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Dynamics of Single Species Model With Time Delay in Polluted Environment
Dynamics of Single Species Model With Time Delay in Polluted Environment
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the linear stability of inclusion of the delay term [5]. Due its importance,
the delayed single species model grows logistically delay logistic equation has been extensively
in polluted environment. We show the occurrence studied [6, 7, 8]. Delay logistic equation can be
of Hopf bifurcation at the positive equilibrium. To used to model the dynamics of a single species
determine the direction of Hopf bifurcation and the population growing towards a saturation level 𝑘
stability of bifurcating periodic solution, we use with a constant reproduction rate 𝑟 [9, 10, 11].
the normal form approach and a center manifold Ecological delayed models have received great
theorem. attention from scientists. Studying the dynamical
subfields as spread of diseases [21, 22, 23]. 𝑟1 𝜇 < 𝑟ℎ which mean that the point 𝐸 ∗ is locally
In this paper we study the model in the form asymptotically stable and if 𝑟1 𝜇 > 𝑟ℎ the point
𝑥̇ (𝑡) = 𝑟 𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝜏) �1 −
𝑥 (𝑡−𝜏)
� − 𝑟1 𝑥 (𝑡)𝑃(𝑡) 𝐸 ∗ is saddle.
𝑘
The Jacobean matrix -in the existence of delay-
(1.a)
for 𝐸 ∗ (𝑥 ∗ , 𝑝∗ ) has the characteristic transcendental
𝑃̇(𝑡) = 𝜇 (𝑡) − ℎ 𝑃(𝑡)
equation of the form
(1.b)
𝜆2 + (ℎ + 𝜋)λ − 𝜎 (ℎ + λ )𝑒 −𝜆𝜏 = 0
where 𝑥 (𝑡) represents the density of the
(2)
species at time 𝑡 , 𝑃(𝑡) is the concentration of
2𝑟
pollution in the environment at time 𝑡, 𝑘 is Where 𝜎 = 𝑟 − 𝑥 ∗ , 𝜋 = 𝑟1 𝑝∗
𝑘
carrying capacity (the maximum number of Now, there are two cases:
individuals that the environment can support), 𝑟 is First case at 𝝉 = 𝟎
the intrinsic growth rate, 𝑟1 is the response of the The characteristic equation (2) will be
species to the pollution concentration in its 𝜆2 + (ℎ + 𝜋 − 𝜎)λ − 𝜎ℎ = 0 (3)
environment, 𝜇 (𝑡) represents the rate of entry of Which all its roots have negative real parts if and
pollutants into the environment, ℎ 𝑃(𝑡) is the loss only if
rate of pollutant from the environment due to many (H1 ) (ℎ + 𝜋 − 𝜎) > 0
reasons as photosynthetic process , chemical (H2 ) 𝜎ℎ < 0
hydrolysis, biodegradation, …. Etc. For Theorem 1. For the system (1), the equilibrium
convenience we assume that 𝜇 (𝑡)is bounded i.e. point 𝐸 ∗ (𝑥 ∗ , 𝑝∗ ) - in the absence of delay - is
lim𝑡→∞ 𝜇 (𝑡) = 𝜇 . locally asymptotically stable under the conditions
eigenvector of 𝐴(0) and 𝑞 ∗ (𝜃) = 𝐷(1, 𝜌∗ )𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝜏j 𝜃 Equation (19) can be written in
eigenvalues 𝑖𝜔0 and −𝑖𝜔0 respectively where 𝑧̇ (𝑡) = 𝑖𝜔0 𝜏j 𝑧(𝑡) + 𝑔(𝑧, 𝑧̅),
2𝑥∗ −𝑖𝜔0 𝜏j 2𝑥∗ (20)
𝑖𝜔0 −𝑟�1− �𝑒 −𝑟1 𝑝∗ 𝑟�1− �
𝑘 ∗ 𝑘
𝜌= ,𝜌 =
−𝑟1 𝑥 ∗ 𝑖𝜔0 +ℎ where
Using (15), 𝑔(𝑧, 𝑧̅) = 𝑞� ∗ (0)𝑓�𝑧 (𝑡), 𝑧̅(𝑡)�
⟨𝑞 ∗ (𝑠), 𝑞(𝑠)⟩ 𝑧2
𝑔(𝑧, 𝑧̅) = 𝑔20 (𝜃) + 𝑔11 (𝜃)𝑧𝑧̅ +
2
� (1, 𝜌̅ ∗ )(1, 𝜌)𝑇
=𝐷
𝑧̅ 2
0 𝜃 𝑔02 (𝜃) +⋯ (21)
2
� (1, 𝜌̅ ∗ )𝑒 −𝑖𝜔0 (𝜉−𝜃) 𝑑𝜂 (𝜃)𝑒 𝑖𝜔0 𝜉 (1, 𝜌)𝑇 𝑑𝜉
− � � 𝐷
−1 𝜉=0 Since from (17) 𝑢𝑡 = 𝑤 + 𝑧𝑞 +
Which give 𝑧̅𝑞�
� = 1/(1 + 𝜌𝜌̅ ∗ + 𝑟 �1 −
𝐷 Then
(1)
2𝑥 ∗ −𝑖𝜔0 𝜏𝑗 �𝑢𝑢1𝑡� = �𝑤
𝑤 (2)
� + 𝑧 �𝜌1 � 𝑒 𝑖𝜔0𝜃 +
� 𝜏𝑗 𝑒 ) (16) 1𝑡
𝑘
� 𝑀14
𝑔21 = 2𝐷 By the same way
(26.d)
Since from Eq. (17)
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