Breathing

surface

the

filings
Moisture prevent

friction

from

of flexible

Contains a ring

1
trachea

cartilage to keep
and breathing

open

Pleural membrane

Inspiration

The diaphragm contracts and becomes

flattened

Internal intercostal muscles

relax

External intercostal muscles contract

Moves the ribs upward and outwards

Thorax volume increases

Pressure inside

cavity decreases

Forces air to diffuse into

long

Expiration

Diaphragm relaxes and becomes

dome shaped
Iif

Fa

Internal intercostal muscles contract

External intercostal muscles

relax

Mores the ribcage downwards

and inwards

Thorax volume decreases

Pressure inside

cavity increases

Forces air to move outof the

lings

Gas Exchange - Process

Deoxygenated blood arrives the lungs

via the pulmonary artery

The lungs
oxygenate the blood

Return to heart via pulmonary vein

Pathway of oxygen to the blood

Air breathed in

Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

CAN Sacs

Alveoli

surrounded capillaries

by

Oxygen diffuses into

deoxygenated blood

One cell thick

Short distance for

diffusion Efficient

CO2 passes in and gets forced

at during expiration

Efficiency

Exchange Surface e.g Alveoli

have adaptations
fluid diffusion

for maximising the efficiency of

1 Blood supply

The surface of exchange surfaces alveoli

are densely packed with capillaries blood vessels

Blood vessels replenish the blood supply

Maintain a high cone gradient

2 Ventilation

Constant exchange of air between the

lings and the ere

To remove COs from the lings

I
B Large Surface Area

n n nm
the same time

4 Kept Clear
Dust will block and build
up on an

exchange surface reduce rate of

exchange

Goblet cells and cilia cells line

the
airway

Goblet cells produce sticky mucus

that traps particles

Cilia cells sheep mucus up and at

of the air nay
5 Thin Membrane
Reduces diffusion distance

E g Alveoli is one cell thick