MSTE

TRAFFIC SIGNS- Device mounted on a fixed support (permanent signs) or portable support
(temporary signs) whereby a specific message is conveyed by means of words or symbols
placed or erected for the purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding traffic.
REGULATORY SIGNS- signs that inform road users of the traffic laws and regulations
which is disregarded will constitute. Which is disregarded will constitute an offense.
SPECIAL INSTRUCTION SIGNS – sign that instruct road users to meet certain traffic rule
requirements on road condition.
WARNING SIGNS - signs which warn road users of condition on or adjacent to the road
maybe unexpected or hazardous.
ROADWORKS SIGNS- signs which warns or advise temporary hazardous conditions that
could endanger road users or the men and equipment engaged on roadworks.
OVERHEAD SIGNS- signs which provide means of displaying essential traffic information
on wide multi-lane roads, where some degree of lane use control is required or where side
of road clearance is insufficient to accommodate a road side sign.
GUIDE SIGNS- signs which inform and advise road users of directions, distances, routes
and location of services for road users and point of interest.
CHEVRON SIGNS- signs used to guide drivers through a change in a horizontal alignment
of the road
2.5 seconds – reaction time used for road safety design.
The purpose of installing edges lines is generally based on the following:
I. To discourage travel on road shoulders
II. To make driving safer and more assured particularly at night and during inclement
weather conditions.
III. To act as a guide past object which are close to the edge of the pavement and which
constitute a hazard.
IV. To prevent parking at or near intersections
The provisions of safety sight distance depend on the characteristics of the vehicle such as:
I. Type of vehicle- car and truck
II. Friction between the tire and the road
III. Eye height of the driver
IV. Speed of vehicles
The provisions of safety sight distance depend on the characteristics of the road
environment such as:
I. Road geometry- grade and curvature sight limitations
II. Road surface- sealed and unsealed, smooth and rough
III. Road illumination at night
IV. Road topography
1.5 min time for mixing of ingredients for a concrete cement road.
14 days days of final curing for a concrete cement pavement structure.
SURFACE ATTRITION abnormal surface wear, usually resulting from poor quality surface
mortar or coarse aggregate.
SURFACE POLISH loss of original texture due to the traffic action.
TRANSVERSE CRACKING cracks approximately at right angles to the pavement
centerline. these are caused by shrinkage or differential thermal stress of asphalt concrete
or maybe reflective cracks.
LONGITUDINAL CRACKING cracks approximately parallel to the pavement centerline.
These are caused by poorly constructed construction joints and shrinkage of asphalt
concrete surface.
RAVELING wearing way of the pavement surface caused by dislodging of aggregate
particles and binder. This is usually a result of insufficient asphalt binder in the mix or
stripping of asphalt from particles of aggregate.
DRIP TRACK RAVELING progressive disintegration of the surface between the wheel paths
caused by dripping of gasoline or oil from vehicles.
BLEEDING OR FLUSHING the extruding of bitumen onto the pavement surface, causing a
reduction in skid resistance. Generally caused by excessive amounts of asphalt in the mix
or low air voids content. Occurs when asphalt fills the voids in the mix during hot weather
and then exudes out onto the surface of the pavement.
FAULTING elevation differences between adjacent slabs at transverse joints. Usually, the
result of pumping and is a major source of Portland cement pavement structure.
BLOWUPS localized upward buckling and shattering of the slabs at transverse joint or
cracks. They can occur when transverse joints are filled with incompressible solid
materials.
JOINT SPALLING breakdown or disintegration of slab edges at joints or cracks usually
resulting in the loss of sound concrete and the progressive widening of joint or crack.
ALLIGATOR CRACKING series of interconnected or interlaced cracks caused by fatigue
failure of the asphalt concrete surface under repeated traffic loading.
BLOCK CRACKING cracks forming large interconnected polygons, usually with sharp
corners or angle. These cracks are generally caused by hardening and shrinkage of the
asphalt and or reflection cracking from underlying layers such as cement-treated base.
OCTAGON Standard sign shape for STOP sign.
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE Standard sign shape for GIVE WAY sign.
CIRCLE Standard sign shape for regulatory signs.
CIRCLE Standard sign shape for additional information.
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE Standard sign shape for warning signs.
RECTANGLE Standard sign shape for directional signs, roadwork signs, signs for special
purposes, and supplementary plates for warning signs.
RECTANGLE Standard sign shape for facility information signs, instruction signs, guide
signs and destinations of point of interest.
PENTAGON Standard sign shape for pedestrian and school crossing sign.
0.15m -0.40m The PPA (Philippine Ports Authority) requires that water level that
guarantees about water depth for safety of the ships berthing on a certain ports and
harbor, below the mean lower low water should be equal to:
MLLW The datum line for design of port facilities in accordance with charts which being
used by Philippine Ports Authority.
80 to 90 kph The speed limit appropriate on lower standard expressways.
2000 vph Ideal capacity of a road is:
SAFETY It refers to the physical or environmental conditions of work or employment, which
substantially comply with the provisions of this Standards.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH deals with all aspects of health and safety in the
workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards.
BARRIERS- Highway appurtenances designed to prevent vehicular penetration from the
travel way to areas behind the barrier such as to minimize damage to impacting vehicles
and their occupants, and to reduce the risk of injuries to pedestrians and workers.
FLASHING LAMPS- Warning devices used to supplement other controls and devices
necessary to alert motorists of construction and maintenance activities or obstructions in
the roadway.
DELINEATORS- Light retro-reflecting devices mounted at the side of the roadway, in series,
to indicate the roadway alignment.
TRAFFIC CONES- Devices which may be conical in shape or tubular shaped capable of
performing channelization of traffic which may be set on the surface of the roadway or
rigidly attached for continued use.
TEMPORARY CURBING- Roadwork devices consisting of precast concrete sections,
sandbag and others which may be used to guide traffic at the construction site.
BOLLARD- Device used in place of rigid cones with a minimum of 450 mm by 50 mm wide
with alternate bands of contrasting color as seen by approaching traffic for delineation of
traffic.
ROAD MARKERS Means any traffic control device marked on the surface of the
carriageway used to regulate traffic or to warn or guide road users.
RISK ASSESSMENT Looking at the possibility of injury or harm occurring to a person if
exposed to a hazard.
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Recognizing of things which may cause injury or harm to a
person.
RISK CONTROL Introduction of measures which will eliminate or reduce the risk of a
person being exposed to a hazard.
RULE 1080 Rule is the guidelines regarding Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
CURING COMPOUND It is an impervious membrane applied to concrete pavement before
its initial setting that prevents rapid evaporation of water from the mix.
CURING It is a construction operation that concrete should be protected so that moisture is
not lost during the early stages of hydration and also protect against injury from
subsequent construction activities.
GROUT A mixture of cementitious materials and water, with or without aggregate,
proportioned to produce a creamy consistency.
DENSITY It is defined as the number of vehicles per unit distance occupying a section of
roadway at a given instant time.
TRAFFIC VOLUME The number of vehicles moving in a specified direction on a given lane
or roadway that pass a given point during specified unit time.
TRAFFIC CAPACITY The ability of a roadway to accomodate traffic volume. It is expressed
as the maximum number of vehicle in a lane or a road that can pass a given point in unit
time.
BASIC CAPACITY The maximum number of passenger cars that can pass a given point on
a lane or roadway during one hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic
conditions which can possibly be attained.
POSSIBLE CAPACITY The maximum number of passenger cars that can pass a given point
on a lane or roadway during one hour under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.
PRACTICAL CAPACITY The maximum number of passenger cars that can pass a given
point on a lane or roadway during one hour without traffic density being so great as to
cause unreasonable delay, hazard, or restrictions to the driver’s freedom to maneuver
under traffic conditions.
SLUMP TEST It is a kind of test that determines the consistency of concrete.
CONSISTENCY A general term relating to the character of a mix with respect to its fluidity.
ADMIXTURE Material other than the basic ingredient of concrete mix immediately before
or during mixing to modify one or more of the specific properties of concrete in the fresh
hardened states.
WORKABILITY It refers to how easily freshly mixed concrete can be placed, consolidated
and finished with minimal loss of homogeneity.
HAZARD It is anything that can cause harm.
RISK It is the probability of harm actually being done.
UNSAFE ACT It is a violation of an accepted safe procedure which could permit the
occurrence of an accident.
UNSAFE CONDITION Hazardous physical condition or circumstance which could directly
permit the occurrence of an accident.
The warrant for the use of safety barriers can be established considering
I. Fore slope of back slope steepness and height
II. Unforgiving hazards within the clear zone
III. Water hazards within the clear zone
3 WORDS OR LESS Messages when painted to pavement is limited to.
Four types of pavement and curb markings
1. Longitudinal lines
2. Transverse lines
3. Other lines
4. Other markings
The design of overtaking lanes and climbing lanes requires the consideration of the
following:
1. Initial diverge taper
2. Auxiliary lane taper
3. End or merge taper
WHARF A continuous structure built parallel to along the margin of the sea or alongside
riverbank, canals or waterways where vessels may lie alongside to receive or discharge
cargo, embank or disembark passengers or lie at rest.
Minimum K value sag should be selected on the basis of three controlling factors
1. Sight distance is a requirement in all situations for driver safety.
2. Appearance is generally required in low fill and flat topography situations
3. Riding comfort is a general requirement with specific need on approaches to a
floodway where the length of depression needs to be minimized.
DEEP WATER WAVE wave at a point where the water depth is equal to ½ of the
wavelength or greater to be express in terms of the parameters of the significant wave.
Planed water depth is considered as follows (for a ship with draft 7.5m)
standard water depth of berth for the ship (-7.5m) + design low tide (-0.35m) = -7.85
EXPANSION JOINT Joints placed in concrete pavements, which are usually placed
transversely, at regular intervals, to provide adequate expansion space for the slab to
expand when the pavement is subjected to an increase in temperature.
CONTRACTION JOINT Joints placed in concrete pavements, which are usually placed
transversely regular intervals across the width of the pavement to release some of the
tensile stresses that are due to a decrease in temperature.
CONSTRUCTION JOINT Joints placed in concrete pavements, which are usually placed
transversely across the pavement width to provide suitable transition between concrete
placed at different times or on different days.
TRANSVERSE JOINT Joints placed in concrete pavements at right angles to the center line
of the pavement
RUBLE STRIPS It is a type of thermoplastic lane marking designed to aid and provide
motorist with visual, audio, and warning on the road.
DIAGONAL MARKING Markings which are placed on sealed shoulders or other sealed
portion of the road where traffic is not desired. The spacing between bars is generally 6
meters.
RIGGING It is the process where a load is prepared for lifting using a lifting machine. The
main part of this process is the tying up of the load with sling and other connecting devices
so that the load could be hooked onto a crane.
DEMOLITION Complete or partial dismantling of a building or structure by pre-planned
and controlled methods or procedures.
SCAFFOLD Any temporary elevated platform used for supporting employees or materials or
both in the course of any construction works.
PLAIN CONCRETE PAVEMENT A type of rigid pavement which has no temperature steel or
dowels for the load transfer.
SIMPLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT A type of rigid pavement having dowels
for the transfer of traffic loads across joints.
CONTINOUSLY RC PAVEMENT A type of rigid pavement which has no transverse joints,
except construction joints or expansion joint when they are necessary at specific positions
such as at bridges.
ROUGHNESS The measurement of the extent to which a road surface deviates from the
plane
DISTRESS condition of a pavement in terms of its general appearance.
DEFLECTION structural adequacy of the pavement section.
SKID RESISTANCE Describes the effectiveness of a pavement to prevent or reduce skid
related crashes.
2000-2800 Capacity for two-lane highways ranges from _____________ passenger car
equivalents per hour.
SUBGRADE The layer of the pavement which finally carries the load from the road.
BASE The top surface of a road structure which receives the traffic load and transfer it to
the subgrade.
SUBBASE Part of road structure which is immediately above the sub-grade and composed
of stone boulders or superior soil.
TACK COAT An application of hot bitumen material given to the old surface to provide
adhesion to the old and new road surface.
PRIME COAT A layer of stone chippings coat laid over a hot bitumen to make the surface
waterproof.
SEAL COAT A very thin surface applied over a bituminous pavement to make it
impervious.

SEC
CREEP-when a material has to support a load for a long period of time, what causes it to
continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs
FATIIGUE. When a material is subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain, what causes
its structure to breakdown ultimately leading to fracture
YIELDING -I material breaks down and deforms permanently even due to slight increase in
stress above the elastic limit.
SHRINKAGE- occurs as concrete hardens, being greater in wet mixes. Curing helps to limit
effects and therefore concrete is the actual structure should be thoroughly and
continuously moistened for some considerable period after placing.
MAXIMUM EXPECTED TIME- of all paths through the network
CURING- construction operation that concrete should be protected so that moisture is not
lost during the early stages of hardening, and it should be kept at a temperature that will
promote hydration and also protect against injury from subsequent construction activities.
REST EARTH PRESSURE Lateral earth pressure when the wall is at rest or is at static
condition.
SHEAR Soil derives its strength from its capacity to resist.
TOUGHNESS The ability of the material to absorb energy in the plastic range.
TOUGHNESS the ability of the material to deform in plastic range without breaking.
RESILIENCE The ability of the material to absorb energy in the elastic range.
DUCTILITY Ability of the material to deform in the plastic range without breaking.
CENTER OF RIGIDITY point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied
lateral force acts.
CENTER OF MASS The point on a structure where the resultant vertical force acts.
ECCENTRICITY the distance between the center of mass and center of rigidity.
POISSON’S RATIO The ratio of the lateral strain to longitudinal strain

DUCTILITY The ability of a material to undergo plastic deformation without failure under
high tensile stresses.
HARDNESS A measurement of the resistance of a material to deformation, indentation, or
scratching, and can be used to verify the ultimate strength of structural steels after heat
treatment.
RESILIENCE The ability of a material to absorb or store energy without permanent
deformation.
ELASTIC LIMIT The limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its original
shape when the load is removed.
ELASTIC LIMIT the greatest stress that can be applied to an elastic body without causing
permanent deformation.
CONCURRENT If three Non-parallel forces hold a rigid body in equilibrium, they must
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT The point in the stress-strain test at which the material will have
an appreciable elongation without any increase of load.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY The constant of proportionality in the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram

MODULUS OF RESILIENCE The area under the entire stress-strain curve

GROUND DISPLACEMENT- measured by seismometer
INVERSE STIFFNESS flexibility of structural system
YIELDING the stress point where the material will have appreciable deform when small
amount of stress is experienced.

HGE
HYDRAULIC JUMP A type of shock where the flow undergoes a sudden transition from
swift flow to tranquil flow.
VISCOSITY A fluid property that measures the fluid’s resistance to shear stress
0.5 The vena contracta of a circular orifice is approximately ___ diameter downstream from
the inner face of the orifice plate:
NEUTRAL EQUILIBRIUM When the ship’s metacenter and center of gravity coincide at
same point then the vessel is said to be in:
SURFACE TENSION A force within the surface layer of a liquid that causes the layer to
behave as an elastic sheet
SIEVE ANALYSIS A practice of procedure used to assess the particle size distribution (also
called gradation) of granular materials. The size distribution is often of critical importance
to the way the material performs in use.
TURBULENT FLOW When the path lines of the individual particles of a flowing liquid are
irregular curves and continually cross each other and form a complicated network, the flow
is called:
STEADY FLOW Type of flow where the flow rate does not change over time.
UNIFORM FLOW Type of flow where the mean velocity of flow for a given length or reach is
the same at every cross section.
LAMINAR FLOW Uninterrupted flow in a fluid near a solid boundary in which the direction
of flow at every point remains constant:
CONTINOUS FLOW Type of flow where at any time, the discharge or flow rate at every
section of the stream is the same.
CRITICAL FLOW Type of flow in which, for a fixed rate of flow, the specific energy is
minimum.
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW Type of flow in which the density of the fluid is constant from
one point to another.
ROTATIONAL FLOW Type of flow in which the fluid particles rotate about their own axis
while flowing along the streamlines.
PASCALS Pressure exerted onto a liquid is transmitted equally and undiminished to all
portions of the liquid.
BERNOULLI In any stream flowing steadily without friction the total energy contained is
the same at every point in its path of flow.
WATER HAMMER pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop
or change direction suddenly (momentum change)
HYDRAULIC GRADIENT line joining the points of highest elevation of water in series of
vertical open pipes rising from a pipeline in which water flows under pressure.
ARCHIMEDES states the law of buoyancy.
DEGREE OF SATURATION ratio between the volume of water and the volume of voids
POROSITY ratio between the volume of voids and the volume of the soil mass.
MOISTURE CONTENT ratio between the weight of water and weight of solid particles
COHESION component of rock or soil is independent of interparticle friction
LIQUEFACTION phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by
earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.
EFFECTIVE STRESS pile of sand keeps from spreading out like a liquid because the
weight of the sand keeps the grains stuck together in their current arrangement, mostly out
of static friction. Weight and pressure is called-
SOIL COMPONENTS Organic materials, minerals
SIEVE ANALYSIS or GRADATION practice or procedure used to assess the particle size
distribution of granular material
GRAVEL soil grain greater than 4.75mm but less than 75mm
AFFECTS THE SETTLEMENT OF A FOOTING location of GWT, depth of backfill, soil
plasticity
DECREASING if the ground water table in the soil formation rises as a resulting of flooding
the bearing capacity of the soil is-
AFFECTS THE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SUPPORTING SOIL depth of founding of
footings, position of GWT, unit weight of soil
0.074 largest grain that passes a no. 200 sieve in mm.
1 to 2 NSCP provides that the slope of cut surfaces of the ground shall be no steeper than
is safer for the intended use and shall be no steeper than-
40 Fraction of soils passing used in Atterberg limit test soils