STANI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

PHAGI - JAIPUR
LECTURE PLAN FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 20___-___

BRANCH: Engineering chemistry YEAR/ SEMESTER: I year I Semester

SUBJECT: Chemistry
TEACH METHODOLOGY: Lecture / O.H.P/ LCD/ Case Study/ Role Play / Any Other
TOPIC: water LT NO.: 1
FACULTY NAME: Om Prakash Chaudhary, Associate prof. Department of Chemistry
1. INTRODUCTION:
Water (chemical formula H2O) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly
colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of
all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent).
 It is vital for all known forms of life, despite providing neither food, energy, nor
organic micronutrients.
 Its chemical formula, H2O, indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and
two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. 
 The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°
 Water is also the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard temperature and pressure.
 Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans (about 96.5%).

2. IMPORTANT EXPLANATION:
Because water becomes contaminated by the substances with which it comes into contact, it is not
available for use in its pure state. To some degree, water can dissolve every naturally occurring
substance on the earth. Because of this property, water has been termed a "universal solvent."
Although beneficial to mankind, the solvency power of water can pose a major threat to industrial
equipment.

2.1. Impurities of water

Water impurities include -
a) Suspended impurities
b) Colloidal impurities
c) Dissolved impurities
d) Pathogenic impurities

a) Suspended impurities-
 These are suspended solid that are not completely soluble in water and are present as
particle.
 These particle usually impart visible turbidity to the water.
 They cause the water to become muddy.
 Suspended impurities are two types :-
1) Inorganic suspended impurities – Impurities which are inorganic in nature is called
inorganic suspended impurities.
Examples - Sand, mud, clay etc.
 2) Organic suspended impurities – Impurities which are organic in nature is called organic
suspended impurities.
Examples - Dead animals, plants, oils etc.

b) Colloidal impurities-
 Colloidal impurities are those impurities which are colloidal in nature are called colloidal
impurities.
 These impurities are not seen by naked eyes.
 It makes the water impure /nonpure /undrinkable.
 Examples :- Fumic acid, Al(OH)3 , Fe(OH)3 , finally devided silica, Clay, amino acid etc.

c) Dissolved impurities-
Impurities which are dissolved in condition and can't seen with naked eyes are called
Dissolved impurities.
Examples-
1) Organic salts like Cations (K+, Na+, Ca+², Mg+², Al+³, Fe+³, Cu+², Zn+² etc.) And
Anions (HCO³- , Cl- , No² ,SO4 etc. )
2) Dissolved gas like CO2, O2, NH3, SO2, H2S, etc.
3) Dissolved organic matter like Urea , Pesticides (industrial wastes) etc.
d) Pathogenic impurities-
Impurities which cause human disease is known as pathogenic impurities.
Examples – Bacteria, Virus, Mycoplasma, Algae, Fungi etc.

3. IMPORTANT EXAMPLES WITH SOLUTION:

Q1. What are the effect of suspended impurities?
Ans: *Make water turbid
*Provide colour
*produce bad smell, due to the decaying dead animal and plant.
Q2. What are the effect of dissolved impurities?
Ans: *It makes hard water because in the presence of calcium and magnesium ions.
*Makes water corrosive in nature. Because CO², NH³, SO², H2S react with water and form
their respective acid that’s why it provide corrosive medium to the water.

4. SUMMARY:
 Common impurities of water

Suspended impurities Colloidal impurities

Ex.- Fumic acid, Al(OH)3,
Fe(OH)3, finally divided silica,
Inorganic Organic amino acid etc.
suspended suspended
impurities impurities
Ex.- sand,mud, Ex. – Dead animal,
Clay etc. plant, oil etc.

Dissolved impurities

Organic salt Dissolved gas Dissolved

Ex.- Co2,O2,NH3, Ex. - organic matter
SO2,H2S etc. Urea, pesticide,
Cations Anoins industrial wastes etc.
K+,Na+,Ca+, HCO3-,Cl-,
Mg2+,Al3+, NO2,SO4,
Fe2+,Cu2+, etc.
Zn2+ etc.

Pathogenic impurities
Ex.- Bacteria, Virus,
mycoplasma, Fungi, Algae etc.
5. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:
Q. 1. Briefly explain Dissolved impurities.
Q. 2. What are the consequences of pathogenic impurities.
6. REFEREMCES:

1. "Water Q&A: Why is water the "universal solvent"?". Water Science School. United States
Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 20 June 2019. Archived from the
original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
2. ^ "10.2: Hybrid Orbitals in Water". Chemistry LibreTexts. 18 March 2020. Archived from
the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
3. Engineering chemistry book by S.K. jain , K.D. gupta.

INTERNET: - Wikipedia, LearnchemE

7. FACULTY NAME: Omprakash Chaudhary
8. VERIFIED BY HOD: