NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MATERIAL

Unit Operation

COURSE CODE PE-2104

NAME Muhammad Shehroz Tariq

REGISTRATION NO. 21-NTU-PE-1024

SEMESTER 3rd

DEPARTMENT Polymer Engineering

SUBMITTED TO Mr. Muzammil

DATE OF 18th October, 2022

SUBMISSION
Lab Report No. 1

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Table of Contents
Objective: ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Abstract: .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction: .................................................................................................................................... 3
......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Working Principle: .......................................................................................................................... 4
Instruments:..................................................................................................................................... 4
Procedure: ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Observations and Calculations:....................................................................................................... 5
Graph: ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Result: ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Discussion: ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Conclusion: ..................................................................................................................................... 7

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 Experiment No 1

Objective:
To determine the effect of flow rates of both fluid on basis of efficiency of 1-2 shell and tube heat
exchanger.

Abstract:
Enhancing the heat transfer rate is an important factor in a heat exchanger. There are various heat
losses because of convection, conduction and radiation from the fluid to the atmosphere or to the
construction material which reduces the performance of a heat exchanger. This report focuses on
developing a model for energy balance accounting the various energy losses based on experimental
results. The effect of various parameters like mass flow rate, inlet temperature on the overall heat
transfer rate is studied. Based on the results obtained from the model developed parameters are
optimized for better performance.

Introduction:
Heat exchangers are common systems of heat transfer and they have widespread applications in
industry. A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between a solid object and a fluid, or
between two or more fluids. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they
may be in direct contact. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning,
power stations, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural-gas
processing, and many other areas. There are several different types of heat exchanger including
shell-and-tube, double-pipe, plate-and-frame types and many more.

Figure 1shell and heat tube

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Working Principle:
A shell and tube exchanger consists of a number of tubes mounted inside a cylindrical shell. Figure
illustrates a typical unit that may be found in a any plant. Two fluids can exchange heat, one fluid
flows over the outside of the tubes while the second fluid flows through the tubes.

Two fluids, of different starting temperatures, flow through the heat exchanger. One flows through
the tubes (the tube side) and the other flows outside the tubes but inside the shell (the shell side).
Heat is transferred from one fluid to the other through the tube walls, either from tube side to shell
side or vice versa. The fluids can be either liquids or gases on either the shell or the tube side. In
order to transfer heat efficiently, a large heat transfer area should be used, leading to the use of
many tubes. In this way, waste heat can be put to use. This is an efficient way to conserve energy.

Instruments:
 Shell and tube heat exchange
 Water geyser

Procedure:
First of all turn on the geyser after checking the hot water level it must more than half in order to
provide continuous flow for the experiment. Now set the temperature to 60 C and wait till the
temperature of the tank reaches 60 C . Now set the specific flow rate of the cold water from cold
water rotameter. Now start the hot water supply, also open the rotameter of the hot water and set
the flow rate. Now note the volumetric flow rate of the cold water and also note the temperature
of the inlet water and outlet water. Repeat the experiment with different flow rates of hot and cold
water calculate the heat gained by the cold water by formula:

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆T
Then calculate the heat loss by the hot water

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 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆T
Calculate efficiency of 1-2 shell and tube heat exchanger by
𝑄𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇(𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑)
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100
QCp∆T(hot)

Observations and Calculations:

Hot water (Constant)
Sr No Cold water Inlet temp Out let Mass flow ∆𝑇
flow rate C temp rate
(l/min) C Kg/min

1 2 37 58 120 21
2 3 35 52 180 17
3 4 35 49 240 14
4 5 33 46 300 11

Cold water (Constant)

Sr No Hot water Inlet temp Out let Mass flow ∆𝑇
flow rate C temp rate
(l/min) C Kg/min
1 76 76 53 120 23
2 74 74 54 180 20
3 63 68 61 240 17
4 62 62 55 300 14

Derived Results
Sr No Heat gained by the Heat Lost By the Efficiency
Water(kJ) water (kJ) %

1 10584 11592 91
2 12852 15120 85
3 14112 17136 82
4 13860 17640 78

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Graph:

Result:
The common efficiency calculated is 84% eat canned by water is 12852 heat lost.

Discussion:
The first objective in conducting this experiment was to evaluate and study the performance of the
shell and tube heat exchanger at various operating conditions. The exchangers actually made up
of a number of tubes in parallel through which one fluid travels and enclosed in a shell through
which the other fluid is conducted.. Battles are usually installed to increase the coefficient of thc
shell—side fluid by inducing turbulence and cross—flow velocity component.
In addition, the baffles physically support the tubes, reducing flow—induced tube vibration. The
versatility and widespread use of this equipment has given rise to the development of industry
wide standards. Baffle pitch normally starts from 0.2 until 1.0 times the inside diameter of the
shell. Both the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop depend 0n the baffle pitch, so that its
selection is pint of the optimization of the heat exchanger. Process fluid streams may contain
suspended matters or dissolved solids.

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Conclusion:
I conclude from this experiment that the heat lost in the hot water is almost equivalent to heat
gained in the cold water .The graph shows that by increasing the flow rate efficiency decreases
respectively
Experiments were conducted on a 1-2 Shell and Tube heat exchanger with different cold side flow
rates and different compositions of cold fluid. The effect of these parameters on the shell outlet
temperature, tube outlet temperature and overall heat transfer coefficients were studied.
It was found that cold fluid outlet temperature decreases and the overall heat transfer coefficient
increases with increase in flow rate of cold fluid. Also the outlet temperature of cold fluid decreases
and overall heat transfer coefficient increases with increase in composition of water.