AP- Week 1

History:
1. Prehistoric: demons and spirits-- spiritual or religious-- Trephination (drilling a
hole in the skull of individual exhibiting abnormal behavior)

2. Early Greek and Roman: Mental disorders(MD) are caused due to Natural
Causes(Ancient Greeks)--
Hippocrates(Father of Modern Psychology- MD- Brain Pathology- Blood, Black
Bile, Yellow Bile, Phlegm- Determines Personality)
Plato(Individual Perspectives and Differences- Socio Cultural Factors- But believed
in Divinity as a cause)
Aristotle(Plato's student- Importance of Consciousness and Thought Process)

3. Later Greek and Roman: Hospitals for Mental Patients-- Galeno(Greek Physician-
Human Anatomy, Scientific Approach towards Mental Disorders)

4. Middle Ages: Dark Age

500- 1500 AD: Greek medical advances- Regressed-- Avicenna(Persian physician-
Prince of Physicians)-- Exorcism yet again :)-- Mass mania(Cause: Plague, Social
oppression) and Lycanthropy-- Martin Luther(Belief- Mental disorders =
Possession) and Paracelsus(Belief- Mental disorders- conflict between desires and
needs)
Renaissance- 16th & 18th Century: Monastery and Religious societies-- Johann
Weyer(Witch Hunting- Book: Deception of demons)- Mental illness are not
different from physical illness

Mental Asylums-
Bedlam Hospital :)
San Hipolito- 1st in America
La Maison de Charenton- 1st in Paris, France
Hospital at Williamburg, Virginia- Exclusive for mental patients
Lunatics' Tower

Vincenzo Chiarugi and Jean Baptise Pussin- Influenced reform in Mental asylum
Moral therapy was introduced- 70% recovery of patients

Benjamin Rush- Father of American Psychiatry

Dorothea Dix- School teacher who taught in asylum and fought for more humane
practices and brought in change- Mental Hygiene Movement

"Alienists"
Division between normal and mentally ill.

The Mind that Found Itself by Clifford Beers- Book

Aylums by Ervong Goffman- Book

National Institute of Mental Health Organization- 1946

The Hill-Burton Act
Community Health Mental Services Act

Deinstitutionalization- movement that advocates the transfer of mentally disabled

people from public or private institutions, such as psychiatric hospitals, back to their
families or into community-based homes.

20th Century views

1. Biological Discoveries- Relation between brain pathology and mental disorders-
Why mental disorders are cause? (Not answered by this view)
2. Development of Classification System- Emil Kraepelin- Put forward earliest
Classification of disorders- found patterns
3. Psychological Causation Views-
Franz Anton Mesmer (magnetic fluids and forces- Theory of Animal Magnetism)-
Hypnosis
Nancy School vs Charcot arguement
Sigmund Freud & Josef Breuer- Free Association and Dream Analysis;
Psychoanalysis (Freud)
4. Development of Experimental/Empirical Tradition-
Wundt- Introduced Experimental methods
Lightner Whitmer- 1st to open psych clinic- encouraged practice over theory
Rise of Behaviourists- environmental reinforcements are root of Mental disorders
 Classical Conditioning- Ivan Pavlov and John.B.Watson
Operant Conditioning- BF Skinner and Thorndike

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM OF DISORDERS

Diagnosis and Procedure Codes

DSM- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders

History: Published by APA in 1952
Organizing concept: Assign symptoms according to relevance (length and severity)
NOSOLOGY- Study of Classification of Diseases

ICD- International Classification of Diseases

International Standard Diagnostic Tool for epidemiology, health management and
clinical purposes
Published by WHO
1949- ICD included Mental disorders- 6th revision

Perspectives:
Biological Perspective:
Earliest perspective
Metal disorders caused by brain dysfunction or nervous system or biochemical
imbalances.
Causes: *Neurotransmitter and harmonal imbalances; *Genetic vulnerabilities;
*Temperamental differences; *Function of brain plasticity 
Development of drug therapies

Behavioural Perspective:
Importance on learning a behaviour
Classical (associative learning) and Operant (reinforcement- +/- ve) Conditioning
Faulty learning
Stimuli and reinforcements
Observational Learning- Albert Bandura
Behaviours are learnt through observations and imitations 

Cognitive Perspective:
 Albert Bandura- external and internal motivation
 Theory of self efficacy by Albert Bandura- self actualization and self direction- loss
of belief in oneself= cause of mental disorder
Aaron Beck- Distortion in thinking and processing info leads to maladaptive
behavior
Schema- underlying mental framework of knowledge- organising information
Assimilation- Changing information fit one's cognitive framework
Accomodation- Changing earlier thinking to include bew information from the
environment
Thought bias
Attributional style: Basic process by which we assign causes to events 
CBT

Humanistic Perspective:
Self direction and growth
Self actualization- Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers- Concept of Self; real self and ideal self conflict