TR5800 SDH

SDH Basics
Overview - Student Guide

TR5800
TR5800-SG.en.A4
Issue a
June 2000
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See notice on first page
SDH Basics TR5800-SG.en.A4 Issue a 1
1. Overview
File: Y:\archiv_mb\sdh\english\sdh_basics.fm
Modification date:June 2000
1.1 SDH Model
TUG-2
TUG22
TUG-2
TUG22
TUG-2
1.2 The Reasons for SDH
A homogeneous
transmission network
worldwide
comprehensive standardized
supervision functions interfaces
SDH
network management simplified add and drop

functions functions
1.3 Comparison PDH and SDH
PDH SDH
Own frame structure for each multiplex stage Same frame structure for all multiplex signals
Bit multiplexing Byte multiplexing
Clock matching with positive stuffing Clock matching with positive , zero and
(bit organized) negative stuffing (byte organized)
Access to the individual channel is only Access to the individual channel is possible
possible after the demultiplex action after evaluation of the pointer
No standardisation for bitrates higher than Standardisation for bitrates higher than
140 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s
1.4 Different views of SDH
functional signal-
view components
SDH
alarms
2. Transmission Rates
2.1 Plesiochronous Digital Hierachy
Europe
Japan
North America
4
139264
3
97728
transmission rate
in kbit/s
4 7
34368 44736
multiplex- 5
32064
factor
4
8448 4 4
6312 6312
2048 1544 1544
2.2 Synchronous Digital Hierachy

byte - multiplexing 4 byte - multiplexing
STM - 1
STM - 4
155.52 Mbit/s
STM - 1 622.08 Mbit/s
155.52 Mbit/s
STM - 4
STM - 1
622.08 Mbit/s
155.52 Mbit/s STM - 16
STM - 1
STM - 4 2.488 Gbit/s
155.52 Mbit/s
622.08 Mbit/s
STM - 4
622.08 Mbit/s
3. STM - frame - structure
3.1 STM-1 frame structur

270 bytes
9 bytes 261 bytes
AU-4
1 .. 3 RSOH
AU-4 Pointer
5 .. 9 MSOH
data
RSOH Regenerator Section Overhead

MSOH Multiplex Section Overhead
3.2 SDH Line Sections and und Overheads

TR (G.703)
(G.703) (G.703)
TR Mux Reg Mux Mux Mux TR
STM-N STM-1 STM-N

electrical
Regenerator
section
RSOH
Multiplex section Multiplex section Multiplex section
MSOH MSOH MSOH
Path
POH
TR: Tributaries, z.B.. 140 Mbit/s (PDH)

Mux: SDH Multiplexer
Reg: SDH Regenerator
3.3 MSOH and RSOH
Mux Reg
A multiplex section can consist ot several regenerator sections
Regenerator Therefore the SOH is divided into two parts:
section
RSOH
The Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) and the Regenerator

Section Overhead (RSOH).
Mux Reg Mux
Multiplex section
MSOH The MSOH can only be accessed at both terminal stations
The RSOH is evaluated at every terminal and regenerator station
3.4 Functions of the SOH
Quality-
supervision
Maintenance Frame-
functions alignment
SOH
Orderwire Line
channes protection
Data channels
3.5 The STM-1 Overhead

9 columns
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 C1 X1 X2
RSOH B1 X3 X4 E1 X5 X6 F1 X7 X8
D1 X9 X10 D2 X11 X12 D3 X13 X14
AU-Pointer H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
B2 B2 B2 K1 X15 X16 K2 X17 X18
D4 X19 X20 D5 X21 X22 D6 X23 X24
MSOH D7 X25 X26 D8 X27 X28 D9 X29 X30
D10 X31 X32 D1 X33 X34 D12 X35 X36
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 Z2 E2 X37 X38
SOH
3.6 The Section Overhead Bytes

Frame alignment, 6 Bytes per STM-1frame. (A1=11110110, A2 = 00101000).
A1,A2 Those Bytes are not scrambled, therefore the same amount of zeros and ones
STM - 1 identifier
Is used for internal numbering of the STM-1 signals during multiplexing them
C1 into a higher order STM-n. During demultiplexing the C1 byte is used to identify
the position of an STM-1 signal within an STM-N frame
Example of numbering STM-1 signals n a STM-4 :
STM-1 # MSB 87654321 LSB

1 00000001
2 00000010
3 00000011
4 00000100
B1 and B2 are used for calculating the transmission quality

B1,B2 B1: Regenerator section (BIP8, Bit Interleaved Parity 8, equal),
B2: Multiplex section (BIP24, Bit Interleaved Parity 24, equal).
E1 and E2 provide 2 order wire channels

E1,E2 E1: Regenerator section
E2: Multiplexer section.
F1 is reserved for user specific purposes .

F1
Data Communication Channels

D1...D12 D1 .. D3: DCCR, regenerator section,
D4 .. D12: DCCM, multiplex section.
These bytes are used for Automatic Protection Switching (APS),

K1,K2 Section-AIS und FERF identification. Byte K1 indicates the need for protection
switching. Byte K2 contains the switch code for protection switching,
Section-AIS / FERF. The values are set in accordance to ITU Recommendation
G.783.
Byte for indicating the clock quality

Z1(S1)
S1 Bits Bedeutung
0000 0000 quality unknown

0000 0010 clocksignal according to G811
0000 0100 clocksignal from transmission node according to G.812
0000 1000 clocksignal from local node according to G.812
0000 1011 internal clocksource of a synchronous netelement SETS
0000 1111 not used for synchronization(AIS,LOF,LOS)
0000 **** reserved
Z2 Byte for later international standardisation.
Bytes, reserved for future national or international standardisation

X...
Bytes B1, D1, .. , D12, E1, E2, F1, K1 and K2 are only defined
for the first STM-1
3.7 BIP-N Check
N blocks N blocks N blocks N blocks

Transmission line
Code- Code-
Gen. violation Gen.
Code word
Code word
Code word comparison
Error message
Transmitter Receiver
BIP-N coding : 1. Division of the frame into N blocks
2. Calculation of a codeword so that the parity-check of the N blocks

together with the codeword is even
BIP...Bit Interleaved Parity

Even parity... Numbers of all the bits “1” in a column is even
3.8 B1- and B2 - Generation
B1
Generation of B1 BIP - 8
Frame n Frame n Frame n Frame n+1
SOH
: Scrambling : BIP - N Generation
Generation of B2 BIP - 24
B2 B2 B2
Frame n Frame n Frame n Frame n+1
SOH
3.9 Section Overhead of the STM-4 signal

STM-1 #..
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 ...
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 C1 C1 C1 C1 X1 X2
RSOH
B1 X3 X4 E1 X5 X6 F1 X7 X8
D1 X9 X10 D2 X11 X12 D3 X12 X14
4x AU - Pointer
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 X15 X16 K2 X17 X18
D4 X19 X20 D5 X21 X22 D6 X23 X24

MSOH
D7 X25 X26 D8 X27 X28 D9 X29 X30
D10 X31 X32 D11 X33 X34 D12 X35 X36
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 E 2 X37 X38
Bytes which are reserved for future international use.
4. Mapping of Tributaries
4.1 Necessary space for PDH-signals
columns a 9
Signal real bitrate bits per STM-frame bytes per STM
byte im STM
1.5MBit/s 1544 KBit/s 193 Bit 24.125 Byte 3 column
2MBit/s 2048 kBit/s 256 Bit 32 Byte 4 column
6MBit/s 6312 kBit/s 789 Bit 98.625 Byte 11 column
4.2 Mapping of plesiochronous signals

theoretical capacity choosen division:
columns 3x45MBit/s 4x34MBit/s 65x 2MBit/s 3 x TUG-3 3x45MBit/s 3x34MBit/s 3x21x2MBit/s

260
VC4
4.3 SDH Multiplexstructure
C-4 VC-4 AU-4 x1 AUG x1 STM-1

140 Mbit/s
x3
x1
VC-3 TU-3 TUG-3 x3
x7
45 Mbit/s
C-3 VC-3 AU-3
34 Mbit/s
x1 x7
6 Mbit/s C-2 VC-2 TU-2 TUG-2
x3
2 Mbit/s C-12 VC-12 TU-12 x4
1.5 Mbit/s C-11 VC-11 TU-11
Tributaries Container Virtual Container Tributary Unit Tributary Unit Group Administrative Administrative Synchronous
Unit Unit Group Transport
Module
payload Container The basic data unit for mapping

the PDH signals. The PDH-signal is adapted to the
Container in frequency and phase
C
P
O C Virtual Container The POH is added to the container.
H
VC
Pointer
VC Tributary Unit A TU comprises a Virtual Container (VC) and a Pointer.

The Pointer adjusts the VC-signal to the higher
multiplexsignal and points to the VC.
TU
TU
TU
TU
Tributary Unit Group TU’s are multiplexed bytewise zu TUG’s
TUG
Pointer
VC - 4
Administrative Unit The AU Pointer compensates phase deviations
between STM - and VC - 4 .
AU
S
O AU Synchronous Transport Modul -1 is the base STM-signal consisting of
H AU - 4 and SOH.
STM-1
5. Pointer
5.1 Pointer tasks
- Position determination of the virtual container in the higher order frame
- Bit rate matching of the virtual container to the higher order frame
(positive or negative stuffing)
5.2 Pointer Types
AU-4 pointer VC-4 (140 Mbit/s) Adaption of the VC-x

AU Pointer to the respective AU-x
AU-3 pointer VC-3 (45 or 34 Mbit/s) frame (x=3 or 4)
Adaption of the VC-3

TU-3 Pointer TU-3 pointer VC-3 (45 or 34 Mbit/s)
to the VC-4
TU-11 pointer VC-11 (1.544 Mbit/s)

Adaption of the VC-1x
TU-1, TU-2 Pointer TU-12 pointer VC-12 (2.048 Mbit/s) and VC-2 to VC-3 or
VC-4 (x=1 or 2)
TU-2 pointer VC-2 (6.312 Mbit/s)
5.3 Principle Construction of the AU-x/ TU-3 Pointer
positive stuff
H1 H2 H3 location
negative stuff
location
Contents of H1 and H2:

- Pointer value
- New Data Flag (NDF)
- Information for stuffing
- Composition of the AU/ TU frame
Content of the H3 - byte:
- Pointer action byte (Used for information bytes in case of negative stuffing)
5.4 The AU-4 Pointer
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
negative stuff location

NNNNSSID IDIDIDID
VC 4
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2 C4
Y:1001SS11 H4
1: 11111111 Z3
Z4
Pointer adressing is possible only every 3 bytes ! Z5
5.5 Pointer- Coding

H1 H2
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
1 8 1 8
New Data Flag 10 bit pointer value
Bit 1 to 4 (H1): New Data Flag bits: Notification of a new pointer value
0110 = reset NFD (normal operation)
1001 = set NDF
Bit 5 and 6 (H1): SS - bits: Characteristic of the AU/TU - type
SS = 10: AU-4
SS = 01: AU-3
Bit 7, 8 (H1) and bit 1 to 8 (H2):
AU-4: 0...782
TU-3: 0...764
5.6 Adressing via the AU4-Pointer
782782
782
AU-Pointer 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2
STM1 87 87 87
782782
782
AU-Pointer 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2
87 87 87
5.7 Stuffing
1. positiv stuffing : bitrate of the container < bitrate of the frame
- there are less data received than can be transmitted in the frame
2. negative stuffing : bitrate des containers > bitrate of the frame
- there are more data received than can be transmitted in the frame
5.8 Positive stuffing

step 1: pointervalue n
empty
before stuffing
H1
H1 Y Y H2
HH2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
H1
step 2: The pointerval-

empty
ue is inverted in the
H1 H2
H1 Y Y HH2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 I-bits. The three bytes
following the H3-bytes
contain stuffing bits
n
step 3: The pointer has

empty the pointervalue n +1
H1
H1 Y Y H2
HH2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
n+1
5.9 Negative stuffing

step 1: pointervalue n
leer
before stuffing
H1
H1 Y Y H2
HH2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
H1
step 2: The pointerval-

info
ue is inverted in the
H1 H2
H1 Y Y HH2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 D-bits. H3 contains val-
id information
step 3: The pointer has

leer the pointervalue n -1
H1
H1 Y Y H2
HH2 1 1 H3 H3 H3
n-1
6. The VC - 4
6.1 The VC-4 frame

261 Bytes
J1
B3
C2
G1
9 Zeilen
140 Mbit/s oder

F2
TU strukturiert
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
POH
6.2 Tasks of the POH
Information
about
mapping
Quality- Information
supervision about syn-
of the VC chronisation
POH
Alarm
Maintenance information
6.3 Meaning of the Path Overhead Byte
VC-n Path trace: The J1 byte can be used to transmit a string of 16 bytes length,
J1 which is cyclic repeated. Byte number one contains the framealignment and the
checksum for the last 16 Path trace bytes
Byte B3 is used for the bit error supervision of the VC-n path
B3 (BIP8, Bit Interleaved Parity 8).
Signal label: Byte C2 contains information about the signals in the VC-4 (or VC-3).
In the case of an unequipped signal, it is set to "0".
C2 The remote end is thus signalled that the VC-npath has not been occupied on
purpose. Error messages are thus prevented.
Signal Label:indicates the kind of the payload

C2
.
Wert binär Hex Code Bedeutung

0000 0000 00H unequipped
0000 0001 01H equipped non specific
0000 0010 02H TUG Struktur
0000 0011 03H locked TU
0000 0100 04H Asynchronous Mapping 34MBit/s
0001 0010 12H Asynchronous Mapping 140MBit/s
0001 0011 13H ATM
0001 0100 14H MAN(DQDB)
0001 0101 15H FDDI
F2 64 kbit/s data-channel for the user
multiframe countingbyte, for mapping the 2MBit/s-signals.

H4 ( according to CCITT Rec. G.709 )
Z3...Z5 reserved bytes for future use.
G1 is used for transmitting VC-4 (3) status messages from the remote end
the transmitter.
G1 FEBE is used for recognizing block errors.P-FERF indicates, that a P-AIS
or LOP was received.
FEBE P-FERF
MSB LSB
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0000 0 error 0: Signal OK =0

: :
1000 8 error 1: Signal n. OK
1 0 0 1}
: 0 error
1111
6.4 Plesiochronous 140 Mbit/s signal in a VC-4

One of nine rows in a VC-4
1 1 12 Bytes
W 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I
X 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I
Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I
Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I Z 96 I
Y : RRRRRRRR W : I I I I I I I I I: Information Bit

R: fixed Stuff Bit
O: Overhead Bit
X : CRRRRROO Z : I I I I I I SR
S: Justification Opportunity Bit
C: Justification Control Bit
: Path Overhead
6.5 VC-4 with three TUG-3‘s

261 bytes
J1 H1 H1 H1
B3 H2 H2 H3
C2 H3 H3 H3 0 0 0 1 1 1
G1 85 85 85
F2
: fixed stuff H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
3* TUG-3
86 bytes
H1
H2
TUG-3 H3
7. The VC - 3
7.1 The VC-3 Frame

85 Bytes
J1
B3
C2
G1
9 Zeilen
45 Mbit/s oder
F2
34 Mbit/s
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
POH
7.2 Plesiochronous 34 Mbit/s signal in a VC - 3

84bytes
3 rows of 9
24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
1/3 POH
24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
8 8 8
C1 C2
8 8 8
J1 8 8 8 fixed stuff
information 8
B3 fixed fixed stuff
bits stuff
C2 8 8 8 fixed stuff fixed stuff information bits
S1 S2
= stuff opportunities
average ( bits / STM frame ) = 4296 bits / STM frame = 34368 kbit/s
7.3 Plesiochronous 45 Mbit/s Signal in a VC - 3

One of nine rows in a VC3
85 Bytes
POH 8R 8R 200 I 8R 8I 200 I 8R 8I 200 I
R R C I I I I I C C R R O O R S
C C R R R R R R
I: Information Bit
R: fixed Stuff Bit
O: Overhead Bit
S: stuff oportunity
C: stuff control bit
8. Mapping of 2Mbit/s signals into a STM
8.1 General requirements
1. Diffrent bitrates in the synchro-

nous hierachy require adjusting the
2,048 Mbit/s plesiochronous signals .
This is done by adding fixed stuff

TU-12 bytes
2,043 Mbit/s 2,304 Mbit/s 2. The different 2 Mbit/s signals
might have a slightly diffrent fre-
quency. For compensating this
2,051 Mbit/s frequency deviations, justification
bits are used
8.2 Adjusting a 2,048 MBit/s signal to the internal frequency
A 2.048 MBit/s plesiochronous datastream is completed with stuff bytes.

Two stuff bytes are inserted after every 32 bytes of the datastream
2Bytes 32 Bytes
2.048 MBit/s stuff-bytes
2 Bytes
B yte
e R
on
R
SDH Basics Version V 2.00 54
8.3 Stuffing and justification bits
32 Bytes (I)
8 R Bits
32 Bytes (I)
8 R Bits I : information Bit

C : stuff control bit
R : fixed stuff bit
C1C2 O O O O R R
O : overhead bits
S : stuffing bit
32 Bytes (I) 1) for future use
8 R Bits
C1C2 O O O O R R
stuffing control
32 Bytes (I)
C1 C1 C1 = 1 1 1 S1 = stuffing bit
C1 C1 C1 = 0 0 0 S1 = info bit
8 R Bits C2 C2 C2 = 1 1 1 S2 = stuffing bit
C1C2 O O O O R S1 C2 C2 C2 = 0 0 0 S2 = info bit
S2 I I I I I I I
31 Bytes (I)
8 R Bits
Modification date: 31.10.00
8.4 Creating a C12

1 Byte
The new created datastream is
splitted into parts of 136 bytes
32 Bytes
and filled with fixed stuff
2 Bytes
32 Bytes
2 Bytes 136 Bytes
32 Bytes
2 Bytes
B yte 32 Bytes
e
on
1 Byte
8.5 Creating a VC-12
Der V C-12
V5 VC-12 path overhead

8 R Bits
8 R Bits
J2
C1C2 O O O O R R
8 R Bits
Z6
C1C2 O O O O R R
8 R Bits
Z7
C1C2 O O O O R S1
S2 I I I I I I I
8 R Bits
140 Bytes / 500µs
8.6 The VC - 12 path overhead
V5
MSB LSB
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BIP-2 check far Signal Label far

even parity end end
block 000 unequipped receive
error 001 : equipped, not spec. failure
010 : Async., floating
011 : bit sync., floating
path trace... 100 : byte sync., floating
101 : equipped ( unused )
noch nicht 110 : equipped ( unused )
definiert 111 : equipped ( unused )
8.7 Creating a TU-12

The VC-12 is aligned to the V5
TU-12 frame VC-12
B ytes
140
V1
V2
fr ame
V5 -1 2
V3 TU
V4
V1 : Pointer 1
V1 V2 : Pointer 2
V3 : Pointer 3 (action)
V4 : Reserved
8.8 The TU-12

V1
V1 and V2 point to V5
/ 5 00 µs V5
B ytes V2 104
:144
105
...
-12 ..
110
TU V3 0 139
...
1,
3,2,
.
....
34
V4 35
.. V3: negative justification opportunity
... ng
ddr essi byte 35: positive justification opportunity
69 ra
V1 70
r pointe
V5 ..
. . . addre
ss f o
1 04
byte
105
. 110
....
V1 V2
definition: N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
in this case: 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
decimal: 110
N: new data flag I: increment bit D: decrement bit S: size bit: 0 0 TU-2
10 TU-12
11 TU-11
8.9 The TU-1x pointer values
1 V1 8 1 V2 8
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
New Data Flag Type 10 bit pointer values:

0110 - reset NDF 00:TU-2 0...427
1001 - set NDF 10:TU-12 0...139
11:TU-11 0...103
1 V3 8 1 V4 8
X X X X X X X X ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
negative stuff location reserved

next byte: posive stuff location
8.10 Multiplexing TU-12-> VC-4 - First Step
V1 general:
To transmit one TU-12 takes 500 µs
A VC-4 is transmitted in 125 µs

V5
Therefore, only 1/4 of a TU-12 can be transmitted in one

VC-4
V2
V3 261 bytes
J1
B3
C2
G1
9 rows F2 C-4
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
V4
VC-4 payload:
9 x 260 bytes = 2340 bytes / 125 µs
TU-12
144 bytes / 500 µs
8.11 Multiplexing TU-12-> VC-4 - Second Step
A TU-12 is splitted into 4 parts. Each part contains 36 Bytes and is

transmitted in 125 µs
261 bytes
V1 J1
B3
C2
G1
36 bytes 9 rows C-4
125 µs
F2
V5 H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
V2 J1
B3
C2
G1
36 bytes 9 rows
125 µs
F2 C-4
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
V3 J1
B3
C2
G1
36 bytes 9 rows
125 µs
F2 C-4
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
V4 J1
B3
C2
G1
36 bytes 9 rows F2 C-4
125 µs H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
8.12 Multiplexing TU-12 -> VC-4 - Third Step
Every 1/4th TU-12 ( 36 Bytes in 125 µs) is parted into 4 Rows with
9 Bytes each. (Adaption to the VC-4 )
VC-4
V1 V1 J1
B3
C2
G1
36 bytes
F2 C-4
125 µs
H4
V5 V5 Z3
Z4
Z5
36 bytes
125 µs
8.13 Multiplexing TU-12 -> VC-4 - FourthStep

The first 1/4 TU-12 is designated as Multiframe no. one by using the
H4-byte as Multiframe Indication (value of H4 for the first
VC-4 is 0)
H4 may contain the values 0,1,2,3 for indicating the four parts
of the TU-12
VC-4
V1 V1 J1
B3
C2
G1
36 bytes
F2 C-4
125 µs
H4
V5 V5 Z3
Z4
Z5
36 bytes
125 µs
Multiframe indication
H4 00 (frame 1)
01 (frame 2)
10 (frame 3)
11 (frame 4)
8.14 Mapping TU-12 in a TUG-3

#1 #2 #3
9
TU -12
4 12
# 1 # 2 #3 # 4 # 5 #6 # 7 # 8 #9 #19 #20 #21
TUG -2 #1 #2 #3 #7
N # 1 # 4 # 7 #10 #13 #16 #19 # 2 # 5 #18 #21

P
I
TUG -3 #1
86
8.15 Three TUG-3 in a VC-4

86 bytes 86 bytes 86 bytes
# 7 #10#13#16#19# 2 # 5 #18#21 #22#25#28#31#34#37#40#23#26 #39#42 #43#46#49#52#55#58#61#44#47 #60#63
N N
TUG -3 P TUG -3 P TUG -3
I I
#1 #2 #3
3 6 252 bytes
J1 # 1 #22#43# 4 #25#46# 7 #28#49#10#31#52#13#34 #21#42#63

N N N
B3
P P P
C2 I I I
G1
: fixed stuff
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
261 bytes
8.16 The TU-12 Pointer
J1 V1 V1
N X X
Multiframe
B3
Indication P X X
C2 I X X
G1
0
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
J1 V2 V2
N X X
B3 P X X
C2 I X X
G1
F2
1
H4
Z3
Z4
Z5
J1 V3 V3
N X X
B3
P X X
C2 I X X
G1
F2
H4
2 Z3 V5
Z4
Z5
J1 V4 V4
N X X
B3
P X X
C2 I X X
G1
F2
H4
Z3
3 Z4
Z5
9. Alarms
9.1 Multiplexing and Switching-levels
NE1 NE2 NE3 NE4
STM-N
VC4
VC12
C12
9.2 Alarms relating to the PDH-signal
LOS Loss of Signal

AIS Alarm Indication Signal
9.3 Lower Order Path Alarms
LO-AIS Alarm Indication Signal

LO-LOP Loss of Pointer (TU-Pointer)
LO-SLM Signal-Label Mismatch

LO-PTM Path-Trace Mismatch
UNEQ Unequipped Signal
LO-FERF Far End Receive Failure
9.4 Higher Order Path Alarms
HO-LOP Higher Order -

Loss of Pointer
LOM Loss of Multiframe
HO-PAIS Higher Order -

Alarm Indication Signal
HO-FERF Higher Order FERF
HO-SLM Unexpected Signal-Label

HO-PTM Path Trace mismatch
UNEQ Unequipped signal
9.5 STM-alarms
LOS Loss of Signal
LOF Loss of Frame
MS-AIS Multiplex Section AIS
MS-FERF Multiplex Section Far End

Receive Failure
MS-SD Multiplex Section

Signal Degrade
MS-EBER Multiplex Section-

Excessive Bit Error Rate
9.6 Consequent alarms

Higher Order Lower order
Section Path path Container
LOF/LOS
VC-3/4 path AIS

Sect. AIS
Multiplexer
Error B2 Type II
FERF
FERF MUX Typ III
ERROR B1
VC-3/4 path AIS VC-1/2/3 P-AIS
VC-3/4 LOP
VC-3/4 FERF
VC-3/4 FERF
ERROR B3
FEBE
FEBE
VC-2/3 MUX Typ I
P-AIS
AIS
VC-1/2/3 LOP
VC-1/2/3 FERF
VC-1/2/3 FERF
ERROR V5
FEBE
FEBE
9.7 Bit Error Supervision

B2 in MSOH, BIP - 24
B1 in RSOH, B1 in RSOH, B1 in RSOH,

BIP - 8 BIP - 8 BIP - 8
B2 B2
BIP STM - 16 R R STM - 16 BIP
- 24 - 24
B1, B1,
BIP - 8 BIP - 8
STM - 1 STM - 1
B3 in POH (VC-4), BIP - 8

VC-4 VC-4
1. and 2. bit of V5, BIP - 2

VC-12 VC-12
C-12 R = Regenerator C-12
10. Abbreviations
AIS Alarm Indication Signal

AU Administrative Unit
BIP Bit Interleaved Parity
CI Concatenation Indication
DCC Data Communication Channel
FEBE Far End Block Error
FERF Far End Receive Failure
FS Fixed Stuff / Stopfbits
LOF Loss of Frame
LOP Loss of Pointer / Lower Order Path
HOP Higher Order Path
MSOH Multiplex Section Overhead
MS-FERF Multiplex Section Far End Receive Failure
MS-AIS Multiplex Section - Alarm Indication Signal
OH Overhead
P-AIS Path AIS
POH Path Overhead
RSOH Regenerator Section Overhead
SOH Section Overhead

STM - 1 Synchronous Transport Module, 1. Stufe
TU Tributary Unit
TUG Tributary Unit Group
VC Virtual Container

TR5800 SDH

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SDH Basics

Overview - Student Guide

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

Copyright © 2000 Lucent Technologies

Lucent Technologies Network Systems GmbH

Support Telephone Number

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

1.1 SDH Model

1.2 The Reasons for SDH

network management simplified add and drop

1.3 Comparison PDH and SDH

Bit multiplexing Byte multiplexing

1.4 Different views of SDH

2.1 Plesiochronous Digital Hierachy

2.2 Synchronous Digital Hierachy

STM - 1 622.08 Mbit/s

3. STM - frame - structure

3.1 STM-1 frame structur

RSOH Regenerator Section Overhead

3.2 SDH Line Sections and und Overheads

TR Mux Reg Mux Mux Mux TR

STM-N STM-1 STM-N

TR: Tributaries, z.B.. 140 Mbit/s (PDH)

3.3 MSOH and RSOH

The Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) and the Regenerator

3.4 Functions of the SOH

3.5 The STM-1 Overhead

D1 X9 X10 D2 X11 X12 D3 X13 X14

B2 B2 B2 K1 X15 X16 K2 X17 X18

D4 X19 X20 D5 X21 X22 D6 X23 X24

MSOH D7 X25 X26 D8 X27 X28 D9 X29 X30

D10 X31 X32 D1 X33 X34 D12 X35 X36

3.6 The Section Overhead Bytes

Example of numbering STM-1 signals n a STM-4 :

STM-1 # MSB 87654321 LSB

B1 and B2 are used for calculating the transmission quality

E1 and E2 provide 2 order wire channels

F1 is reserved for user specific purposes .

Data Communication Channels

These bytes are used for Automatic Protection Switching (APS),

Byte for indicating the clock quality

0000 0000 quality unknown

Z2 Byte for later international standardisation.

Bytes, reserved for future national or international standardisation

3.7 BIP-N Check

N blocks N blocks N blocks N blocks

BIP-N coding : 1. Division of the frame into N blocks

2. Calculation of a codeword so that the parity-check of the N blocks

BIP...Bit Interleaved Parity

3.8 B1- and B2 - Generation

Frame n Frame n Frame n Frame n+1

3.9 Section Overhead of the STM-4 signal

D1 X9 X10 D2 X11 X12 D3 X12 X14

D4 X19 X20 D5 X21 X22 D6 X23 X24

D7 X25 X26 D8 X27 X28 D9 X29 X30

D10 X31 X32 D11 X33 X34 D12 X35 X36

Bytes which are reserved for future international use.

4.1 Necessary space for PDH-signals

4.2 Mapping of plesiochronous signals

columns 3x45MBit/s 4x34MBit/s 65x 2MBit/s 3 x TUG-3 3x45MBit/s 3x34MBit/s 3x21x2MBit/s

4.3 SDH Multiplexstructure

C-4 VC-4 AU-4 x1 AUG x1 STM-1

2 Mbit/s C-12 VC-12 TU-12 x4