with high electron mobility which are connected with the side having high voltage
magnitude. This is required for controlling the issues related to the phase shift controlled by the
bidirectional power conversion tools.
The author observed that with the increasing energy penetration in the micro grid requires the
deployment of the Energy Storage System (ESS). The micro grid is connected in such a manner
that the ESS model is used for power shaving, uninterrupted supply of the power as well as helps
in ensuring the intelligent dispatch application of the active device. The proposed topology of the
bidirectional DC-Dc conversion is basically done in a more effective manner with the Dual
Active BRIDGE (DAB). The main advantage of introducing this method is because it gives a
low number of passive components with the semantic structure (Vuyyuru et al. 2021). This
method includes the implementation of various modulation systems with the soft switching
capabilities. Phase shift which is useful for extending the ZVS range which shapes the range of
the inductor current. This current b9s used for modulating the zero-voltage sequence. It gives a
positive modulation impact on the primary as well as secondary side of the transformer. This
helps the entire system for ensuring extended phase shift modulation with the micro grid system.
In the zero-voltage sequence the whole arrangement is used for both full bridges of the DAB
circuit.

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 Figure 3: Isolated bidirectional DC to DC Converter
(Source: https://www.researchgate.net)
But, the author has also mentioned that there are some drawbacks which are related to the
complexity controlling. There is poor control by the system when there comes additional reactive
power within the full bridge. In this context, the entire performance of the device gets reduced
with the transformation's conduction loss (Wang et al. 2020). This includes the trend of
integrating the energies with the implementation of active devices and micro grid applications. In
the island system the micro grid is basically designed to operate with the off-grid network. It
includes the focusing on bidirectional power flow, galvanic isolation as well as high efficiency in
the entire power conversion process. In the construction of this bridge there are two full bridge
DC-Ac converters which are interfaced with the series inductors. This includes the controlling of
the battery during the energy storage in the micro grid application. It is clearly observed that the
energy storage mainly occurs during the off-peak hours. This helps to maintain the energy
balance within the storage as well as micro grid system.

2.4 Performance Indicators of Battery

As per the author Huang et al. 2018 it is observed that in the entire operation there is a concept
of isolated micro grid which makes use of two different battery storage systems. This includes
the structured process which is useful for maintaining a healthy battery storage system with the
frequent charging as well as discharging capabilities. This incorporates the BESS-battery energy
storage system. The proposed battery storage system is mainly applicable when there are more
than one battery being connected with the micro grid system. In order to maintain the healthy
aging of the battery it is compulsory to use a BESS indicator which is responsible for the long-

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term operation in the device with the healthy stage. In this context, it is found that the amount of
charge in the system is useful for determining the ability of the proposed system to meet the
increasing demand of the operational decisions.
The operational decision mainly reflects the operation like charge, discharge as well as wait at
the particular moment. On the other hand, the cycling aging are the two defined factors which are
responsible for the aging process of the devices. The cycling term is related to the process that
defines the outcomes of repeated solicitation fatigue (Mondal et al. 2020). However, the cell
sustains the minor harm with the eventual exchange of the lithium ion from the active platform.
All these injuries are being accumulated with the available capacities which gradually declines
with the internal resistance increment on the macroscopic level. In the entire operating condition
it is observed that the heat is being generated in the BESS system. This leads to the loss of
energy as the loss occurs with the entire electrical architecture’s resistance.

2.5 Literature Summary

The involvement of the electronic devices are useful for achieving high efficiency of power
conversion. These devices are also implemented with the renewable power integration, solid-
state transformation as well as storage interface. This entire controlling process incorporates
various power electronic devices which are useful for maintaining a viable control of the system.
This arrangement of the device is applicable for managing the complexity of the control for the
whole reactive power requirements (Xuan et al. 2020). This helps the system for handling the
reducing efficiency in the performance. On the other hand, there are several advantages but there
are some challenges including maintenance of power stability, overcoming the instability which
are responsible for causing the constant power loads with effective power stability.
This includes the focusing on bidirectional power flow, galvanic isolation as well as high
efficiency in the entire power conversion process. In the construction of this bridge there are two
full bridge DC-Ac converters which are interfaced with the series inductors. The series inductor
is included in order to ensure the high-frequency isolation transformation (Zolfaghari et al.
2022). These two phases are connected with the primary as well as secondary bridge. In this
arrangement there is also an external phase shift which includes the shifting between two phase
shifts of AC voltage with the controlling on the switch frequency.

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2.6 Research Gap

The entire content mainly focused on the power management approach for the DC micro grid in
the stand-alone operation. In the completion of the project there has been introduced the concept
of DER as well as BESS battery controlling system. In this context there has been clearly
evaluated the efficiency of the active micro grid system with the storage capacity lifespan. This
helps in achieving the operating temperature which is the most important aspect of the entire
system. There is included the micro-grid, including lithium-ion, lithium acid as well as valve
regulated lithium acid batteries which are more prevalent in the charging as well as discharging
process of the battery. In this context, the lithium-ion battery is the most suitable battery which is
being utilized with the technologies which are less expensive to implement. This helps in
achieving better performance with high resilience. As per the collected information it is observed
that the lithium ion battery gives high operating performance. In the operating condition the
proposed battery incorporates high internal protection which is against the voltage as well as
current fluctuation during the charging. There has been included the voltage equalization circuit
which incorporates the intricate structure which is basically a more valve-regulated lithium acid
battery. Thus, it is concluded that there must be the implementation of a lithium-acid battery
which is considered as the most suitable device while dealing with the controlling of micro grids.

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Reference List

Journals
Baig, K., Raj, K.P., Sekhar, G.R., Muni, T.V. and Kumar, M.K., 2020. Power quality
enchancement with active power control. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(9), pp.739-741.
Bharath, K.R., Choutapalli, H. and Kanakasabapathy, P., 2018. Control of bidirectional DC-DC
converter in renewable based DC microgrid with improved voltage stability. International
Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), 8(2), pp.871-877.
El-Shahat, A. and Sumaiya, S., 2019. DC-microgrid system design, control, and
analysis. Electronics, 8(2), p.124.
Keshavarzi, M.D. and Ali, M.H., 2020. A novel bidirectional dc-dc converter for dynamic
performance enhancement of hybrid AC/DC microgrid. Electronics, 9(10), p.1653.
Kumar, G.R., Sattianadan, D. and Vijayakumar, K., 2020. A survey on power management
strategies of hybrid energy systems in microgrid. International Journal of Electrical &
Computer Engineering (2088-8708), 10(2).
Kumar, G.R., Sattianadan, D. and Vijayakumar, K., 2020. A survey on power management
strategies of hybrid energy systems in microgrid. International Journal of Electrical &
Computer Engineering (2088-8708), 10(2).
Lin, P., Wang, P., Xiao, J., Jin, C., Wang, J. and Hai, K.L., 2018, October. Power management
of multi-paralleled bidirectional interlinking converters in hybrid AC/DC microgrids: A dynamic
consensus approach. In 2018 Asian Conference on Energy, Power and Transportation
Electrification (ACEPT) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Ning, J., Zeng, J. and Du, X., 2019, September. A four-port bidirectional DC-DC converter for
renewable energy-battery-DC microgrid system. In 2019 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress
and Exposition (ECCE) (pp. 6722-6727). IEEE.
Ríos, S.J., Pagano, D.J. and Lucas, K.E., 2021. Bidirectional power sharing for DC microgrid
enabled by dual active bridge DC-DC converter. Energies, 14(2), p.404.
Samanta, S., Mishra, J.P. and Roy, B.K., 2018. Virtual DC machine: an inertia emulation and
control technique for a bidirectional DC–DC converter in a DC microgrid. IET Electric Power
Applications, 12(6), pp.874-884.

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Vuyyuru, U., Maiti, S., Chakraborty, C. and Batzelis, E.I., 2021. Universal Active Power Control
Converter for DC-Microgrids With Common Energy Storage. IEEE Open Journal of Industry
Applications, 2, pp.21-35.
Wang, B., Xian, L., Manandhar, U., Ye, J., Zhang, X., Gooi, H.B. and Ukil, A., 2019. Hybrid
energy storage system using bidirectional single-inductor multiple-port converter with model
predictive control in DC microgrids. Electric Power Systems Research, 173, pp.38-47.
Wang, Y., Mondal, S., Deng, C., Satpathi, K., Xu, Y. and Dasgupta, S., 2020. Cyber-resilient
cooperative control of bidirectional interlinking converters in networked AC/DC
microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 68(10), pp.9707-9718.
Xuan, Y., Yang, X., Chen, W., Liu, T. and Hao, X., 2020. A novel three-level CLLC resonant
DC–DC converter for bidirectional EV charger in DC microgrids. IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, 68(3), pp.2334-2344.
Zolfaghari, M., Gharehpetian, G.B., Shafie-khah, M. and Catalão, J.P., 2022. Comprehensive
review on the strategies for controlling the interconnection of AC and DC
microgrids. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 136, p.107742.

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