M1 : Sets , Relation and Functions

Department of Mathematics
Outline of the Chapter:

• M1.1:- Introduction To Set

• M1.2:- Set operations and Venn diagram
• M1.3:- Relations
• M1.4:- Functions
 M1.4: Functions
Introduction & Recall video

Department of Mathematics
Outline of the Session 1.4 :

▪ Definition, Representation
& Vertical line test for identifying function
▪ Algebra of function
▪ Standard functions
▪ Problems on finding Domain, Range of
function
 Introduction

What is function ?
 Introduction

A function in mathematics is a relationship

explaining how two variables are related to
each other.
 Introduction

Everything around us is a function!

Example: Ball dropping from the height

The height of the ball is a function of time

Introduction

Example: Growth of the tree

It is the function of time

 Introduction

Why we need to study functions?

Function is basic unit of calculus, so understand the
concepts like
• Limits
• Continuity
• Differentiability
• Integration
• Graphs etc.

We must study the functions

 Recall Test

1. Let 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑞 & 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑝 then the total number of non-empty relations that can be defined from 𝐴 to B
𝑎 𝑝𝑞
𝑏 𝑞𝑝 − 1
c q𝑝 − 1
𝑑 2𝑞𝑝 − 1
2. A relation R is defined from the set of integers to the set of real numbers as (x, y) = R if x² + y² = 16 then the
domain of R is
(a) {0, 4, 4}
(b) {0, -4, 4}
(c) {0, -4}
(d) None of these
3. If a relation R is defined from a set A={2,3,4,5} to a set B= {3,6,7,10} as follows 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 ⇔ 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑦.
Expression of 𝑹−𝟏 is represented by
(a) {(6,2), (10,2), (3,3), (6,3)}
(b) {(6,2), (10,2), (3,3), (10,5)}
(c) {(6,2), (10,2), (3,3), (6,3), (10,5)}
(d) None of these
 Answer Keys

1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (C)
 Recall Test Solution
1. Let 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑞 & 𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑝 then the total number of non-empty relations that can be defined from 𝐴 to B
𝑎 𝑝𝑞
𝑏 𝑛𝑝 − 1
c q𝑝 − 1
𝑑 2𝑞𝑝 − 1
Answer:

Total number of relation defined from A to B are 2𝑛 𝐴 𝑛(𝐵) = 2𝑞𝑝 .

If we remove a empty relation then we will get total number of non empty relation defined from A to B,
that is 2𝑞𝑝 − 1
 Recall Test Solution
2. A relation R is defined from the set of integers to the set of real numbers as (x, y) = R if x² + y² = 16 then the
domain of R is
(a) {0, 4, 4}
(b) {0, -4, 4}
(c) {0, -4}
(d) None of these
Answer: (b) { 0, -4, 4 }
Given that:
(x, y) ∈ R ⇔ x² + y² = 16
⇔ y = ±√(16 – x² )
when x = 0 ⇒ y = ±4
(0, 4) ∈ R and (0, -4) ∈ R
when x = ±4 ⇒ y = 0
(4, 0) ∈ R and (-4, 0) ∈ R
Now for other integral values of x, y is not an integer.
Hence R = {(0, 4), (0, -4), (4, 0), (-4, 0)}
So, Domain(R) = {0, -4, 4}
 Recall Test Solution
3. If a relation R is defined from a set A={2,3,4,5} to a set B= {3,6,7,10} as follows 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 ⇔ 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑦.
Expression of 𝑹−𝟏 is represented by
(a) {(6,2), (10,2), (3,3), (6,3)}
(b) {(6,2), (10,2), (3,3), (10,5)}
(c) {(6,2), (10,2), (3,3), (6,3), (10,5)}
(d) None of these
Answer: (c)

Here R = {(2,6),(2,10),(3,3),(3,6),(5,10)} (As first element of A divides the second element of B )

Hence 𝑹−𝟏 = {{(6,2), (10,2), (3,3), (6,3), (10,5)}

 M1.4 : Function

Concept Part-1

Department of Mathematics
Outline of the session:

• Definition of Function

• Representation of Functions

• Vertical Line test for Identifying function

 Understanding Function

➢ A function is a relation between a set of inputs and a set of outputs with the
property that each input is related to exactly one output.
 Definition of function

➢ Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two non empty set. a relation ‘𝑓’ from 𝐴 to 𝐵, i.e. a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵,
is called a function from 𝐴 to 𝐵, if

a) For each 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 there exists 𝑎 ∈ 𝐵 such that (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑓

b) (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑓 and a, c ∈ 𝑓 ⇒ 𝑏 = 𝑐

➢ If 𝑓 is a function from A to B and 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑓 then 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏, where b is called the

image of ‘𝑎’ under 𝑓 and a is called the preimage of ‘𝑏’ under 𝑓.

➢ Terms such as map, mapping, correspondence are used as synonyms

 Definition of function
In simple words 𝑓 is a function if it satisfies two conditions

A function must satisfy two conditions

• Each and every element in set 𝐴 should have an image in set 𝐵

• Every element in set 𝐴 should have an only one image in set 𝐵

 Example
A B A B
1 4 5
1
2
2 5 6
3
4
3 6 7
It is a function It is a not function

A B A B
1 5 1 5

2 6 2 6

3 7 3 7
It is a not function It is a function
 Concept Test
Which of the following is/are functions ?

1. 1. A B 2. A B
a p a p
b q b q
c r c r
d s d s

A B A B
3. 4. p
a p a
q
b q b
r
c r c
s
d s d
t
 Solution
Which of the following is/are functions ?

1. 1. A B 2. A B
a p a p
b q b q
c r c r
d s d s

3. A B A B
4. p
a p a
q
b q b
r
c r c
s
d s d
t
 Concept Test
Check whether following relation 𝑅: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a function for

𝐴 = 3,4,5,6
𝐵 = {7,8,9,10,11,12}

𝑅 = { 3,8 , 4,8 , 5,10 , (6,12)}

 Solution

𝑅 = { 3,8 , 4,8 , 5,10 , (6,12)}

Representation of functions
Representation of functions
 Activity
Can you Solve the problem ?
A function f is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 – 5. Write down the values of

• 𝑓 (0)

• 𝑓 (7)

• 𝑓 (– 3)
 Representation of functions

➢ For a given function y = 𝑓(𝑥) , 𝑥 is input and 𝑦 is output

➢ For 𝑥 , 𝑦 𝜖 𝑓, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), here 𝑥 is independent and 𝑦 is dependent.

➢ A function is generally written as 𝒇: 𝑨 → 𝑩 defined by 𝐲 = 𝒇(𝒙) ,

where A is the set of input that function can take and B is the set of all
possible out puts.
 Activity

If a function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined by

3𝑥 − 2 ,𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 ,𝑥 = 0
4𝑥 + 1 ,𝑥 > 0

Find: 𝑓 (1), 𝑓 (– 1), 𝑓 (0), 𝑓 (2).

 Solutions
a) When x > 0, f (x) = 4x + 1
Substituting x = 1 in the above equation, we get
f (1) = 4(1) + 1
=4+1
=5
b) When x < 0, f(x) = 3x – 2
Substituting x = –1 in the above equation, we get
f (–1) = 3(–1) – 2
= –3 – 2
= –5

c) When x = 0, f(x) = 1
Substituting x = 0 in the above equation, we get
f (0) = 1

d) When x > 0, f (x) = 4x + 1

Substituting x = 2 in the above equation, we get
f (2) = 4(2) + 1
=8+1
=9
 Summary

❑Definition of functions

❑Representation of function
 M1.4 : Function

Concept Part-2

Department of Mathematics
Outline of the session:

• Vertical Line Test for identifying function

• Domain, Codomain & Range of function

 Vertical Line Test
The vertical line test can be used to determine whether a graph represents
a function. If we can draw any vertical line that intersects a graph more
than once, then the graph does not define a function because a function
has only one output value for each input value.
 Example

Function Not a function Not a function

35
 Concept Test

1. 2.

3.

Which of the following is a function ?

 Domain, Codomain & Range
There are special names for what can go into , and what can come out of a function

➢ What can go into is called Domain

➢ What may possibly come out of a function is called the Codomain

➢ What actually comes out of a function is called Range

 Domain, Codomain & Range
In a function 𝒇 ∶ 𝑨 → 𝑩
Domain = Set 𝐴 is the domain of function

Codomain = Set 𝐵 is the co domain of function

Range = Set of all mapped element (images) i.e. set of all 𝑦 values in B

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇 ⊆ 𝑪𝒐𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒇
Domain, Codomain & Range
 Activity
Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑} and 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟖, 𝟗} function 𝒇 = {(𝒙 , 𝒚) ∶ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐  𝒙 ∈ 𝑨 and 𝒚 ∈ 𝑩}
Then find 1. Domain
2. Co-domain
3. Range of the Function
 Activity Solution
Let 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3} and 𝐵 = {1,4,8,9} function 𝑓 = {(𝑥 , 𝑦) ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2  𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵}

A B
1
1
Domain = {1, 2, 3}
4
2 Range = {1, 4, 9}
8
3
9
Codomain = {1,4,8,9}
 Real valued & Real function
Real Valued Function Real Function

𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is said to be real 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is said to be real

valued function if its Range function if both domain and
is subset of R range is subset of R
 Important Notes
➢ In a simpler way, the set of 𝑥 values for which 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is defined and has a finite value
is called as domain.

➢ If domain is not mentioned then domain is assumed to be the largest real value of 𝑥 for
which function is defined.

➢ If Co-domain is not given then it is assumed to be real number.

1
Example: 1. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑅 − {0}
𝑥
2. 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 [0, ∞)
 Important Notes
➢ Collection of all the images is called range of function. It’s primarily values of ‘y’ for which
‘x’ is defined

➢ In other way, the set of all ‘y’ values we get from the function y = f(x), by substituting all
x - values from domain in the function is called as Range.

Example:
 Summary

❑ Vertical line Test for identifying function

❑ Domain, Range & co-domain of function

 M1.4: Functions

Concept Part- 3

Department of Mathematics
Outline of the Session:

Standard functions
• Identity function
• Constant function
• Polynomial function
• Rational function
• Exponential function
• Logarithmic function
 Identity function

The function f : R → R
defined by f(x) = x , x  R
is called identity function

Domain = R

Range = R
 Constant function

The function f : R → R defined

by f(x) = c , x , c  R, is called
Constant function

Domain = R
Range = { C }
 Polynomial Function
➢ A polynomial is defined as an expression formed by the sum of powers of one or more
variables multiplied to coefficients. In its standard form, it is represented as :
𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎
where all the powers are non-negative integers and 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , . . , 𝑎2 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎0 ∈ 𝑅

➢ A polynomial function is a function that can be expressed in the form of a polynomial.

The function f : R → R defined by 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

For all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, all the powers of x are non-negative integers and 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , . . , 𝑎2 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎0 ∈ 𝑅
is called the polynomial function.

Note: Domain of Polynomial function is set of real number (𝑅).

 Polynomial Function Example
Examples of polynomial functions are here:
➢ x2+2x+1
➢ 3x-7
➢ 7x3+x2-2
All three expressions above are polynomial since all of the variables have
positive integer exponents.

But expressions like;

➢ 5x-1+1
➢ 4x1/2+3x+1
➢ (9x +1) / x
are not polynomials, we can not consider negative integer exponents or
fraction exponent.
 Polynomial Function Types
➢ The highest power of the variable ‘x’ of f(x) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
is known as its degree.

➢ There are various types of polynomial functions based on the degree of the polynomial.
• Constant Polynomial Function: f(x) = a = ax0

•Zero Polynomial Function: f(x) = 0; where all ai’s are zero, i = 0, 1, 2, 3, …, n.

•Linear Polynomial Function: f(x) = ax + b

•Quadratic Polynomial Function: f(x) = ax2+bx+c

•Cubic Polynomial Function: f(x)= ax3+bx2+cx+d

•Quartic Polynomial Function: f(x)= ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e and so on..

 Graph of polynomial Function

Straight Line Straight Line Parabolic

parallel to X-axis
Graph of polynomial Function
Rational Function

2
 Domain of Rational Function
➢ The domain of a rational function is the set of all x-values that the function can take.

Step to find the domain of a rational function y = f(x):

✓ Set the denominator ≠ 0 and solve it for x.
✓ Set of all real number other than the values of x mentioned in the last step is the domain.

Example: Find the domain of f(x) = (2x + 1) / (3x - 2).

Solution:
We set the denominator not equal to zero.
3x - 2 ≠ 0
x ≠ 2/3
Thus, the domain = {x ∈ R | x ≠ 2/3}
 Range of Rational Function
The range of a rational function is the set of all outputs (y-values) that it
produces.

To find the range of a rational function y= f(x):

➢ If we have f(x) in the equation, replace it with y.
➢ Solve the equation for x.
➢ Set the denominator of the resultant equation ≠ 0 and solve it for y.
➢ Set of all real numbers other than the values of y mentioned in the last step
is the range.
 Range of Rational Function
Example: Find the range of f(x) = (2x + 1) / (3x - 2).

Solution:
Let us replace f(x) with y. Then y = (2x + 1) / (3x - 2). Now, we will solve this for x.
(3x - 2) y = (2x + 1)
3xy - 2y = 2x + 1
3xy - 2x = 2y + 1
x (3y - 2) = (2y + 1)
x = (2y + 1) / (3y - 2)
Now (3y - 2) ≠ 0
y ≠ 2/3
So the range = {y ∈ R | y ≠ 2/3}
 Concept Test
2𝑥+3
Q: The domain & range of the function 𝑦 =
𝑥
a) R-{0} & R
b) R-{0} & R-{2}
c) R-{0} & R-{0,2}
d) None
 Concept Test solution
2𝑥+3
Q: The domain & range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
a) R-{0} & R
b) R-{0} & R-{2}
c) R-{0} & R-{0,2}
Range
d) None
Domain
2𝑥+3
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = is
𝑥
defined every where except
zero.
Hence domain is R-{0}
 Exponential Function
➢ Exponential function, as its name suggests, involves exponent. An exponential function
has a constant as its base and a variable as its exponent.

➢ Definition: An exponential function is a function of form f (x) = ax, where “x” is a variable
and “a” is a constant which is called the base of the function and it should be greater than
zero (0) and not equal to 1.
➢ Examples of exponential function.

•f(x) = 2x
•f(x) = (1/2)x
•f(x) = 3e2x (Here e=2.71828 is called Euler’s Number)

•f(x) = 4 (3)-0.5x
Graph of Exponential Function
Graph of Exponential Function
 Graph of Exponential Function
Note: From the above two graphs, we can see that f(x) = 2x is increasing whereas
g(x) = (1/2)x is decreasing. Thus, the graph of exponential function f(x) = ax

➢ Increases when a > 1

➢ Decreases when 0 < a < 1

Note: The domain of exponential function

𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 is set of real number(R).
The range is set of positive real number
that is (0, ∞)
 Logarithmic Function
➢ The basic logarithmic function is of the form f(x) = logbx or y = logbx,
where b > 0 b≠ 1 is called base .
➢ Log functions include natural logarithm (ln) with base e & common logarithm (log)
with base 10.

➢ Examples of logarithmic functions:

• f(x) = ln (x - 2)
• g(x) = log2 (x + 5) - 2
• h(x) = 2 log x, etc.
 Domain & Range of Logarithmic Function
➢ Let us consider the logarithmic function f(x) = log x (or y = log x).
log x is defined only when x > 0 . So the domain is the set of all positive real number.

➢ Now, we will observe some of the y-values (outputs) of the function for different x-
values (inputs).
•When x = 1, y = log 1 = 0
•When x = 2, y = log 2 = 0.3010
•When x = 0.01, y = -2, etc.
Thus, y can take the value of any real number. Hence, the range of a logarithmic function
is the set of all real numbers.

➢ The domain of log function y = log x is x > 0 (or) (0, ∞).

The range of any log function is the set of all real numbers (R)
Graph of Logarithm Function
 Properties of Logarithm Function
•log ab = log a + log b (Sum rule)

•Log(a/b) = log a - log b (Product Rule)

•logba = (logc a)/(logc b) (Change of base rule)

•logax = x loga (Power rule)

•loga 1 = 0

•loga a = 1

•log x = log y ⇒ x = y
 Concept Test
Q: The value of 𝑥 for which log 6 𝑥 + 2 + log 6 𝑥 + 3 = 1
a) -5 & 0
b) 5 only
c) 0 only
d) 5 & 0
 Concept Test Solution

Given,
 Summery
Standard functions:
➢ Identity function

➢Constant function

➢Polynomial function

➢Rational function

➢Exponential function

➢Logarithmic function
 M1.4: Functions

Concept Part- 4

Department of Mathematics
Outline of the Session:

Standard functions
• Modulus function
• Signum function
• Greatest integer function
• Fractional part function
 Modulus Function

The function f : R → R defined by

f(x) = |x|  x  R is called modulus
function or absolute valued function

Domain = R

Range = [ 0,∞)
 Signum function
𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 > 𝟎
The function f : R → R defined by 𝒇 𝒙 =൞ 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟎
−𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 𝟎
called signum function

Domain = R

Range = { -1,0,1 }
 Concept test
1.The value of sgn 𝑥 2 + 3 = ………
2. The value of sgn 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = … … …
3. The Value of sgn 𝑥 − 3 = …………., where 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2]
 Concept test
1.The value of sgn 𝑥 2 + 3 = 1 (it is always positive)
2. The value of sgn 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 1 (it is always positive)
3. The Value of sgn 𝑥 − 3 = -1 , Where 𝑥 ∈ −2,2 (always negative)
 Greatest integer function

The function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 assumes the

value of the greatest integer, less than or equal to 𝑥, such a function
is called the greatest integer function.
𝑥 [𝑥]
−2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1 -2
Domain = R Range = Z = Set of All integers

−1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 −1

0≤𝑥<1 0

1≤𝑥<2 1

2≤𝑥<3 2
 Example

For non-negative real numbers

[5.32] = 5
[5] = 5

For negative real numbers

[ - 5.32] = - 6
[- 5] = - 5
Concept Test
1. 2 =
2. 𝜋 =
3. −𝑒 =
 Solution for concept test

1. 2 = 1
2. 𝜋 = 3
3. −𝑒 = −3
 Graph of Greatest integer function
𝑥 [𝑥]
−3 ≤ 𝑥 < −2 -3

−2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1 -2

−1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 −1

0≤𝑥<1 0

1≤𝑥<2 1

2≤𝑥<3 2

3≤𝑥<4 3

Domain = R Range = Z = Set of All integers

Properties of Greatest integer function
Here n is any integer i.e. 𝒙 ∈ 𝒁 and x is any real lies between n & n+1
 Fractional part function

The fractional part of x is

{x} = x − [x] ,
where[.] is greatest integer
function
 Example

For non-negative real numbers

1.{3.64}=3.64 − [3.64] {5.2} = 5.2 − [5.2]

= 3.64 − 3 = 5.2 – 5
= 0.64 = 0.2

For negative real numbers

2.{−3.64} = −3.64 − [−3.64] {− 5.2} = − 5.2 − [− 5.2]

= −3.64 − (−4) = − 5.2 + 5
= 0.36 = 0.8
Properties
 Summery

Standard functions

➢ Modulus function

➢ Signum function

➢ Greatest integer function

➢ Fractional part function

 M1.4 : Functions

Concept Part- 5

Department of Mathematics
Outline of the Session :

Algebra of Function
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Constant multiplication
• Multiplication
• Division
Equality of Function
 Algebra of functions
For functions 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑅 and 𝑔: 𝑋 → 𝑅, we have

1. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 (Addition of two functions)

2. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 (Subtraction of two functions)

3. (𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 (Pointwise multiplication)

4. (𝑘𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, where 𝑘 is a real number. (Constant multiplication)

𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
5. (x) = , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 and g(x)  0 (Division of two function)
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
 Example
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐟 𝐱 = 𝐱 & 𝐠 𝐱 = 𝐱 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐨𝐧 𝐧𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬.
𝐟
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐟 + 𝐠 𝐱 , 𝐟 − 𝐠 𝐱 , 𝐟𝐠 𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 .
𝐠
 Example Solution
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐟 𝐱 = 𝐱 & 𝐠 𝐱 = 𝐱 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐨𝐧 𝐧𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬.
𝐟
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐟 + 𝐠 𝐱 , 𝐟 − 𝐠 𝐱 , 𝐟𝐠 𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 .
𝐠
 Activity
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐟 𝐱 = 𝐱 𝟐 & 𝐠 𝐱 = 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟏 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐨𝐧 𝐧𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬.
𝐟
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐟 + 𝐠 𝐱 , 𝐟 − 𝐠 𝐱 , 𝐟𝐠 𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 .
𝐠
Solution
 Equality of function
Two function 𝑓 and 𝑔 are said to be equal if

a) Domain of 𝑓 = domain of 𝑔

b) Co-domain of 𝑓 = Co-domain of 𝑔

c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) for every 𝑥 belonging to their common

domain
 Equality of function
Consider 𝑓: 𝑍 → 𝑍 𝑏𝑦 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔: 𝑍 → 𝑍 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝟐

1. Both 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑅

2. Range is also same as [0, ∞)

3. The value of 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝜖𝑅.

Hence, 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙

 Concept test
The domain for which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 – 3𝑥 are equal.
a) {1,0,-1}
−1
b) {1, }
2
1
c) {-2, }
2
1
d) {2, - }
2
 Solution
Given, f(x) = g(x)
⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 1 = 1 – 3x
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 3x – 2 = 0

(x + 2)(2x – 1) = 0
1
⇒ x = -2,
2
1
So f(x) and g(x) are equal on the set {-2, }
2
 M1.4 : Function

Problem Solving Part-6

Department of Mathematics
Outline of the session:

• Recall of concepts on Domain & Range

• Problems on Domain & Range of function

 Recall of Domain, Codomain & Range
In a function 𝒇 ∶ 𝑨 → 𝑩
Domain : Set 𝐴 is the domain of function

Codomain : Set 𝐵 is the co domain of function

Range : Set of all mapped element (images) i.e. set of all 𝑦 values in B

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇 ⊆ 𝑪𝒐𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒇
 Important Notes on Domain
➢ In a simpler way, the set of 𝑥 values for which 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is defined and has a
finite value is called as domain.

➢ If domain is not mentioned then domain is assumed to be the largest real

value of 𝑥 for which function is defined.

➢ If Co-domain is not given then it is assumed to be real numbers.

 Important Notes on Range
➢ Collection of all the images is called range of function.

➢ In other way, the set of all ′𝑦 ′ values we get from the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), by
substituting all 𝑥 values from the domain in the function is called as Range.

Example:
 Domain & Range of Standard functions
Function Domain Range
𝐑
Identity Function: 𝐟 𝐱 = 𝐱 𝐑 (𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬)

Constant Function: 𝐟 𝐱 = 𝐜 𝐑 𝐑
Polynomial Function: 𝐑 Depends on degree of
𝐟 𝐱 = 𝐚𝐧 𝐱 𝐧 + 𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝐱 𝐧−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝐚𝟐 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐚𝟏 𝐱 + 𝐚𝟎 polynomial
𝐑
Exponential Function: 𝐟 𝐱 = 𝐚𝐱 (𝟎, ∞)

Logarithmic Function: 𝐟 𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 (𝟎, ∞) 𝐑

𝐑
Modulus Function : 𝐟 𝐱 = |𝐱| [𝟎, ∞)

𝐑
Signum Function: 𝐟 𝐱 = 𝐬𝐠𝐧(𝐱) {−𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏}

𝐑
Greatest Integer Function: 𝐟 𝐱 = [𝐱] 𝒁 (𝑺𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒔)

𝐑
Fractional Part Function: 𝐟 𝐱 = {𝐱} [𝟎, 𝟏)
Domain & Range of Trigonometric functions

R
 Domain & Range of Rational Function
Step to find the domain of a rational function y = f(x):
➢ Set the denominator ≠ 0 and solve it for 𝑥.
➢ Set of all real number other than the values of 𝑥 mentioned in the last step is the
domain.

To find the range of a rational function y= f(x):

➢ If we have 𝑓(𝑥) in the equation, replace it with 𝑦.
➢ Solve the equation for 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦).
➢ Set the denominator of the resultant equation ≠ 0 and solve it for y.
➢ Set of all real numbers other than the values of y mentioned in the last
step is the range.
 Example
2𝑥+3
Q: The domain & range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥

Domain Range
2𝑥+3
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = is defined every
𝑥
where except zero.

Hence domain is R-{0}

 Things to remember !
Consider two functions f(x) : A→ C and g(x) : B→D

i.e. Domain of f x is 𝐀 and Domain of g x is 𝐁

1. Domain of f(x) + g(x) is A ∩ B

2. Domain of f(x) − g(x) is A ∩ B

3. Domain of f(x) . g(x) is A ∩ B

𝒇(𝒙)
4. Domain of is A ∩ (B – {𝒙 ∶ 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟎})
𝒈(𝒙)
 Things to remember !
𝟏
1. 𝐲 = 𝒇 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏
𝒇(𝒙)

2. 𝐲 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏

𝟏
3. 𝐲 = 𝒇 𝒙 > 𝟎, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏
𝒇(𝒙)

𝟑
4. 𝐲 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏

5. 𝐲 = log 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇 𝒙 > 𝟎, 𝒈 𝒙 > 𝟎 & 𝒈(𝒙) ≠ 𝟏, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏

6. 𝐲 = 𝒂𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏
ICE-1
ICE-1 (Solution)
 ICE-2

Q:
 ICE-2 (Solution)
Solution:
 ICE-3
Q:
 ICE-3 (Solution)

Solution:
 ICE-4
1
Q: Find the Domain of the following 𝑦 = + 𝑥 + 2.
log10(1−𝑥)
ICE-4
 ICE-5
𝑥−2
Q: Find the range of 𝑦 =
2𝑥+3
 ICE-5 (Solution)
𝑥−2
Q: Find the range of 𝑦 =
2𝑥+3

Solution:
 ICE-6
Q: Find the range of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2
 ICE-6 (Solution)
Q: Find the range of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2
Thank you

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