OUTLINE © Definitions of culture © Approaches of culture according to Morocco > Onion, Barrell, Iceberg models © Levels of culture © Cultural Diversity (high-popular-sub-counter culture) © ETIC vs EMIC © Aspects of culture (xenocentric, polycentric, ethnocentric, sociocentric, egocentric) ERPGXSE © Elements of culture + Moroccan case © Characteristics of culture © Values and culture © Impact of culture on management © Intercultural communication (Verbal communication - Non-verbal communication) > Styles of communication (passive, assertive, agressive) > Inductive vs Deductive reasoning > How to deal with deductive/inductive communicators ? + Dimensions of culture and cross cultural managementOBJECTIVES > Develop intellectual understanding and behavioral skills depending on people from different cultures in work settings > Develop awareness of the pervasive and hidden influence of culture on work behavior in particular, but also organizational design and organizational change. >Help you effectively deal with the types of situations and issues one often is confronted with when working internationally. >To define communication >To make a difference between the verbal and non verbal communication >To know the different styles of communication >To understand the verbal communication and non verbal communication across different cultures.DEFINITIONS OF CULTURE A culture is a particular society or civilization, especially considered in relation to its beliefs, way of life, or art. - Collins Dictionnary “A collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the member of one human group from another” -G.H. HOFSTEDE 1991 “Culture is a rich complex of meanings, beliefs, practices, symbols, norms and values prevalent among people in a society” SHALOM SCHWARTZ 1979 “Culture is a dynamic process of solving human problems and dilemmas in areas of human relationships, time, and nature.” -FONS TROMPENAARS 2005 $08O080%@0The United Nations agency UNESCO has defined culture as the "set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual, and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs.” UNESCO, Universal declaration on cultural diversity, (Rewves October 14-2007Walter Lippmann (September 23, 1889 - December 14, 1974) was an American write, reporter, and political ‘commentator “Culture is the name for what people are interested in, their thoughts, their models, the books they read and the speeches they hear” “without culture, and the relative freedom it implies, society, even when perfect, is buta jungle. This is why any authentic creation is a gift to the future” Albert Camus (7 November 1913 - 4 January 1960) was a French philosopher, author, and journalist. He won the Nobel Prize in LiteratureMAROGMorocco has been called “home” by many Cees eRe aD pene ee eeu it) Ce ke Se eae een) Pee cea Per ee oe Use ees Cea retin oe eer Ce er kg nn ee ae) ‘areas, you should always attempt to cover CoRR Cee eCard the shoulders) and the knees up. For men, it ee eed the knee, Da We eee) Rabat and Casablanca, the dress code is more eee eee tenes sleeve tops and knee-length skirts and men eee e tesCOT) ete LT Cor]The core stands for the values of a certain culture, which is not moving a lot. It mostly remains the same. Even if something seems to be outdated, it still can subconsciously play a role in the present, That includes individuals as well as groups. The first layer is rituals. Those rituals are changing slowly. (ex: marriage, religion..) The second layer are the heroes. Which means all people who play a role-model in that society. Heroes can be real or fictives. They tend to represent many of the culture’s values and beliefs. The outer layers represent cultural artefacts or symbols such as flags, architecture or traditional clothing, All three layers can be trained and learned through practices except for the core: the inner cultural values,Flag : The red background on the Moroccan eee See ene eaten wisdom, heey eee eee ens Pees a ie PT ocr f Moroccan architecture Patent et Cor!een oot Tees Senge Eo Tr} CecMoroccan values are: oe acy Cee COS Baar ReesThe Iceberg Model is a metaphor of an actual iceberg : we can only observe 10% of the actual iceberg, and the rest is hidden beneath the surface of the water. These characteristics can be divided into three levels, the first being Surface, which includes all the easily observable characteristics of a culture like Behaviors. The second level in the Iceberg Model is hidden underneath these surface characteristics. Interpretations take more time for an outsider to understand. Deep below the "water line” are a culture's Core values. These are primarily learned ideas, In many cases, different cultural groups share similar core values (such as "honesty", or respect”, or ), but these are often interpreted differently in different situations and incarnorated in uniauie wave inta uur daily eh tngeieater l oatseae) Derseod Prenat Food es (ernie ee | Moroccan foodINTERPRETATIONS Beliefs : Moroccans have a lof beliefs such as the “’ein”’, the ‘hschuma”’ ect. Family : Family is the most important thing for the majority of moroccans Gender role : Nowadays, women speak up for their rights, but the society is still “masculine” Core values : Hospitality, respect of the elder.BARRELL APPROACH This model explains how and why people see culture the way they do. It also explains why culture changes. For example, the economic base changes because of war, peace. The superstructure changes because of new technologies etc..) The Barrel Model of Culture © Every culture is an integrated system. © There are functional relationships among the economic base (infrastructure), the social organization (social structure), and the ideology (superstructure).INFRASTRUCTURE + The economy of Morocco is considered a relatively liberal economy governed by the law of supply and demand. Since 1993, Morocco has followed a policy of privatization of certain economic sectors which used to be in the hands of the government. Morocco has become a major player in African economic affairs, and is the 5th largest African economy by GDP (PPP). The World Economic Forum placed Morocco as the 1st most competitive economy in North Africa, in its African Competitiveness Report 2014-2015 + The services sector accounts for just over half of GDP; industry — made up of mining, construction and manufacturing — is an additional quarter. The sectors that recorded the highest growth are the tourism, telecoms, and textile sectors. Morocco, however, still depends to an inordinate degree on aariculture.SOCIAL STRUCTURE rae eee ocean Un Ethnic groups- Arab Berbers: 99,196; Jewish: 0,2%; Other: 0.7%. een eu se ua ud cee Rue Occupations (c)- f60d processing, arts andecrafts LX Cai ena its Beer Te) Prelate RUT} Pla eee ans Pe eget Morocco.supersTRucTURE [i * The hshouma concept is still a big deal in Morocco. + The hospitality of moroccans is known worldwide. + There is still a notion of respect between people, especially with eldersLEVELS OF CULTURE * International level : culture that extends beyond national borders. It's not confined to a country, a people group, or even a continent! * National level : the values held by a majority of the population within the nation. "Regional culture : all national cultures consist of regional subcultures that influence the characteristics of one group from another in a nation state. * Organizational culture : it speaks to the culture that is specific to an organization—the culture that makes it distinctive from competitors and non-competitors. Organizational cultures are often referred to as “corporate cultures” and reflect the beliefs, values, and assumptions of an organization. * Individual culture : it relates to your preferences for things through your personal experiences that include the influence of your family, your peers, school, media, co-workers, and so on.International culture is culture that extends beyond national borders. It's not confined to a country, a people group, or even a continent! With this definition in mind, it's not surprising to know that international culture is sometimes also referred to as universal Marriage is an excellent example of international culture because it's practiced by people groups all over the world. Whether they say ‘I do' in English, French, or Korean, people all over the globe enter into the union of marriage. Yes, the outfit the bride wears may differ depending on her country, and the ceremony may look very different depending on the couple's religion, but the basic premise remains the same.RT TE A |Picea aa t Sree aT Cone) rr a) Cea es Cre Se Ue Eran om ae aT De ae Soe Tena) Etat is Genes Ca i nM Ram tet Ite ee) cet ae reco) To oO Eee IT eee es me) ne a ta and__formal—attending aPOPULAR CULTURE The term popular culture refers to the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society, Popular culture events might include a parade, a football game, or the season finale of a television show. Popular culture is often expressed and spread via commercial media such as radio, television, movies, the music industry, publishers, and corporate-run websites. Unlike high culture, popular culture is known and accessible to most people.CU ya agen er ee aoe am fare er cI ae co Ee et Ere ee aa Pe ae Ta) EI oa Ut Rene RnC Cse cts [ee eo distinct norms and customs Cee Perce tic MS ent)(one cel aL Reread Creeaeiey Even eet a Tey Mme anc gE Cec Orne ee cit RCs cet et omc CC Cg eC ao Mento Ame ra defy larger society by developing their own set of Coe ae es ee occ)CULTURE ETIC VS CULTURE EMIC An etic view of a culture is the perspective of an outsider looking in An emic view of culture is a perspective focus on the intrinsic cultural distinctions that are meaningful to the members of a given society, often considered to be an insider's perspective.CN Ta :KENOCENTRIC CULTURE The term xenocentrism refers to the desire to engage in the elements of another's culture rather than one's own. Styles, ideas and products can all be items of preference by someone with xenocentrist viewpoints. Some Examples of Xenocentrism The belief that the way of dress by another culture is significantly superior, and that those within one’s native country should adopt that same dress * The concept that a quality product can't be purchased in one's native country + Americans’ belief that European's produce superior automotive vehicles + Americans belief that French or Spanish wine is superior to what is produced by American vineyardsETHNOCENTRIC fata nee CCU ee based upon the values and standar Eee ans eect iS Ca Se RE Leet ea rast Cea eC) eee eee ute Cec} CO Re Ac England drive on the “wrong” side of the ee MacaPOLYCENTRIC CULTURE * The polycentric orientation operates under the premise that countries around the world have so many differences in cultural and economic mores that striving to translate practices from one country to another may be fruitless. * Therefore, when a company assumes a polycentric orientation, it adapts its products, marketing and support functions for each country it operates inEGOCENTRIC (ar Cae ica a =o) group. (Self centered) SOCIOCENTRIC aT eee ae een) eet ae med See i ae different groups of people.CULTURE ELEMENTS Belial ce 2) ? LT, aie Langu hi uk Ee a Baud Serr)RELIGION IN + With 93% of its population being considered religious, Islam is the majority and constitutionally established state religion in Morocco. The vast majority of Muslims in Moracco are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence. The King of Morocco claims his legitimacy as a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad The second-largest religion in the country is Christianity, but most Christians in Morocco are foreigners. Only a fraction of the former number of Jews has remained in the country, many having moved to Israel. The Moroccan constitution grants the freedom to worship and congregation, while recognizing Islam as the state religion. But the Moroccan penal code contains many laws that contradict the constitution, including the 220, 222 articles of the penal code of the country, which are usually used against non-FORMS OF GOVERNMENT The Kingdom of Morocco developed a constitutional monarchy based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law systems soon after receiving independence The three branches of the government are The executive branch : Includes the king, the prime minister, and a council of ministers who are appointed by the king The legislative branch : Bicameral parliament with a Chamber of Counselors and a Chamber of Representatives The judicial branch : A Supreme Court of Judges presided overECONOMIC SYSTEMS + The economy of Morocco is considered a relatively liberal economy governed by the law of supply and demand. Since 1993, Morocco has followed a policy of privatization of certain economic sectors which used to be in the hands of the government. Morocco has become a major player in African economic affairs, and is the Sth largest African economy by GDP (PPP). The World Economic Forum placed Morocco as the 1st most competitive economy in North Africa, in its African Competitiveness Report 2014-2015 * The services sector accounts for just over half of GDP; industry — made up of mining, construction and manufacturing — is an additional quarter. The sectors that recorded the highest growth are the tourism, telecoms, and textile sectors. Morocco, however, still depends to an inordinate degree on agriculture.SOCIAL ORGANIZATION + The family is the center of every Moroccan's life. Children live with their families until they get married or go away to schoo! It is common for Moroccan women to live with their husband's family, Women are expected to take care of the home. The elderly are highly respected and are cared for by their families Both men and women play a strong role in decision-making Women have more freedom in the cities. More restrictions are placed on rural women + Every Moroccan is expected to marry. For many women, marriage and childbearing are the ultimate goals in life. Most women want to get married before their mid-twenties, and ‘most men before their thirties, Not all marriages are arranged by the parents, but parents have a sayin the choices made by their children, Moroccans shake hands during greetings and farewells. Close friends of the same sex commonly hug and exchange kisses on the cheeks. People of the opposite sex just shake hands. The ‘most common greeting among Moroccans is the phrase Al salamu alaykum, which means "May peace be upon you." The response is Wa alaykum al-salam, or "May peace be upon youZe ee a Ome Hy CRO ake eR Cee ee eee aca aey eee ne) en een) Bee eee mee protects the wearer from the sun or cold Cee eco Bee eeu Ce ee cine kaftans. SO ese uae is considered to be the great Islamic DOA eect? Dac) Cee Reo RCSSUR I Rese a UT SU Rolie eee eae) Peles Gee SeeRe Nas ic) ea Pe eS Pec nC ieee CDs cecum) aaa PEC Re ea) GFARTS & LITERATURE Moroccan art has been influenced by other cultures and nations. However, the Berbers and the Arabs are credited for building an incredible art scene in the country. Their architecture includes the famous red Kasbahs castie which was inhabited by the ruling class. The crafts feature carved doors with unique patterns and colorful carpets. The modern Moroccan art has also been inspired by the traditional Berber art and Islamic influence. One of the intriguing Islamic tile mosaics is the Zellij which begun flourishing in the 14th century, Most of the houses were decorated with Zellij as a statement of affluence and class. Over the years, Moroccan literature has grown and evolved tremendously. Books and poetry that form part of literature in Morocco have fulfilled the citizens. They have also shed light on the talents that had not yet been discovered or explored. Some of the literature in Morocco is written in Arabic, French, Berber and even in English.CULTURE CHARACTERISTICS Learn ed *Shared Essenti ’ TS So Gad Cur] preci aCate LEARNED Teele y oo ee Pore neon ae Cr ae) cea et arraySHARED veamen cacy Bren meet el Poo mee Ng a Reet Pear)lee ea Tart ALOE people and followed by eee ia Pees Rae Reet Cov ee RUIs ca hee) ACROSS rn Yael ey ONCE transferred across Poe ULL eE Le} ele Raa Pomc} ialelete Lal}1s SUBJECT TO CHANGE Peele Ren Peete uemecue Ti) Serle t OTIC Urn PCat POSER n Ra Rey met] MeL TeTe Eaten eteWALUES, CUSTOMS, AND CULTURE While the terms ‘culture,’ ‘values,’ and ‘customs’ are often used interchangeably, each is actually a distinct piece of the bigger picture. A custom is a ritual or other tradition that is an outward sign of the group's cultural values. The group's values aren't always obvious right away - they run deep! Cultural values can be pieced together by observing the various customs that the people have passed down for generations. Culture is defined as all of a group's guiding values and outward signs and symbols taken together as one big wholeTYPES OF VALUES arc arn saute Values Types of ValuesTERMINAL VALUES These are values that we think are most important or most desirable. These refer to desirable end-states of existence, the goals a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime They include happiness, self-respect, recognition, inner harmony, leading a prosperous life, and professional excellenceINSTRUMENTAL VALUES Instrumental values deal with views on acceptable modes of conductor means of achieving the terminal values. These include being honest, sincere, ethical, and being ambitious These values are more focused on personality traits and character.EXAMPLES OF VALUES == Yq = : ‘e; SS zz ee independence. Generosity Family Harmony Privacy. Loyalty to family —_Diversity. Tenacity, Directness. Hospitality Pride. Determination Equality. Indirectness Innovativeness. Toughness informality. Authority Adaptability. (Respect of the Competition. Respect of the elder Harmony. elder) Time and efficiency. Religion Modesty. Adaptability Consumerism. Light-heartedness. Nationalism Work ethic EducationVALUES AND MANAGEMENT IMPORTANCE OF VALUES IN | THE BENEFITS OF VALUES IN EET TUT Xel va Contribute to the shared meaning in the organization. Binds people together as a community. Provides people with a common language. Tell people how to behave to achieve the organization's vision. Contribute to organization's vitality and performance. Provides good basis to management for better business decisions. Improves provided services to partners/customers real needs. Facilitate innovation to support organization competitiveness . Strong awareness of value culture, with good understanding of businesss goal. Enhance communication and the efficiency of teamwork. Commitment from partners/customers and stakeholders.IMPACT OF CULTURE ON MANAGEMENT TMPACTS ON EMPLOYEES Figure 1: Organisational culture and its impact on employees. Source: OCJS framework for employee job satisfaction.PT aD mols COMMUNICATION Creo Peron ecg eC UCI) Portas Cereeoes A second and more Co ema PETC Con Ty encore Peery ee POCCLiLeeINTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Intercultural communication refers to the communication between people from two different cultures. Intercultural communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people from different cultures create shared meanings.Verbal Non-verbal Bo Q ve hig Communication Key DifferencesVERBAL COMMUNICATION The Verbal Communication is a type of oral communication wherein the message is transmitted through the spoken words. Here the sender gives words to his feelings, thoughts, ideas and opinions and expresses them in the form of speeches, discussions, presentations, and conversations,Moroccan people American people French people = =| LhNON VERBAL COMMUNICATION % t +, © Non-verbal communication is communicating without wot e-8°06 ¢ 8 8 fa ayMoroccan people American people French people = = iReasoning Daas I-[-]-1 ps ats Cesena mS Pee ae Cece ome ae Cie ac ee eo Pees mn es logical conclusion. er Ce a een eh eon) eo ce Se Seay Coe Cm eisai etHOW TO DEAL WITH DEDUCTIVE/INDUCTIVE COMMUNICATORS ? Deductive communicators preferring to hear the point followed by the details. They also provide information in that order, the point followed by the supporting information Inducti communicators prefer to hear the details or the supporting information prior to hearing the point of the communication. That order also makes sense to them when they are providing information, the details first followed by the point.ES ES aT 3 Re cue et ak Sree ee euCULTURE DIMENSIONS Geert Hofstede (1928) is a Dutch organizational psychologist who enjoys an international reputation in the field of intercultural studies. Geert Hofstede is famous for his development of the Hofstede cultural dimensions. This organizational culture model can help to identify cultural differences.The Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory was created in 1980. Hofstede identified six categories : Leas are INDULGENCE vs Preys ra Se ORIENTATION, ENereywtesPOWER DISTANCE Low power distance Characteristic Hierarchy for convenience features Inequality in society should be minimized People of various power levels feel less threatened and more prepared to trust people Superiors are people like me Low dependence needs Less centralisation Flatter organizations, fewer supervisors Change by evolution Example of Austria, Denmark, Israel, countries Finland, New Zealand High power distance + Hierarchy needed + Inequality accepted + Privileged power holders * Cooperation among the powerless is difficult to bring about because of low faith in people + Subordinates consider superiors to be of a different kind + High dependence needs * Greater centralization + Taller organization pyramids. + Change by revolution Guatemala, Malaysia, Mexico, Panama, PhilippinesPOWER DISTANCE At a score of 70, Morocco is a hierarchical society. This means that people accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and which needs no further justification. Hierarchy in an organization is seen as reflecting inherent inequalities, centralization is popular, subordinates expect to be told what to do and the ideal boss is a benevolent autocrat.‘ower Distance = CERMAK eg woRoceo Set ar cea ea De Run PO aey eee Se eal reese ten cass eee SEU) pou More, according to Carte and Fox (2010) in Arabic culture eee ey Pee eure ve direCOLLECTIVISM/INDIVIDUALISM High individualism (Individualism) Characteristic features Example of countries (Collectivism) + "We"-conscious, identity is based on the social system + Opinions pre-determined by group (e.g. family) ‘+ Fulfill obligations to group ‘+ Relationships over tasks + Important with harmony ‘among group members * Private and work life combined + Promotion based on loyalty and seniority * Loss of face and shame + Particularism Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, Pakistan, Venezuela, “t"-conscious, identity is based on the individual Private opinions Fulfill obligations to self ‘Tasks over relationships Important with autonomy and variety Private and work life separated Promotion based on results Loss of self-respect and guilt Universalism ‘Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Netherlands, USATHE COLLECTIVISM IN MOROCCO Morocco, with a score of 46 is considered a collectivistic society. This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member ‘group’, be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group.Nee RCI eens eae es ECR Ac is feo eee Eon Ts attributed to the Islamic enna Ly Cu Ron CeCeUNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE INDEX Low Uncertainty Avoidance _| High Uncertainty Avoidance Characteristic |+ Flexibility, more willing to |* Need to avoid failure features take conscious risks + Need for agreement, + Conflicts accepted, more | intolerance of diverting tolerance opinions + Less laws and rules, if |* More laws and rules, if rules cannot be kept they | rules cannot be kept we should be changed do wrong + Strong belief in generalists |* Strong belief in experts and common sense and knowledge ‘+ Managers more + Managers more task- interpersonally oriented | oriented + Relaxed, lowerstress _|+ Anxiety, high stress + Emotions not shown + Showing emotions accepted Example of Denmark, Hong Kong, Belgium, Greece, Guatemala, countries Jamaica, Singapore, Sweden _| Portugal, Uruguay(uncertainty avowance INDEX Morocco scores 68 on this dimension and thus has a very high preference for avoiding uncertainty. Countries exhibiting high Uncertainty Avoidance maintain rigid codes of belief and behaviour and are intolerant of unorthodox behaviour and ideas. In these cultures there is an emotional need for rules (even if the rules never seem to work), innovation may be resisted, security is an important element in individual motivation.=k No matter what you’ve been through, it's written. No matter what you know, it's written. No matter what you do, it's written. Put your trust in Him. aa Desc EeeIC) Reread eur eer ee eae Sua act (Destiny) fer REr)MASCULINITY VS. FEMININITY Low Masculinity (Femininity) Characteristic |+ Quality of life, serving + Ambitious, need to excel features others + Tendency to polarize + Striving for consensus + There are rewards (e.g. + Trying to be better than wealth and status) for the others is neither socially successful nor materially rewarded | + Decisiveness + Intuition + Live in order to work * Work in order to live + Admiration for the * Sympathy for unfortunate | achiever + Overlapping roles, men/ | + Separate roles, men/ |__ women women Example of Costa Rica, Denmark, Austria, Italy, Japan, countries Netherlands, Norway, ‘Switzerland, Venezuela SwedenEO mascuuniry vs. Femininity * Ahigh score (Masculine) on this dimension indicates that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success, with success being defined by the winner/best in field - @ value system that starts in school and continues throughout organizational life. + Alow score (Feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A Feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (Masculine) or liking what you do (Feminine). Morocco gets an intermediate score of 53 on this dimension and this in inconclusive.LONG-TERM ENTATION WS. SHORT-TERM ORIENTATION Low Long Term Orientation High Long Term Orientation Characteristic |* Absolute truth + Many truths features + Normative/conventional | + Pragmatic + Short term view * Long-term orientation * Quick results expected | + Perseverance + Why? + _How?/What? Example of Czech republic, Nigeria, China, Hong Kong, Japan, countries Pakistan, Philippines, West | Taiwan, Vietnam AfricaLONG-TERM ORIENTATION VS. SHORT-TERM ORIENTATION + This dimension describes how every society has to maintain some links with its own past while dealing with the challenges of the present and future, and societies prioritize these two existential goals differently. Normative societies which score low on this dimension for example, prefer to maintain time-honoured traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion. Those with a culture which scores high, on the other hand, take a more pragmatic approach: they encourage thrift and efforts in modern education as a way to prepare for the future. + With the very low score of 14, Moroccan culture is clearly normative. People in such societies have a strong concern with establishing the absolute Truth; they are normative in their thinking. They exhibit great respect for traditions, a relatively small propensity to save for the future, and a focus on achieving quick resultsINDULGENCE WS. RESTRAINT Indulgent societies + Freedom of speech for all is rated as very important * Higher crime rates, smaller police force * In countries with educated population, higher birthrates + In wealthy countries, more obesitas + Higher approval of foreign music and films Restrained societies * Maintaining order in the nation is rated as very important * Lower crime rates, larger police force * In countries with educated population, lower birthrates * In wealthy countries, less obesitas * Lower approval of foreign music and filmsINDULGENCE VS. RESTRAINT Morocco’s low score on this dimension (25) indicates that is has a culture of Restraint. Societies with a low score in this dimension have a tendency to cynicism and pessimism. Also, in contrast to Indulgent societies, Restrained societies do not put much emphasis on leisure time and control the gratification of their desires. People with this orientation have the perception that their actions are Restrained by social norms and feel that indulging themselves is somewhat wrongCROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT High Low Moderat Moderate High Low e France High High Moderat High Low Moderate e Low High High High High Low High Low Moderat High No score No scoreFONS TROMPENAARS Fons Trompenaars is a Dutch author in the field of cross-cultura?2dFfifnunication. He defines culture as "the way a human group solve its problems’ Trompenaars experienced cultural differences firsthand at home, where he grew up speaking both French and Dutch, later at work with Shell in nine countries. He is ranked in the Thinkers5O of the most influential management thinkers alive.TROMPENAARS DIMENSIONS Ucn eae ce end USA eS SSAC SOURCE REME nese EIonnens arenUNIVERSALISM VS. PARTICULARISM PTS Te ee) People place a high importance on laws, rules, values, and obligations. Fit their actions to a particular situation The rules are more important than the The relationship is more important than relationship the rules What's right is right regardless of particular circumstances are more circumstances or who is involved important than rules. ‘Treat everyone the same - no exceptions Written contracts are less important, Detail written legal contracts are very mutual trust is more important importantExamples of Universalism Countries USA lia, Germany Switzerland, Sweden, United Kingd Netherlands, Czech Republic Slovakia, Be Examples of Particularism Countrie: Brazil France, Japan, Singapore Argentina, Mexico Thailand Peru IndonesiaINDIVIDUALISM WS. COLLECTIVISM Ce Se People are expected to make their own These people believe that an individual's decisions and to only take care of their quality of life improves when they take own needs. care of each other. Such societies assume that quality of life The community comes before the results from personal freedom and individual. individual development. People are mainly oriented towards Decisions are often made on the spot, common goals and objectives . without consultation. These people are integrated into groups More frequent use of « | » which provide help and protection in exchange for a strong sense of loyalty.ACHIEVEMENT WS. ASCRIPTION oT Soa These societies accord status to people ‘These societies attribute status by on the basis of their performance. birth ,gender, age, social standing, Respect for superior in on hierarchy education... depends on his/ her knowledge and skills. Titles are used to reflect the influence of a Titles are used to reflect the the person on his/ her organization competence of a person Status is attributed based on who or what People are accorded status based on how a person is. well they perform their functionsINTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL CONTROL GUNS StU Focus is on self, own group and own Focus is on other, that is customer, organization . partener, colleague Often dominating attitude and tendency Often flexible attitude, willing to to aggressiveness . compromise and keep the peace. These people are vocal about their Tend to avoid conflicts and remain silent opinions and believe they can change _to maintain harmony with other people. their environment.NEUTRAL VS. EMOTIONAL Pneurrat EIS People are taught that it is incorrect to _ People freely express their emotions. overtly show feeling. Behaviour is warm, expressive. Reason influences their actions far more than their feelings. It's welcome and accepted to show emotion even spontaneously. Statements are monotonic and lack of emotional ton . Statements are emotional and dramatic. Do not reveal what they are thinking or feeling.SEQUENTIAL VS. SYNCHRONIC EST Bae aa Time commitments are taken seriously Time commitments are desirable but are and staying on schedule is a must. not absolute and plans are easily changed . Past or present-oriented: emphasize the history and tradition of the culture . In a future-oriented culture, most human, activities are directed toward future prospects De 19 a lot of t \gs in the same time.CROSS CULTURAL STUDY Relationship Individualism Communitarianism Specific relationship Diffuse relationship Universalism Particularism Neutral relationship Emotional relationship Ac -yement Ascription Anglo cluster United States x United Kingdom xCROSS CULTURAL STUDY Latin-European cluster Relationship France Belgium Spain Italy Individualism x Communitarianism x x x Specific relationship x x Diffuse relationship x x Universalism x x x Particularism x Neutral relationship x Emotional relationship x x Achievement x scription x x xCROSS CULTURAL STUDY Germanic cluster Relationship Austria_ Germany Switzerland Czechoslovakia Individualism Communitarianism Specific relationship Diffuse relationship Universalism Particularism Neutral relationship Emotional relationship Achievement Ascription x x Bg x x x x x x x Pd x x x x x x x x 96HALL’S THEORY Hall's theory is based on 4 important factors : Context, Time, Space and Information. Cultural Edward Twitchell Hall, jr. (May 16, 1914 - July 20, 2009) was an American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher, He is remembered for developing the concept of proxemics and exploring cultural and social cohesion, and describing how people behave and rea different types of culturally defined personal space. Hall was an influential colleague of Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller.CONTEXT in high-context cultures there are many contextual elements that should be taken into account and help people to understand the rules. Many things are not said directly, much is taken for granted. Examples of high-context cultures are the cultures of France, Spain, Italy, Middle East, Japan, Russia. In low-context cultures ideas are expected to be outspoken very straightforward, most of the things require explanation. Written instructions, contracts and documents have more value in negotiations. Examples of countries with low-context cultures are Germany, Switzerland, USA, ScandinaviaGums ements oy Value traditions. Value individual needs. Foster long-lasting relationships. Short-term relationships. Rely on non-verbal signs such as Require explicit communication since they lack tone of voice, facial expressions, additional context body language, and so on. Tend to be non-confrontational and more Are more individualistic: in-direct. Are more collectivistic. Communication is more direct and Rejection is to be interpreted from confrontational. non-explicit communication. Require little explanation. Require all the information in the message. Are slow to change. Can change quickly. Morocco would be categorized as a HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURECROSS CULTURAL STUDY Seale Countries Characteristics Tow Tt Gemmans, Swiss, Avatians [New Zealanders, (white) South Africans North Americans white Anglo-Saxon Protestant) and Canadians > Menage is made explicit + Inverpretation of messages reson the written or spoken “word — facts on 4 | Scandinavians, Finns content 5 | British, Australians # Seek information from a 6 | Benetux people research base (cepors, 7 | Other American cultures databases, internet, ee) | suvs 9 ral Europeans > Tnverpretation of messages 10 | Koreans, South East Asians rests on contextual cues 11 | Indians, and other Indian sub-continent | 6 Seek information fom Arabs, Africans peronal information 13 | Latin Americans networks 14 | talians, “Spanish, Poruguese, French, |» Becoming welkinformed Other Mediterancan peoples Feat ace ca High 15 | Chinese making adevsions contest 116 | Japanese Based on Morden, 1999; Usunier, 2000; Kotabe and Helsen, 2001TIME M-Time, as he called it, means doing one thing at a time. umes careful planni feduling ar amiliar Western app ars in dis Monochronic time such as time management Monochronic people tend also to be low context Polycheanic tim es, human interaction is valued over things, leading to a lesser concern for ‘getting things done’ -- they do get things done, but more in their own time. Aboriginal and Native Americans have typical polychronic. cultures, where ‘talking stick’ meetings can go on for as long as somebody has something to say Polychronic people tend al be high context Morocco would be categorized as a POLYCHRONIC CULTURE MONOCHRONIC POLYCHRONICCROSS CULTURAL STUDY Sete | Coon Careers ) | Sicko plane + | ech Penish Beton eee ees 9 French, Walloon Belgium - eee ocean we 10 | Koreans, Taiwanese, Singaporeans | | Wie remoranda, uses 2 eins aoe 13 | Noe ans 0 = ia fee Eee = eee © Gets firsthand oral Based on Morden, 1999; Rorabe and Helse, 3001Proxemics refers to the study of use of space (or lack of space) in human interactions. It studies a subset of nonverbal communication. Proxemics can study communication of things like: - Comfort/discomfort (moving closer often signals greater comfort and intimacy, moving farther often signals discomfort) Assertion of power (a person might move into someone's personal space as an assertion of power, but a person could also be very physically distant for the same reason; similarly, a person might stand their ground in a situation whereHall was the first scientist, who started to categorize cultures by their attitude to personal space. Some people need more space in all areas. People who encroach into that Personal space is an example of a mobile form of territory and people need less or greater distan: others. A Japanese person who needs less space thus will stand closer to an American, inadverten uncomfortable between them and yy making the American] Some people need bigger homes, bigger cars, bigger offices and so on. This may be driven by cultural factors, for example the space in America needs to greater use of space, whilst japanese need less space (partly as a result of limited useful space in Japan In cultures with low territoriality (area) people have less ownership of space and boundaries are less important to them. They are ready to share territory with little thought. People with low territoriality tend to be high context. Individuals from high territoria their possession. People high territoriality ty cultures tend to sho cern for ownership. They seek to mark up the territory inCROSS CULTURAL STUDY WHO NEEDS MOST ae B) 2(6 Country Distance WE Romania 139m SS Hungary 130m [i Saudi Arabia 126m Gi Turkey 1.23 HE Uganda 1.2m 1.19m 118m i= Colombia 117m HongKong 1.16m i 115m Country : 30 ES USA 34 5 Greece 35 EZ Spain 36 ima Russia 37 (imi Slovakia 38 Austria 39 = Ukraine 40 ima Bulgaria 41 WE Peru lorocco would be categorized as a LOW TERRITORIALITY Distance 95.3em 91.2cm 90.5cm 89.icm 88.8cm 88.1cm 85.5cem 81.3cm 79.6cm i 42. Argentina 76.5cmINFORMATION y SS Information , Work _ Information Management Culture Culture * Information Culture is the part of organizational culture where evaluation and attitudes towards information depend on the situation in which the organization works * In an organization everyone has different attitudes, but the information profile must be explained, so the importance of information should be realized by executives. The Information Culture is also about formal information systems (technology), common knowledge, individual information systems (attitudes), and information ethics. * Information Culture does not include written or conscious behavior and what seemingly happening in the organization. Information Culture is affected by