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Digital Image Forgery

Detection

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Presentation Division

Forgery Region
Introduction Conclusion
Detection Duplication

 Digital Image  High Precision  Discrete  Results

Forgery Rotation Angle Cosine  Future Works
Detection Estimation For Transform  References
 Types of Copy Move.  Walsh
Forgery  Explaination Transform
 Rotation Angle
 Forgery  Hybrid
Calculation
Detection Wavelet
 Variance
Mechanisms Estimation
Transform
 Algorithm
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Digital Image Forgery Detection

 Alteration of the semantic components of a digital

image.
 Removing Contents from the image
 Adding Data to the image
 Types of Forgery
 Image Retouching
 Image Splicing (Copy-Paste)
 Image Cloning (Copy-Move)
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Image Retouching

 One of the oldest types of image forgery

 Image features are tampered with.
 Used to enhance or reduce digital image features.
 Considered less dangerous type of image forgery.

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Image Splicing (Copy-Paste)

 Fragments of 2 or more images are combined to form an image.

 This operation is fundamental in digital photo montaging and in turn is a
mechanism for image forgery creation.
 Image splicing technique may change the visual message of digital images
more aggressively than image retouching.

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Image Cloning (Copy-Move)

 Considered as a special case of image splicing, where the tampering occurs

within a single image and no need for multiple images.
 Part of the image is copied and then pasted in a desired location within the
same image.
 The purpose of such tampering is to duplicate or conceal a certain object in
that image.

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Image Cloning

 Blurring is usually used to reduce the expected irregularity along the border
of the pasted regions.
 The similarity of texture, color, noise and other information inside the image
make it very difficult to detect this kind of tampering via visual inspection.
 Moreover, performing of post-processing operations such as blurring, adding
noise and JPEG compression or geometric operations such as scaling, shifting
and rotation increase the hardness of detection task.

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Forgery Detection Mechanisms
 Can be Classified into Two Types
 Active Methods
 Passive Methods
 Active Methods
 Hidden Information inside the Digital Image.
 Done at the time of Data Acquisition or before disseminated
to the public.
 Embedded information can be used to identify the source of
such image or to detect possible modification to that image.

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Forgery Detection Mechanisms
(Active Methods)
 Two Major Types
 Digital Signature
 Digital Watermarking

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Forgery Detection Mechanisms
(Passive Methods)
 Use traces left by the processing steps in different phases of acquisition and
storage of digital images.
 These traces can be treated as a fingerprint of the image source device.
 Passive methods work in the absence of protecting techniques.
 They do not use any pre-image distribution information inserted into digital
image.
 They work by analyzing the binary information of digital image in order to
detect forgery traces, if any
 Limitation is the number of false positives.

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High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for
Rotated Images

 Paper addresses the detection of “copy-move”(cloning) technique

 As discussed before cloning detection becomes harder when the forger uses
geometric alterations like scaling, rotation & shifting.
 Particularly addresses the Rotation transformation.
 This paper proposes a novel blind image rotation detection algorithm with
high precision rotation angle estimation

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 High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for
Rotated Images

𝑖 ′ = 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑗 ′ = 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
I= Original image
I’=Intermediate Image
I”= Rotated Image

𝑁 𝑁
" ′ ′ ′ ′
𝐼𝑠,𝑡 = 𝜑(𝑖𝑠,𝑡 + 𝑛, 𝑗𝑠,𝑡 + 𝑚 )𝑰′(𝑖𝑠,𝑡 + 𝑛, 𝑗𝑠,𝑡 +𝑚
𝑛=−𝑁 𝑚=−𝑁

 S, t=pixel coordinates in the rotated image I.

 𝜑 = weighted value.
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 High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for
Rotated Images

𝛼 2 = (pcosθ − 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟(𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + 𝑅)2

𝛽 2 = (𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑛θ − 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟(𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + 𝑆)2
R and S are constant(translation)

 α = horizontal distance rotated image I′′ & intermediate image I′

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 β = vertical distance.
High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for
Rotated Images

𝑉𝑎𝑟 𝑋 = 𝐸[ 𝑋 − 𝜇 2 ]
𝑉𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏𝑌 = 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎𝑟 𝑋 + 𝑏2 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑌)
𝑁 𝑁
" ′ ′ ′ ′
𝐼𝑠,𝑡 = 𝜑(𝑖𝑠,𝑡 + 𝑛, 𝑗𝑠,𝑡 + 𝑚 )𝑰′(𝑖𝑠,𝑡 + 𝑛, 𝑗𝑠,𝑡 +𝑚
𝑛=−𝑁 𝑚=−𝑁

For a single pixel, we have:

1 1
" ′ ′ ′ ′
𝐼𝑠,𝑡 ≈ 𝜑(𝑖𝑠,𝑡 + 𝑛, 𝑗𝑠,𝑡 + 𝑚 )𝑰′(𝑖𝑠,𝑡 + 𝑛, 𝑗𝑠,𝑡 +𝑚
𝑛=0 𝑚=0

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High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for
Rotated Images

 Plot of horizontal distance vector and  Plot of peak frequency of distance vector
𝛼 2 against all 𝜃 𝜖 [00 − 450 ]. Frequency is
its spectrum at 𝜃 = 300 . normalized to [0,1].
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High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for
Rotated Images

 Algorithm of the approach 17

High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for
Rotated Images

Resolution Total Images Correct Images Correct Rate

10 500 486 97.2%
0.80 500 480 96.0%
0.60 500 471 94.2%
0.40 500 459 91.8%
0.20 500 438 87.6%

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High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for
Rotated Images

 Experiment results. 1st column: three images rotated at 50 , 250 , 450 respectively;
2nd column: theoretical pixel variance spectrum for the rotated images; 3rd19
column: actual pixel variance spectrum for the rotated images.
High Precision Rotation Angle Estimation for
Rotated Images

 Conclusion
 In this paper, propose a blind image rotation angle estimation
method is proposed by exploring the periodicity of pixel variance
of rotated images.
 Experiment results show that this method works well for rotation
angles larger than 50 , but not as good for smaller rotation angles.
 The method can be used in areas like copy-paste image forgery
detection. In the future, the author plans to modify the algorithm
to improve the correct rate of small rotation angle estimation.

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Region Duplication Forgery Detection
using Hybrid Wavelet Transforms

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Region Duplication Forgery Detection using
Hybrid Wavelet Transforms
Discrete Cosine Transforms
 Starts by dividing the M×N suspicious image into small overlapping blocks.
 This step is achieved by sliding a window of size B×B from the upper left
corner to the lower right corner one pixel each time.
 The quantized DCT coefficients are extracted from each block and used to
represent the features of these blocks.
 The quantized DCT coefficients are stored as one row in a matrix A of (M-B+1)
× (N-B+1) rows and B× B columns, where B× B is the block size.
 Two identical rows in the matrix A, correspond to two identical blocks in the
suspicious image.

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Region Duplication Forgery Detection
using Hybrid Wavelet Transforms
Hadamard Walsh Transforms

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The Product of a Boolean Function and a Walsh Matrix is a Walsh Spectrum
Region Duplication Forgery Detection
using Hybrid Wavelet Transforms

 Example of Copy-Move Forgery, (a) Original Image (b) Forged Image

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Thank you

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