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AMT 3102 Module 01 Principle of Static CCArbozo
AMT 3102 Module 01 Principle of Static CCArbozo
LEARNING
MODULE 01: –
Principles of
Statics
AMT 3102-
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Prepared by:
ENGR. CARMELITA C. ARBOZO
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Version 2, Revision 2, August 2022
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Allotted
Title Page
Time
Introduction to Statics 4 10minutes
Fundamental Concepts and Definitions 4-5 10minutes
Idealization 5 10minutes
Force System 6 10minutes
Axiom of Mechanics 6 10minutes
Newtons 3 Laws of Motion 7 10minutes
Scalar and Vector quantities 8 20minutes
Units of Measurement 9 20minutes
The International System of Units 10 20 minutes
Example Solved Problems 11, 12, 13 60 minutes
Problem Solving Activity No. 1. Conversion of Units 14 70 minutes
Total 240 minutes
TABLES OF REFERENCES
References No.
Materials (textbooks, references, journals, online) 1
Singer, Ferdinand L., Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics 2
Mcgill, David J., Engineering Mechanics: Statics and an Intro to Dynamics 3
Singer, F.L (1954). Engineering Mechanics (2nd Ed.) New York: Harpens
4
and Row, Publishers, Inc.
Hibbeler, R.C. (2010) Engineering Mechanics (12th Ed.) New Jersey:
5
Pearson Prentice Hall
Beer, F.P. & Johnston, Jr. E.R. (2016) Vector Mechanics for Engineers
6
Static (11th Ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill Education
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Version 2, Revision 2, August 2022
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
This module discusses the Principles of Statics that includes the introduction to statics,
fundamental concepts and definitions, force system, axioms of mechanics, newtons 3
laws of motion, scalar and vector quantities, units of measurements, the International
System of Units an example solved problems in conversion of units.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
HONESTY CLAUSE
As a state college, students are expected to uphold and integrity, principle and self-
respect, using their knowledge and skills for the enhancement of human welfare and
environment; being honest and fair in their class activity, requirements and other
projects will not engage in cheating or plagiarism. The institution undertakes as a
modest and nominal ideal of behaviors in academic matters that students be
straightforward and that they distribute for deposit solely the produce of their particular
efforts.
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Introduction to Statics
What is Mechanics?
• Mechanics – is that branch of science which deals with the forces and their
effects on bodies on which they act and as a result the body may either in
rest or in motion.
2. Dynamics:
1. Length – is used to locate the position in space thereby describe the size of a
physical system. Once a standard unit of length is defined, one can then use it
to define distances and geometric properties of a body as multiples of this
unit.
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
gravitational attraction between two bodies and provides a measure of
resistance of matter to a change in velocity.
4. Force. In general, force is considered as a “push” or “pull” exerted by one
body on another. This interaction can occur when there is direct contact
between bodies, such as a person pushing on a wall, or it can occur through a
distance when the bodies are physically separated.
Particle. A particle has a mass, but a size that can be neglected. For
example, the size of the earth is insignificant compared to the size of its orbit,
and therefore the earth can be modeled as particle when studying its orbital
motion. When a body is idealized as a particle, the principles of mechanics
reduce to a rather simplified
Force Systems
A force system is any arrangement where two or more forces act on a body
or on a group related body. When the lines of action of all forces in a force
system lie in one plane, they referred to as being coplanar.
A force system is a collection of forces acting at specified locations (may also
include couples). Thus, the set of forces shown on any free body diagram
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
make up a force system. Force system is simply a term used to describe a
group of forces.
When two or more forces act on a body, they are called to form a system of
forces. Following systems of forces are important from the subject point of
view:
1. Coplanar forces. The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same plane,
are known as coplanar forces.
2. Collinear forces. The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same line,
are known as collinear forces.
3. Concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point, are known as
concurrent forces. The concurrent forces may or may not be collinear.
4. Coplanar concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point and
their lines of action also lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar
concurrent forces.
5. Coplanar non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet at one
point, but their lines of action lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar
non-concurrent forces.
6. Non-coplanar concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point,
but their lines of action do not lie on the same plane, are known as non-
coplanar concurrent forces.
7. Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet at
one point and their lines of action do not lie on the same plane, are called
non-coplanar non-concurrent forces.
Axiom of Mechanics
➢ The first is the parallelogram law: the resultant of the two forces is the
diagonal of the parallelogram formed on the vectors of these forces.
➢ The second is the two forces are in equilibrium only when equal in
magnitude, opposite in direction, and collinear in action.
➢ The third axiom defines the relationships inside an equilibrium force
system.
➢ The fourth one is the axiom of action and reaction. Action and reaction are
equal but oppositely directed.
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
First Law.
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion
tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction, unless
acted upon by an unbalanced force.
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 Eq. 1
Third Law. The mutual forces of action and reaction between two
particles are equal, opposite, and collinear.
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Where:
F= force of gravitation between two particles
G = universal constant of gravitation: according to experimental evidence,
G = 66.73𝑥10−12 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑠 2
𝑚1 , 𝑚2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
r = distance between two particles
Weight. According to Eq. 2, any two particles or bodies have a mutual
attractive (gravitational) force acting between them. In the case of a particle
located at or near the surface of the earth, however, the only gravitational force
having any sizable magnitude is that between the earth and the particle.
Consequently, this force, termed the weight, will be the only gravitational force
considered in the study of mechanics.
From eq. 2, we can develop an appropriate expression for finding the
weight W of a particle having a mass 𝑚1 = 𝑚. If we assume the earth to be a
nonrotating sphere of constant density and having a mass 𝑚2 = 𝑀𝑒 , then if r is
the distance between the earth’s center and the particle, we have.
𝒎𝑴𝒆
𝑾=𝑮
𝒓𝟐
Letting 𝑔 = 𝐺𝑀𝑒 /𝑟 2 yields
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 Eq. 3
Scalar and Vector Quantities
Two quantities involved in Mechanics.
1. Scalar Quantities – has only magnitude but no direction
Examples:
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
The Four Basic Quantities
1. Length
2. Time
3. Mass
4. Force
SI Units.
The international System of units, abbreviated SI after the French
“Syst𝑒́ me International d'Unit𝑒́ s, " is a modern version of the metric system
which has received world wide recognition. As shown in Table 1-1, the SI
system defines length in meters (m), time in seconds (s), and mass in kilograms
(kg). The unit of force called a newton (N), is derived from F = ma. Thus 1
newton is equal to a force required to give 1 kilogram of mass an acceleration
of 1m/s² (N = kg∙m/s²).
If the weight of a body located at the “standard location” is to be
determined in newtons, then W = mg must be applied. Here measurements
give g = 9.80665 m/s²; however, for calculations, the value of g = 9.81 m/s² will
be used. Thus,
W = mg (g= 9.81m/s²)
U.S. Customary. In the U.S. Customary system of units (FPS) length is
measured in feet (ft), time in seconds (s), and force in pounds (lb.), Table 1-1.
The unit of mass, called a slug, is derived from F = ma. Hence,1 slug is equal
to the amount of matter accelerated at 1 ft/s² when acted upon by a force of 1
lb. (slug = lb.∙s²/ft)
Therefore, if the measurements are made at “standard location”, where
g = 32.3 ft/s², then from W = mg
𝑾
𝒎= , (g = 32.2 ft/s²)
𝒈
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Conversion of Units.
Table 1-2 provides a set of direct conversion factors between FPS and SI units
for the basic quantities. Also, in the FPS system, recall that 1ft = 12 in. (inches),
1mi.(mile)= 5,280ft, 1 kip (kilo-pound) = 1,000 lb. and 1 ton = 2,000 lb.
The SI system of units is used extensively in our study to become the world wild
standard for measurement. Therefore, we will now present some of the rules for its
use and some of its terminology relevant to engineering mechanics.
Prefixes. When a numerical quantity is either very large or very small, the units
used to define its size may be modified by using a prefix. Some of the prefixes used
in the SI systems are shown in Table 1-3. Each represents a multiple or submultiple
of a unit, which if applied successively, moves the decimal point of a numerical quantity
to every third place.
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Rules for Use. Here are few of the important rules that describe the proper use of
the various SI symbols:
• Quantities defined by several units which are multiples of one another are
separated by a dot to avoid confusion with prefix notation, as indicated by N =
kg∙m/s² = kg∙ 𝑚𝑠 −2 . Also, m∙s (meter-second), whereas ms(milli-second).
• The exponential power on a unit having a prefix refers, to both the unit and its
prefix. For example, 𝜇𝑁 2 = (𝜇𝑁)2 = 𝜇𝑁 ∙ 𝜇𝑁. Likewise, 𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑚𝑚.
• With the exception of the base unit kilogram, in general avoid the use of a
prefix in the denominator of composite units. For example, do not write N/mm,
but rather KN/m; also, m/mg should be written as Mm/kg.
1000𝑚 3.28𝑓𝑡
𝑏) 1.00𝑘𝑚 𝑥 𝑥 = 3,280𝑓𝑡
1𝑘𝑚 1𝑚
3𝑓𝑡 1𝑚 109 𝑛𝑚
𝑐) 1 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 9.15 𝑥 108 𝑛𝑚
1𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑 3.28𝑓𝑡 1𝑚
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
2. The density of iron is 7.86 g/cm3 under standard conditions. Convert this to
kg/m3.
Solution
𝑔 1𝑘𝑔 (100𝑐𝑚)3 3
𝑘𝑔
7.86 3 𝑥 3 𝑥 = 7.86 𝑥 10
𝑐𝑚 10 𝑔 1𝑚3 𝑚3
4.448𝑁
300𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠 𝑥 = 1,334.5𝑁 ∙ 𝑠
1𝑙𝑏
1𝑘𝑁
1,334.5𝑁 ∙ 𝑠 𝑥 = 1.334𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑠
1,000𝑁
52𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 14.59𝑘𝑔 (3.28𝑓𝑡)3 1000𝑔
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 26,771,959.95 𝑔/𝑚3
𝑓𝑡 3 1𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 1𝑚3 1𝑘𝑔
𝑔 1𝑀𝑔
26,771,959.95 𝑥 = 26.772 𝑀𝑔/𝑚3
𝑚3 106 𝑔
Solution:
1𝑁 109 𝑁
𝑎) (50𝑚𝑁)(6𝐺𝑁) = [50𝑚𝑁𝑥 ] [6𝐺𝑁𝑥 ]
1000𝑚𝑁 1𝐺𝑁
= 300(106 )𝑁 2
1𝑘𝑁 1𝑘𝑁
= 300(106 )𝑁 2 (103 𝑁) (103 𝑁)
= 300kN²
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
1m (106 𝑁)2
𝑏) (400𝑚𝑚)(0.6𝑀𝑁)2 = [400mm x 2
] [(0.6𝑀𝑁) 𝑥 ]
1000mm (1𝑀𝑁)2
= [0.4𝑚][0.36(1012 )]𝑁 2
1𝐺𝑚∙𝑁2
= 0.144(1012 )𝑚 ∙ 𝑁 2 = 144 𝑥 109 𝑚 ∙ 𝑁 2 𝑥 109 𝑚
= 144𝐺𝑚 ∙ 𝑁 2
= 50𝑘𝑁 3 /𝑘𝑔
=
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT MAINTANCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 01: Principles of Statics
Plate No. 1
Conversion of Units
Instruction:
➢ Copy the problem first before solving on a separate sheets of a short bond
paper. (Example. Copy problem 1 then solve and show your solution, then
followed by problem so on and so forth.)
➢ You will be given 120 minutes to solve the following problems. There are 10
problems allocate your time 12 minutes each problem.
➢ Write legibly avoid too much erasures.
➢ Box your final answer.
➢ Submit your paper as soon as you’re done in the assigned Google
Classroom.
2. The density of gold is 19.3 g/cm³. What is this value in a) kilograms per
cubic meter, b) lb/ft³, c) slug/ft³.
4. While driving in an exotic foreign land you see a speed limit sign on a
highway that reads 180,000 furlongs per fortnight. How many a) miles
per hour, b) ft/s, c) m/min d) Gm/hr is this? (One furlong is and a fortnight
is 14 days. A furlong originally referred to the length of a plowed furrow.)
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