Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 58

Departamento de Diseño Mecánico

Elementos de Máquinas











$-867(6<72/(5$1&,$6












Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

72/(5$1&,$6

7ROHUDQFLD VH SXHGH GHILQLU FRPR OD YDULDFLyQ WRWDO DGPLVLEOH
GHOYDORUGHXQDGLPHQVLyQ
/DV WROHUDQFLDV GLPHQVLRQDOHV ILMDQ XQ UDQJR GH YDORUHV SHUPLWLGRV
SDUDODVFRWDVIXQFLRQDOHVGHODSLH]D
6H XWLOL]DUi OD VLJXLHQWH WHUPLQRORJtD HQ HO HVWXGLR GH HVWH WLSR GH
SUREOHPDV
(MHHOHPHQWRPDFKRGHODFRSODPLHQWR
$JXMHURHOHPHQWRKHPEUDHQHODFRSODPLHQWR
 'LPHQVLyQ (V OD FLIUD TXH H[SUHVD HO YDORU QXPpULFR GH XQD
ORQJLWXGRGHXQiQJXOR
 'LPHQVLyQ QRPLQDO G1 SDUD HMHV '1 SDUD DJXMHURV  HV HO
YDORUWHyULFRTXHWLHQHXQDGLPHQVLyQUHVSHFWRDOTXHVHFRQVLGHUDQ
ODVPHGLGDVOtPLWHV
 'LPHQVLyQ HIHFWLYD GH SDUD HMH 'H SDUD DJXMHURV  HVHO YDORU
UHDO GH XQD GLPHQVLyQ TXH KD VLGR GHOLPLWDGD PLGLHQGR VREUH OD
SLH]D\DFRQVWUXLGD
'LPHQVLRQHVOtPLWHV Pi[LPDG0SDUDHMHV'0SDUDDJXMHURV
PtQLPD GP SDUD HMHV 'P SDUD DJXMHURV  VRQ ORV YDORUHV H[WUHPRV
TXHSXHGHWRPDUODGLPHQVLyQHIHFWLYD
'LPHQVLRQHVOtPLWHV Pi[LPDG0SDUDHMHV'0SDUDDJXMHURV
PtQLPD GP SDUD HMHV 'P SDUD DJXMHURV  VRQ ORV YDORUHV H[WUHPRV
TXHSXHGHWRPDUODGLPHQVLyQHIHFWLYD
'HVYLDFLyQRGLIHUHQFLDHVODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHXQDGLPHQVLyQ\
ODGLPHQVLyQQRPLQDO
 'LIHUHQFLD HIHFWLYD HV OD GLIHUHQFLD HIHFWLYD HQWUH OD PHGLGD
HIHFWLYD\ODGLPHQVLyQQRPLQDO
 'LIHUHQFLD VXSHULRU R LQIHULRU HV OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH OD
GLPHQVLyQPi[LPDPtQLPD\ODGLPHQVLyQQRPLQDOFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

'LIHUHQFLDIXQGDPHQWDOHVXQDFXDOTXLHUDGHODVGHVYLDFLRQHV
OtPLWHV VXSHULRURLQIHULRU HOHJLGDFRQYHQLHQWHPHQWHSDUDGHILQLUOD
SRVLFLyQGHOD]RQDGHWROHUDQFLDHQUHODFLyQDODOtQHDFHUR
/tQHDGHUHIHUHQFLDROtQHDFHURHVODOtQHDUHFWDTXHVLUYHGH
UHIHUHQFLDSDUDODVGHVYLDFLRQHVRGLIHUHQFLDV\TXHFRUUHVSRQGHDOD
GLPHQVLyQQRPLQDO
7ROHUDQFLD WSDUDHMHV7SDUDDJXMHURV HVODYDULDFLyQPi[LPD
TXH SXHGH WHQHU OD PHGLGD GH OD SLH]D 9LHQH GDGD SRU OD GLIHUHQFLD
HQWUH ODV PHGLGDV OtPLWHV \ FRLQFLGH FRQ OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH ODV
GHVYLDFLRQHVVXSHULRUHLQIHULRU
=RQDGHODWROHUDQFLDHVOD]RQDFX\DDPSOLWXGHVHOYDORUGHOD
WROHUDQFLD
7ROHUDQFLDIXQGDPHQWDOHVODWROHUDQFLDTXHVHGHWHUPLQDSDUD
FDGDJUXSRGHGLPHQVLRQHV\SDUDFDGDFDOLGDGGHWUDEDMR



Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas


/DV WROHUDQFLDV GLPHQVLRQDOHV VH SXHGHQ UHSUHVHQWDU HQ ORV GLEXMRV
GHYDULDVIRUPDV
• &RQVXPHGLGDQRPLQDOVHJXLGDGHODVGHVYLDFLRQHVOtPLWHV
• &RQORVYDORUHVPi[LPR\PtQLPR
• &RQODQRWDFLyQQRUPDOL]DGD,62

3XHGHQVHUDVXYH]
D  %LODWHUDOHVFXDQGRODGLPHQVLyQGHXQDSLH]DSXHGHVHUPD\RU
RPHQRUTXHODGLPHQVLyQGDGDR
E  8QLODWHUDO FXDQGR OD GLPHQVLyQ GH XQD SLH]D SXHGH VHU VROR
PD\RURVRORPHQRUTXHODGLPHQVLyQGDGD
/DV XQLGDGHV GH ODV GHVYLDFLRQHV VRQ ODV PLVPDV TXH ODV GH OD
GLPHQVLyQ QRPLQDO 1RUPDOPHQWH VHUiQ PLOtPHWURV (O Q~PHUR GH
FLIUDV GHFLPDOHV GHEH VHU HO PLVPR HQ ODV GRV GLIHUHQFLDV VDOYR TXH
XQDGHHOODVVHDQXOD

/RV VtPERORV ,62 XWLOL]DGRV SDUD UHSUHVHQWDU ODV WROHUDQFLDV


GLPHQVLRQDOHVWLHQHQWUHVFRPSRQHQWHV

0HGLGDQRPLQDO
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

8QD OHWUD UHSUHVHQWDWLYD GH OD GLIHUHQFLD IXQGDPHQWDO HQ


YDORU \ HQ VLJQR PLQ~VFXOD SDUD HMH PD\~VFXOD SDUD DJXMHUR  TXH
LQGLFDODSRVLFLyQGHOD]RQDGHWROHUDQFLD
8Q Q~PHUR UHSUHVHQWDWLYR GH OD DQFKXUD GH OD ]RQD GH WROHUDQFLD
&DOLGDGGHODWROHUDQFLD 


3RUHMHPSORHQXQSODQRVHWHQGUi

9DORUHVSDUDHODMXVWHFRQMXHJR

)J


Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

6LORVYDORUHVHVWiQOLPLWDGRVHQPi[LPR\PtQLPRHV
VXILFLHQWHFRQSRQHUORVYDORUHVOtPLWH

 


&DOLGDGGHODWROHUDQFLD

(O VLVWHPD GH WROHUDQFLDV \ DMXVWHV ,6$ WLHQH FRPR IXQGDPHQWR ODV
VLJXLHQWHVSUHPLVDV
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas


ž /DWHPSHUDWXUDGHUHIHUHQFLDHVGHž&

ž  (O 6LVWHPD ,62 GH WROHUDQFLDV  1RUPD ,62  ,   SDUD
GLPHQVLRQHV QRPLQDOHV FRPSUHQGLGDV HQWUH  \PP UHDOL]D XQD
SDUWLFLyQ HQ JUXSRV GH GLiPHWURV GHQWUR GH FX\RV OtPLWHV ODV
PDJQLWXGHVQRPLQDOHVGHODVWROHUDQFLDVSHUPDQHFHQFRQVWDQWHV/RV
GLiPHWURVLQFOXLGRVVRQGHDPP
ž 'LFKDQRUPDGLVWLQJXHGLHFLRFKRFDOLGDGHV RGLHFLRFKRJUDGRVGH
WROHUDQFLD R FODVHV GH SUHFLVLyQ  GHVLJQDGRV FRPR ,7 ,7 ,7«
,7\VHFDOFXODURQODVWROHUDQFLDVTXHVHOODPDQIXQGDPHQWDOHV
ž 3DUD FDGD JUXSR GH GLiPHWURV \ FDGD FDOLGDG OD WROHUDQFLD
OODPDGDIXQGDPHQWDOSHUPDQHFLyFRQVWDQWH

ž /DV WROHUDQFLDV IXQGDPHQWDOHV SDUD ODV FDOLGDGHV  D  VH
GHWHUPLQDURQ HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD XQLGDG GH WROHUDQFLD LQWHUQDFLRQDO
VLHQGRL ''GRQGHLVHH[SUHVDHQPLFURQHV\'HVOD
PHGLGD JHRPpWULFDGHORVGLiPHWURVOtPLWHVGHOJUXSRH[SUHVDGDHQ
PP

/DFDOLGDGRtQGLFHGHFDOLGDGHVXQFRQMXQWRGHWROHUDQFLDVTXH
VH FRUUHVSRQGH FRQ XQ PLVPR JUDGR GH SUHFLVLyQ SDUD FXDOTXLHU
JUXSRGHGLiPHWURV&XDQWRPD\RUVHDODFDOLGDGGHODSLH]DPHQRU
VHUiODWROHUDQFLD
'HHVWDIRUPDODVFDOLGDGHVDSDUDHMHV\DSDUDDJXMHURVVH
XVDQSDUDFDOLEUHV\SLH]DVGHDOWDSUHFLVLyQ/DVFDOLGDGHVDSDUD
HMHV\DSDUDDJXMHURVHVWiQSUHYLVWDVSDUDSLH]DVTXHYDQDHVWDU
VRPHWLGDVDDMXVWHV3RU~OWLPRODVFDOLGDGHVVXSHULRUHVDVHXVDQ
SDUD SLH]DV R HOHPHQWRV DLVODGRV TXH QR UHTXLHUHQ XQ DFDEDGR WDQ
ILQR
(Q OD WDEOD  VH PXHVWUDQ ORV YDORUHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV HQ PLFUDV SDUD
FDGD XQD GH ODV GLHFLRFKR FDOLGDGHV \ SDUD FDGD XQR GH ORV WUHFH
JUXSRVGHGLPHQVLRQHVGHODVHULHSULQFLSDO



Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas







Grupos de &$/,'$'(6
,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7 ,7
Diámetros
(mm)                  

d”3                  
3<d”6                  
6 < d ” 10                  
10 < d ” 18                  
18 < d ” 30                  
30 < d ” 50                  
50 < d ” 80                  
80 < d ” 120                  
120 < d ”180                  
180 < d ”250                  
250 < d ”315                  
315 < d ”400                  
400 < d ”500                  

Ultrapre- Calibre y Piezas o elementos destinados a ajustar Piezas o elementos


-cisión piezas de gran que
precisión no han de ajustar

7DEOD,9DORUHVQXPpULFRVGHDPSOLWXGHVGH]RQDVGHWROHUDQFLD

3RVLFLyQGHOD]RQDGHWROHUDQFLD

(OVLVWHPD,62GHWROHUDQFLDVGHILQHYHLQWLRFKRSRVLFLRQHVGLIHUHQWHV
SDUD ODV ]RQDV GH WROHUDQFLD VLWXDGDV UHVSHFWR D OD OtQHDFHURVHJ~Q
SXHVGHYHUVHHQOD)LJ
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

6H GHILQHQ PHGLDQWH XQDV OHWUDV PD\~VFXODV SDUD DJXMHURV \


PLQ~VFXODVSDUDHMHV VHJ~QVHPXHVWUDDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
$JXMHURV$%&&''(()))**+--V.01356789;<==$=%=&
(-(6DEFFGGHHIIIJJKMMVNPQSUVWXY[\]]D]E]F
(Q OD WDEOD ,, VH PXHVWUDQ ODV GLIHUHQFLDV IXQGDPHQWDOHV SDUD HMHV
H[SUHVDGDV HQ PLFUDV /D GLIHUHQFLD IXQGDPHQWDO HV LJXDO D OD
VXSHULRU ³GV´ SDUD ODV SRVLFLRQHV D KDVWD K \ OD LQIHULRU SDUD ODV
SRVLFLRQHV M KDVWD ]F /D RWUD GLIHUHQFLD IXQGDPHQWDO VH SXHGH
FDOFXODUDWUDYpVGHODVUHODFLRQHV

GL GV±WyGV GLW

(Q OD WDEOD ,,, VH PXHVWUDQ ODV GLIHUHQFLDV IXQGDPHQWDOHV SDUD
DJXMHURV H[SUHVDGDV HQ PLFUDV /D GLIHUHQFLD IXQGDPHQWDO HV OD
LQIHULRU ³'L´ SDUD ODV SRVLFLRQHV $ KDVWD + \ OD VXSHULRU SDUD ODV
SRVLFLRQHV - KDVWD =& /D RWUD GLIHUHQFLD IXQGDPHQWDO VH SXHGH
FDOFXODUDWUDYpVGHODVUHODFLRQHV

'V 'L7y'L 'V7

Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

)LJ3RVLFLRQHVGHODV]RQDVGHWROHUDQFLD
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

'DGRTXHSDUDFDGDJUXSRGHGLiPHWURVQRPLQDOHVVHSXHGHQHOHJLU
XQQ~PHURHOHYDGRGH]RQDVGHWROHUDQFLD\GHJUDGRVGHFDOLGDGVH
UHFRPLHQGDXWLOL]DUVRODPHQWHDOJXQDV]RQDVGHWROHUDQFLDOODPDGDV
]RQDVGHWROHUDQFLDSUHIHUHQWHV

=RQDVGHWROHUDQFLDSUHIHUHQWHVSDUD$JXMHURV
G6 H6 Js6 K6 M6 N6 P6 R6 S6 T6

F7 G7 H7 Js7 K7 M7 N7 P7 R7 S7 T7

E8 F8 H8 Js8 K8 M8 N8 P8 R8

D9 E9 F9 H9

D10 E10 H10

A11 B11 C11 D11 H11

=RQDVGHWROHUDQFLDSUHIHUHQWHVSDUD(MHV
g5 h5 js5 k5 m5 n5 p5 r5 s5 t5

f6 g6 h6 js6 k6 m6 n6 p6 r6 s6 t6

f7 h7 js7 k7 m7 n7 p7 r7 t7 t7 u7

d8 e8 f8 h8

d9 e9 h9

d10

a11 b11 c11 h11

$MXVWHV
6HGHQRPLQDDMXVWHDODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODVPHGLGDVDQWHVGHO
PRQWDMHGHGRVSLH]DVTXHKDQGHDFRSODU
6HJ~QOD]RQDGHWROHUDQFLDGHODPHGLGDLQWHULRU\H[WHULRUHODMXVWH
SXHGHVHU

Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

$MXVWHPyYLORFRQMXHJR
$MXVWHLQGHWHUPLQDGR
$MXVWHILMRRFRQDSULHWH


$SULHWH $ HVODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODVPHGLGDVHIHFWLYDVGHHMH\
DJXMHURDQWHVGHOPRQWDMHFXDQGRpVWDHVSRVLWLYDHVGHFLUFXDQGR
ODGLPHQVLyQUHDOGHOHMHHVPD\RUTXHODGHODJXMHUR
$ GH'H!
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

$SULHWHPi[LPR $0 HVHO $SULHWHPtQLPR $P HV


YDORUGHODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHOD HOYDORUGHODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUH
PHGLGDPi[LPDGHOHMH\OD ODPHGLGDPtQLPDGHOHMH\
PHGLGDPtQLPDGHODJXMHUR ODPi[LPDGHODJXMHUR
$0 G0'P $P GP'0

6HOODPDWROHUDQFLDGHO$SULHWH 7$ DODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHORV
DSULHWHPi[LPR\PtQLPRTXHFRLQFLGHFRQODVXPDGHODVWROHUDQFLDV
GHODJXMHUR\GHOHMH
7$ $0$P 7W
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

6LVWHPD$JXMHUR%DVH(QHVWHVLVWHPDVHWRPDVLHPSUHFRPR
HOHPHQWRILMRSDUDHODMXVWHODSRVLFLyQGHODJXMHUR+\DSDUWLUGH
DKtVHXVDQORVGDWRVGH$SULHWR0i[LPR$SULHWR0tQLPR7ROHUDQFLD
GHO$JXMHUR\7ROHUDQFLDGHO(MHSDUDREWHQHUODVGLIHUHQFLDV
LQIHULRUHVPi[LPD\PtQLPDSDUDODSRVLFLyQGHOHMHTXHYHULILFDQODV
FRQGLFLRQHVGHODMXVWH
6LVWHPD(MH%DVH(QHVWHVLVWHPDVHWRPDVLHPSUHFRPRHOHPHQWR
ILMR SDUD HO DMXVWH OD SRVLFLyQ GHO HMH K \ D SDUWLU GH DKt VH XVD ORV
GDWRVGH$SULHWR0i[LPR$SULHWR0tQLPR7ROHUDQFLDGHO$JXMHUR\
7ROHUDQFLDGHO(MHSDUDREWHQHUODVGLIHUHQFLDVVXSHULRUHVPi[LPDV\
PtQLPDVSDUDODSRVLFLyQGHODJXMHURTXHYHULILFDQODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHO
DMXVWH




Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

-XHJR X+ROJXUD 
6HGHQRPLQDMXHJR - DODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODVPHGLGDVGHODJXMHUR\
GHOHMHDQWHVGHOPRQWDMHFXDQGRpVWDHVSRVLWLYDHVGHFLUFXDQGROD
GLPHQVLyQUHDOGHOHMHHVPHQRUTXHODGHODJXMHUR- 'HGH!

-XHJRPi[LPR -0 HVOD -XHJRPtQLPR -P HVOD


GLIHUHQFLDTXHUHVXOWDHQWUHOD GLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODPHGLGD
PHGLGDPi[LPDGHODJXMHUR\ PtQLPDGHODJXMHUR\OD
ODPtQLPDGHOHMH Pi[LPDGHOHMH
-0 '0GP -P 'PG0

6HOODPDWROHUDQFLDGHOMXHJR 7- DODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHORVMXHJRV
Pi[LPR\PtQLPRTXHFRLQFLGHFRQODVXPDGHODVWROHUDQFLDVGHO
DJXMHUR\GHOHMH
7- -0-P 7W
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

6H GHQRPLQD DMXVWH LQGHWHUPLQDGR ,  D XQ WLSR GH DMXVWH HQ HO
TXH OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH ODV PHGLGDV HIHFWLYDV GH DJXMHUR \ HMH SXHGH
UHVXOWDUSRVLWLYDRQHJDWLYDGHSHQGLHQGRGHFDGDPRQWDMHFRQFUHWR
, 'HGHy!
-0 '0GP
$0 G0'P
6HOODPDWROHUDQFLDGHODMXVWHLQGHWHUPLQDGR 7, DODVXPDGHO
MXHJRPi[LPR\GHODSULHWRPi[LPRTXHFRLQFLGHFRQODVXPDGHODV
WROHUDQFLDVGHODJXMHUR\GHOHMH
7, -0$0 7W
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ODV SRVLFLRQHV \ WDPDxRV UHODWLYRV HQWUH ODV
WROHUDQFLDV GH HMHV \ DJXMHURV VH SXHGHQ GDU WUHV FDVRV FRPR VH
PXHVWUDQHQODVILJXUDVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

(OYDORUGHO-XHJRPi[LPRVXSHUDDO
$SULHWHPi[LPR

(ODSULHWHPi[LPRHVLJXDODOMXHJR
Pi[LPR

(ODSULHWHPi[LPRHVVXSHULRUDO
MXHJRPi[LPR

3DUDGHWHUPLQDUORVMXHJRVOtPLWHVVHWHQGUiHQFXHQWDTXH
6HGHEHHYLWDUWRGRH[FHVRGHSUHFLVLyQ
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

6HGHEHDGRSWDUVLHPSUHTXHVHDSRVLEOHPD\RUWROHUDQFLDSDUDHO
HMHTXHSDUDHODJXMHUR
6HGHEHQHOHJLUODVWROHUDQFLDVGHIRUPDTXHODVFDOLGDGHVGHOHMH\
GHODJXMHURQRYDUtHQHQPiVGHGRVtQGLFHV
6HGHEHWHQHUHQFXHQWDODH[SHULHQFLDHQDMXVWHVDQiORJRV
0RQWDMHGHODVSLH]DV

$OILMDUORVMXHJRVOtPLWHVGHXQDFRSODPLHQWRVHGHEHQWHQHUHQ
FXHQWD
(VWDGRVXSHUILFLDO
1DWXUDOH]DGHOPDWHULDO
9HORFLGDGGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWR
1DWXUDOH]DLQWHQVLGDGGLUHFFLyQVHQWLGRYDULDFLyQ\SULRULGDGGH
ORVHVIXHU]RV
(QJUDVH
'HVJDVWH
*HRPHWUtDGHOFRQMXQWR
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas


Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

1RUPD$6$6WDQGDUG%
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

3URFHVRVGHPDQXIDFWXUD\DFDEDGRV
VXSHUILFLDOHV
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

7DEOD;;±5XJRVLGDGVHJ~QORVGLVWLQWRVSURFHVRVGHPDQXIDFWXUD
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

6LPERORJtDSDUDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVREMHWRGHWROHUDQFLDV
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

,17(5&$0%,$%,/,'$'

(O FRQWLQXR DYDQFH GH OD WpFQLFD H[LJH PHFDQLVPRV FDGD YH] PiV
SUHFLVRV \ DFRVWRV UD]RQDEOHVHOORWUDHDSDUHMDGRXQDXPHQWRGHOD
FDOLGDG GH OD SURGXFFLyQ \ XQD HOHYDFLyQ GHO UHQGLPLHQWR GH ORV
SURFHVRV LQGXVWULDOHV (VWRV GRV DVSHFWRV VH KDOODQ ILUPHPHQWH
DVRFLDGRV D OD LQWHUFDPELDELOLGDG GH SLH]DV \D TXH VLQ VX FRQFXUVR
SRFR VH SXHGH UHDOL]DU GH OR DQWHULRU SXHV GHEHPRV WHQHU SUHVHQWH
TXHHQJHQHUDOVHHVWiKDEODQGRGHSURFHVRVHQORVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQ
XQFRQMXQWRGHSLH]DVSDUDLQWHJUDUXQDPiTXLQDRXQPHFDQLVPR\
QRGHHOHPHQWRVDLVODGRV
/RVGLYHUVRVHOHPHQWRVLQWHJUDQWHVGHPiTXLQDVRSDUWHVGHpVWDVVH
KDOODQ YLQFXODGRV GH PDQHUDV SUHHVWDEOHFLGDV \ GHEHQ UHDOL]DU
PRYLPLHQWRV GHWHUPLQDGRV FRPR VHU HO GH URWDFLyQ R GH
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR \ HQ RWURV FDVRV GHEHQ PDQWHQHU XQD UHODWLYD
SRVLFLyQ LQYDULDEOH D WUDYpV GHO WLHPSR
FRQHOILQGHDVHJXUDUODULJLGH]GHYtQFXOR
TXHUHDOL]DQ
9HPRV HQWRQFHV TXH SRGHPRV HVWDEOHFHU
GRV JUDQGHV JUXSRV GH YLQFXODFLRQHV TXH
VRQ )LJ ODVILMDV\ODV
PyYLOHV

(V HYLGHQWH TXH HO HMH % SRGUi VHU
LQWURGXFLGR FRQ MXHJR HQ HO DJXMHUR $
FXDQGRHOGLiPHWURGHODJXMHURVHDPD\RU
TXHHOGLiPHWURGHOHMH
(Q HO FDVR GH VHU HO GLiPHWUR GHO HMH
PD\RUTXHHOGHODJXMHURWHQGUHPRVTXH
SRU LQWURGXFFLyQ GHO HMH HQ HO DJXMHUR
DPEDV SLH]DV VH GHIRUPDUiQ
REWHQLpQGRVHXQDYLQFXODFLyQILMD$OUHVSHFWRVHGHEHDFODUDUTXHHO
FDUiFWHUGHODXQLyQGHODVSLH]DVGHEHSHUPDQHFHUFRQVWDQWHDSHVDU
GH ODV YDULDFLRQHV TXH SXHGDQ RFXUULU GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH WUDEDMR
FRPRVHUYDULDFLRQHVGHORVHVIXHU]RVGHODVYHORFLGDGHVGHURWDFLyQR
GHODWHPSHUDWXUDGHODPLVPD
/D XQLyQ ILMD R PyYLO GHO iUERO FRQ HO DJXMHUR SXHGH REWHQHUVH
PHGLDQWH OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH GLVFUHSDQFLDV HQ ODV GLPHQVLRQHV GHO
GLiPHWURGHOHMH\GHODJXMHURODVTXHVHWRPDQUHVSHFWRDODOODPDGD
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

GLPHQVLyQ QRPLQDO GH OD XQLyQ TXH HV OD TXH VH LQGLFD HQ ORV
SODQRV
&DGD XQR GH ORV YtQFXORV SUR\HFWDGRV GH HVWD PDQHUD SXHGH WHQHU
GLVWLQWDV SUHFLVLRQHV GH DFDEDGR $QWLJXDPHQWH H[LVWtD OD WHQGHQFLD
GH PDQWHQHU OD GLPHQVLyQ QRPLQDOFRQODPD\RUSUHFLVLyQSRVLEOH\
HQIRUPDLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHODIXQFLyQTXHFXPSOHHOPHFDQLVPR(VWR
GLRPRWLYRDTXHODHODERUDFLyQIXHUDVXPDPHQWHHLQQHFHVDULDPHQWH
FRVWRVD H KL]R LPSUHVFLQGLEOH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH PDQR GH REUD
FDOLILFDGDPDVD~QODUHDOL]DFLyQGHGRVYtQFXORVLJXDOHVQRDUURMDED
HOPLVPRDMXVWHSRUODLQHYLWDEOHYDULDFLyQTXHLQWURGXFHHODFDEDGR
PDQXDO 3HUR KDEtD DOJR TXH HUD PXFKR PiV JUDYH TXH WRGR HVR \
FRQVLVWtD HQ HO KHFKR GH TXH ODV SLH]DV LQWHJUDQWHV GH PHFDQLVPRV
FRQVWUXLGRVGHWDOPDQHUDQRSRGtDQVHUGLUHFWDPHQWHUHHPSOD]DGDV
VLQSUHYLRDMXVWH'HORH[SXHVWRVXUJHHQVHJXLGDODFRQVLGHUDFLyQGH
OD LPSRVLELOLGDG GH WHQHU SLH]DV GH UHSXHVWR SDUD XQ UiSLGR
LQWHUFDPELR
(O FRQVWUXFWRU GHEHUi ILMDU GH DQWHPDQR ODV GLVFUHSDQFLDV GH ODV
GLPHQVLRQHVQRPLQDOHVGHODVSLH]DVDIDEULFDU\SUHYHUORVOtPLWHVGH
SUHFLVLyQ DGPLVLEOHV GXUDQWH OD HMHFXFLyQ FRPSDWLEOHV FRQ OD
QDWXUDOH]D \ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH OD YLQFXODFLyQ OD
SRVLELOLGDG GH VX UHDOL]DFLyQ HQ IXQFLyQ GHO HTXLSR GLVSRQLEOH \ ODV
QHFHVDULDV FRQGLFLRQHV HFRQyPLFDV GH REWHQFLyQ GH SLH]DV D FRVWRV
UD]RQDEOHV
'HHVWHPRGRVHSRVLELOLWDODWDUHDGHIDEULFDFLyQ\PRQWDMHGHSLH]DV
GH XQD PDQHUD UDFLRQDO \ UHDOL]DGD SRU RSHUDULRV LQFOXVLYH SRFR
FDOLILFDGRV
/ODPDUHPRV SLH]DV LQWHUFDPELDEOHV D ODV TXH SXHGHQ VHU
UHHPSOD]DGDVGLUHFWDPHQWHVLQQLQJ~QDMXVWHSRVWHULRU\VLQTXHHOOR
LQIOX\DHQHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOPHFDQLVPR
/D LQWHUFDPELDELOLGDG HV GH FDSLWDO LPSRUWDQFLD SDUD HO XVXDULR GH
XQD PiTXLQD \D TXH SRVLELOLWD HO UHFDPELR UiSLGR GH OD SLH]D D XQ
FRVWRUHODWLYDPHQWHEDMR\FRQPDQRGHREUDFRUULHQWHHQHOSHRUGH
ORVFDVRVGHEHUiUHDOL]DUODUHSDUDFLyQXQWDOOHUHVSHFLDOL]DGRSHURVH
KDEUi HYLWDGR WHQHU TXH UHPLWLU OD PiTXLQD DO IDEULFDQWH FRVD
SUiFWLFDPHQWH QR YLDEOH WUDWiQGRVH GH HOHPHQWRV GH LPSRUWDFLyQ R
IXHUDGHFDWiORJRHQHOSDtVGHRULJHQ

(OFRVWR\ODSUHFLVLyQVRQIDFWRUHVRSXHVWRVHQODUHQWDELOLGDGGHXQD
SURGXFFLyQ )LJ DPHQRUWROHUDQFLDPD\RUFRVWRGHPHFDQL]DGR
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas












)LJ&RVWRUHODWLYRHQIXQFLyQGHODWROHUDQFLD

5HVXOWDELHQFODURTXHHOHYDUODVH[LJHQFLDVGHSUHFLVLyQPiVDOOiGH
OR TXH HO SURFHVR FRUULHQWH GH IDEULFDFLyQ SHUPLWH KDFH FRPSOLFDU \
HQFDUHFHULQQHFHVDULDPHQWHODSURGXFFLyQ

3RUORWDQWRVHGHEHSRVHHUXQFODURFRQFHSWRGHODGHWHUPLQDFLyQGH
IRUPDV GH SLH]DV HPSOHDU GLPHQVLRQHV QRPLQDOHV QRUPDOL]DGDV
WROHUDQFLDVGHHMHFXFLyQ\UXJRVLGDGGHVXSHUILFLHVFRPRDVtWDPELpQ
GHVDUUROODU PpWRGRV GH PHGLFLyQ \ FRQWURO GH SLH]DV TXH JDUDQWLFHQ
ORV OtPLWHV SUHVFULWRV D WUDYpV GHO FiOFXOR 3RU HVWR HV TXH VH GHEHUi
IDPLOLDUL]DUVH FRQ OD QRUPDOL]DFLyQ GH ODV WROHUDQFLDV \ ORV DMXVWHV
SDUD GH HVWD IRUPD DGRSWDU YLQFXODFLRQHV QRUPDOHV VHJ~Q OR
DFRQVHMDQODVQRUPDVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV

&XDQGRODVFRQGLFLRQHVLPSXHVWDVSRULQJHQLHUtDUHTXLHUDQDMXVWHVGH
PD\RU SUHFLVLyQ TXH ORV REWHQLEOHV  HFRQyPLFDPHQWH VLJXLHQGR XQ
SODQ GH DEVROXWD LQWHUFDPELDELOLGDG VH UHFXUUH DO VLVWHPD GH
LQWHUFDPELDELOLGDG VHOHFWLYD (Q HVWH FDVR ODV SLH]DV IDEULFDGDV VH
FODVLILFDQ HQ GRV R PDV JUXSRV GH PHGLGDV (QWRQFHV FRPR KD\ GRV
JUXSRVORVSHUQRVPD\RUHVVHHQVDPEODUiQHQORVDJXMHURVPD\RUHV\
YLFHYHUVD &RQ HVWH VLVWHPD VH FRQVLJXHQ DMXVWHV PDV SUHFLVRV \PDV
HFRQyPLFRVTXHVLORVPLVPRVDMXVWHVVHKXELHVHQREWHQLGRPHGLDQWH
ODDGRSFLyQGHPHQRUHVMXHJRV\WROHUDQFLDVSHURHQWRQFHVKDEUiTXH
KDFHUXQDLQVSHFFLyQGHOORWH
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

'LVSHUVLyQQDWXUDOGHODVGLPHQVLRQHV

6L VH KDQ GH UHVSHWDU ODV WROHUDQFLDV SUHVFULWDV SRU HO SUR\HFWLVWD HO
SURFHVR GH IDEULFDFLyQ GHEH VHU WDO TXH VHDQ SRVLEOHV GLFKDV
WROHUDQFLDV SHUR HO SUR\HFWLVWD GHEH WHQHU OD DEVROXWD VHJXULGDG GH
TXHVXVWROHUDQFLDVVRQHVHQFLDOHV
/D ILQDOLGDG GHO FRQWURO HVWDGtVWLFR GH FDOLGDG GXUDQWH OD IDEULFDFLyQ
HV HYLWDU OD SURGXFFLyQ GH SLH]DV TXH GHEDQ UHFKD]DUVH \ GLFKR
FRQWUROSXHGHFRQVWLWXLUXQDLQIRUPDFLyQ~WLOSDUDHOSUR\HFWLVWD1R
EDVWDTXHpVWHVHSDTXHHOWDPDxRRPHGLGDGHODSLH]DYDUtDVHJ~QHO
SURFHVRGHIDEULFDFLyQTXHVHXWLOLFHVLQRTXHWDPELpQQHFHVLWDVDEHU
FRPRYDUtD\FXiOHVVRQORVOtPLWHVSUREDEOHVGHODVGLPHQVLRQHV


)LJ
8QDVSHFWRWHyULFRGHODUHVSXHVWDDHVWHSUREOHPDHVWiLQFRUSRUDGR
HQODFXUYDQRUPDO YHUILJXUD ODFXDOSXHGHVHUGHVFULWDHQIXQFLyQ
GHODGHVYLDFLyQQRUPDORVWDQGDUGσ
(OiUHDFRPSUHQGLGDGHEDMRGHODFXUYDUHSUHVHQWDDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
HO SRUFHQWDMH GH SURGXFFLyQ HQWUH FLHUWDV GLPHQVLRQHV ³H[WUHPDV´
3RUHMHPSORHQWUHσ\σHQGRQGHσVHPLGHGHVGHHOYDORUPHGLRR
FHQWUDO KD\ PDV GHO  GHO iUHD WRWDO OyJLFDPHQWH SRGUtD
SUHVXPLUVHTXHTXHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHHOGHORVSURGXFWRVGHXQ
FLHUWR SURFHVR TXHGDUtDQ HQWUH [σ  \  [σ HQ GRQGH [ HV HO YDORU
PHGLRRFHQWUDO PHGLD GHOSURFHVR
&RPRVRORTXHGDIXHUDGHORVOtPLWHV±σHOGHOiUHDHVPX\
SRFRSUREDEOHWUHVFDVRVHQPLOTXHFXDOTXLHUSDUWHGHODSURGXFFLyQ
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

H[FHGDORVOtPLWHV±σ3RUHVWDUD]yQVHVXHOHOODPDUDORVOtPLWHV±σ
DOFDQFH R GLVSHUVLyQ QDWXUDO GHO SURFHVR DXQTXH D YHFHV VH
HPSOHDQ YDORUHV WDOHV FRPR ±σ (O VLJQLILFDGR GH OD GLVSHUVLyQ
QDWXUDO OODPDGDWDPELpQWROHUDQFLDQDWXUDO HVTXHVLORVOtPLWHVGH
WROHUDQFLD VRQ PDV HVWUHFKRV TXH HOOD OD IDEULFDFLyQ GH SLH]DV
GHIHFWXRVDV VHUi LQHYLWDEOH 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH VL HO SUR\HFWLVWD
HVSHFLILFD XQD WROHUDQFLD WRWDO GH PP FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D ()
)LJ  SRU HMHPSOR \ VL OD GLVSHUVLyQ QDWXUDO GHO SURFHVR HV GH
PPHVSUHVXPLEOHTXHSRUORPHQRVHOGHODSURGXFFLyQ
QRSDVHODLQVSHFFLyQ3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHDQRVHUTXHH[LVWDRWUDUD]yQ
LPSHUDWLYD VLHPSUH GHEHQ HVSHFLILFDUVH WROHUDQFLDV PD\RUHV TXH OD
GLVSHUVLyQQDWXUDOSRUORPHQRVXQWHUFLRPD\RUHVVLHPSUH\FXDQGR
QRVHGHVHHSDJDUHOSUHFLRGHODVSLH]DVGHIHFWXRVDVRDPHQRVTXHHO
WDOOHULJQRUHODVWROHUDQFLDVHVSHFLILFDGDV YHU)LJ 

















'LVWULEXFLRQHVHVWDGtVWLFDVGHORVDMXVWHV

/DGHVYLDFLyQVWDQGDUGGHXQJUXSRGHPHGLFLRQHV[WRPDGDVGHXQD
SREODFLyQSDUWLFXODUYLHQHGDGDSRU
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

σ= ¦
(x − x ) 
 GRQGH [  HV OD PHGLD DULWPpWLFD \ 1 HV HO
N
Q~PHUR WRWDO GH PHGLFLRQHV /D VLJXLHQWH WDEOD GD HO iUHD FRPR
XQLGDG GHEDMR GH OD FXUYD QRUPDO HO YDORU GH OD WDEOD HV OD IUDFFLyQ
GHO iUHD WRWDO PHGLGD GHVGH ∞ KDVWD XQ SXQWR ORFDOL]DGR SRU ]σ
VLHQGR]ODGHVYLDFLyQUHVSHFWRDOYDORUPHGLRPHGLGDGHVGHFHURHQ
x  FRPR OD FXUYD HV VLPpWULFD VRQ VXILFLHQWHV ODV iUHDV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDODPLWDGGHODFXUYD







'DGD XQD SURGXFFLyQ GH GRV SLH]DV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV VH SRGUtD
VXSRQHUTXHHOMXHJRHVUHDOPHQWHHODMXVWHPiVUHGXFLGRROLPLWDGR
TXH VH REWHQGUi GXUDQWH HO PRQWDMH GH HVWDV SLH]DV (IHFWLYDPHQWH
DOJXQRV SUR\HFWLVWDV HOLJHQ HTXLYRFDGDPHQWH HO MXHJR EDViQGRVH HQ
HVWH VXSXHVWR SHUR HV PX\ LPSUREDEOH REWHQHU WDO DMXVWH HQ
FRQGLFLRQHVFRQWURODGDVGHIDEULFDFLyQ
3RU HMHPSOR VXSRQJDPRV TXH OD WROHUDQFLD SDUD XQ HMH KD VLGR
HVWDEOHFLGDHQFPODWROHUDQFLDSDUDHOWDODGURHQFP\HO
PDUJHQ HQ FP VHJ~Q VH UHSUHVHQWD HQ OD )LJ 6L ODV
WROHUDQFLDVVRQPD\RUHVGHXQWHUFLRRPiVTXHODGLVSHUVLyQQDWXUDO
GH ORV SURFHVRV \ VL FDGD SURFHVR HVWi FHQWUDGR FRQ UHVSHFWR D VX
GLPHQVLyQPHGLDHVSHFLILFDGDODGLVWULEXFLyQGHGLiPHWURGHORVHMHV
SXHGHUHSUHVHQWDUVHSRUODFXUYDQRUPDO6

Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas


6L VH WRPD XQ HMH DO D]DU OR PiV SUREDEOH HV TXH VX GLiPHWUR VHD
FP HV GHFLU HO YDORU GH OD RUGHQDGD Pi[LPD GH OD FXUYD
QRUPDO 6 $QiORJDPHQWH HOGLiPHWURPiVSUREDEOHGHODJXMHURVHUi
 FP(VWDGLPHQVLyQFPHVODGLIHUHQFLD
PiVIUHFXHQWH\SRUORWDQWRODTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDOSXQWRPiVDOWRGH
ODFXUYD QRUPDO 'HODFXDOPXHVWUDODGLVWULEXFLyQGHODVKROJXUDV
/D WHRUtD HVWDGtVWLFD GHILQH OD GHVYLDFLyQ VWG σ' GH OD GLIHUHQFLD R
VXPD  GH GRV YDULDEOHV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV FRPR OD UDt] FXDGUDGD GH OD
VXPD GH ORV FXDGUDGRV GH ODV GHVYLDFLRQHV VWDQGDUG σ \ σ GH ODV
YDULDEOHVHQIRUPDGHHFXDFLyQ

σ D = σ  + σ           
GRQGH σ' HV OD GLVSHUVLyQ QDWXUDO GH ODV GLIHUHQFLDV σ HV OD
GLVSHUVLyQ QDWXUDO GH ORV GLiPHWURV GH ORV HMHV \ σ OD GH ORV
GLiPHWURVGHORVDJXMHURV6XVWLWX\HQGRORVYDORUHVσ FP\
σ  FP HQ OD HFXDFLyQ DQWHULRU REWHQHPRV σ'  FP
6XPDQGR σ'  FP DO YDORU PHGLR FRQRFLGR GH FP
REWHQHPRV OD KROJXUD SUREDEOH Pi[LPD GH FP SDUD ODV
FRQGLFLRQHVDQWHULRUPHQWHGHILQLGDV$QiORJDPHQWHSRUVXVWUDFFLyQ
HQFRQWUDPRV OD KROJXUD PtQLPD SUREDEOH R VHD FP (VWRV
OtPLWHVVRQPXFKRPD\RUHVTXHHOMXHJRGHFP
 $~QFXDQGRODVFXUYDV6\%HVWiQGHVFHQWUDGDVHQWUHVtVLQTXH
VDOJDQ GH VXV FDPSRV GH WROHUDQFLD UHVSHFWLYRV HO DMXVWH PtQLPR
SUREDEOHVHUiPD\RUTXHHOMXHJR3RUORWDQWRGHVSODFHPRV6KDFLDOD
GHUHFKD KDVWD TXH HO SXQWR & TXHGH HQ &¶ \ D % KDFLD OD L]TXLHUGD
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

KDVWDTXHHOSXQWR(TXHGHHQ(¶RVHDHIHFWXHPRVXQDFHUFDPLHQWR
WRWDO GH FP HQWUH DPEDV FXUYDV /D GHVYLDFLyQ VWG GH ODV
GLIHUHQFLDV QR FDPELD SHUR OD GLIHUHQFLD PHGLD VHUi DKRUD FP
PHQRU  FP \ODKROJXUDRDMXVWHPtQLPRVHUi
 FP HQOXJDUGHXQMXHJRGHFP 9HPRV
SXHV TXH HV SRVLEOH REWHQHU DMXVWHV GH IDEULFDFLyQ D EDVH GH
LQWHUFDPELDELOLGDG D~Q FXDQGR HO MXHJR VHD FHUR +D\ RFDVLRQHV HQ
TXH HO SUR\HFWLVWD SXHGH DSOLFDU YHQWDMRVDPHQWH HVWH FDVR
GLVPLQX\HQGRHOMXHJRHLQFUHPHQWDQGRODWROHUDQFLDFRQDKRUURHQ
FRVWRV\HQSLH]DVGHIHFWXRVDV
'HPRGRVLPLODUVLVHHQVDPEODQHQWUHVtH[WHULRUPHQWHYDULDVSLH]DV
XQD GHVSXpV GH RWUD OD GHVYLDFLyQ VWG GH ODV SLH]DV HQVDPEODGDV
YLHQHGDGDSRU

  
σ = σ  + σ  + σ  +       
VLHQGRσσσHWFODVGHVYLDFLRQHVVWGGHODVGLPHQVLRQHVGHODV
SLH]DV UHVSHFWLYDV 3RU WDQWR VL ODV WROHUDQFLDV VRQ SURSRUFLRQDOHV D
ODVGHVYLDFLRQHVVWGODWROHUDQFLDWRWDOHV

  
T = T + T + T +       

$XQTXHODVWROHUDQFLDVQRVHDQSURSRUFLRQDOHVDODVGHVYLDFLRQHVVWG
ODFRQFOXVLyQREWHQLGDHQODHFXDFLyQDQWHULRUWLHQHYDOLGH]JHQHUDO




6XSRQJDPRVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQHQODIDEULFDFLyQGHODVSLH]DV\GH
ODILJHVWiQFHQWUDGRVHQHOFDPSRGHWROHUDQFLDV\TXHHVWDVVRQ
LJXDOHV D OD GLVSHUVLyQ QDWXUDO GH ORV SURFHVRV TXH HV OD VLWXDFLyQ
LGHDO  6XSRQJDPRV TXH OD WROHUDQFLD WRWDO GHVHDGD HV
7 FP σ¢4XpWROHUDQFLDVVHGHEHQDSOLFDULQGLYLGXDOPHQWHD
FDGD SLH]D" 6XSRQJDPRV 7 7 7 \ σ σ σ (Q XQ UD]RQDPLHQWR
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

SXUDPHQWHDULWPpWLFR SDUHFHOyJLFRGLYLGLUODWROHUDQFLDWRWDOSRU\
IDEULFDU FDGD SLH]D FRQ XQD WROHUDQFLD GH ±FP SHUR ODV
OH\HV GH SUREDELOLGDG HVWDEOHFHQ TXH ODV WROHUDQFLDV LQGLYLGXDOHV
SXHGHQ VHU EDVWDQWH PD\RUHV +DFLHQGR XVR GH OD HFXDFLyQ   FRQ
σ   \ σ σ σ KDOODPRV σ  σ  R
σ FPHVWRFRUUHVSRQGHDXQDWROHUDQFLD7 σ FP
TXH VL VH HPSOHD HQ OXJDU GH FP  SXHGH VLJQLILFDU XQD
LPSRUWDQWHUHGXFFLyQGHORVFRVWRV



,QIOXHQFLDGHODUXJRVLGDGHQORVDVLHQWRV

(YDOXDFLyQGHODUXJRVLGDGGHVXSHUILFLHV
/DV WHQGHQFLDV PRGHUQDV WUDWDQ GH H[SUHVDU OD UXJRVLGDG HQ XQR GH
ORVGRVVLVWHPDVVLJXLHQWHV

 6LVWHPD0 PHGLDDULWPpWLFD 
/DDOWXUDGHODUXJRVLGDGKPVHH[SUHVDFRPRODPHGLDDULWPpWLFD
GH ORV YDORUHV DEVROXWRV GH ODV RUGHQDGDV \ \«\Q  WRPDGDV
FRQUHVSHFWRDODOtQHDPHGLDGHOSHUILO

O

KP = ³ \ G[ 
O

 L=Q
(QIRUPDDSUR[LPDGD KP = ¦ \ 
Q L=

'RQGHOHVODORQJLWXGGHEDVH~QLFRSDUiPHWURGHUHIHUHQFLD

 6LVWHPD( SHUILOHQYROYHQWH 
/DSURIXQGLGDGGHODUXJRVLGDG5SHVODGLVWDQFYLDPHGLDGHOSHUILO
GHODVXSHUILFLHFRQUHVSHFWRDOSHUILOHQYROYHQWHUHFWLILFDGR

O

5 S = ³ \ S G[ S 
O

Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

S= Q

&RQVXILFLHQWHDSUR[LPDFLyQ 5 S = ¦ \S 
Q S= 
(Q HVWH VLVWHPD KD\ GRV SDUiPHWURV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV TXH VRQ OD
ORQJLWXGGHUHIHUHQFLDO\HOUDGLREiVLFRUFRQHOFXDOVHGHWHUPLQD
HOSHUILOHQYROYHQWH

(Q86$HVFRUULHQWHH[SUHVDUODUXJVLGDGGHVXSHUILFLHVHQYDORUHV
506 5RRW0HDQ6TXDUH RVHDFRPRYDORUPHGLRJHRPpWULFRGH
ODVRUGHQDGDVWRPDGDVFRQUHVSHFWRDODOtQHDPHGLDGHOSHUILO

O

506 = ³ \  G[ ≅ KP 
O


(O GLPHQVLRQDPLHQWR GH SLH]DV HQ YLQFXODFLRQHV PyYLOHV GHSHQGH
SULQFLSDOPHQWH GHO GHVJDVWH DGPLWLGR HQ HO WUDQVFXUVR GHO
IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO PHFDQLVPR (VH GHVJDVWH VHUi WDQWR PHQRU
FXDQWRPHQRUVHDODUXJRVLGDG&RQHOGHVJDVWHYDUtDODUXJRVLGDG\
HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD XQ DVLHQWR H[LVWHQWH VH FRQYLHUWH HQ RWUR PDV IORMR
SRUDXPHQWRGHOMXHJRGHDKtTXH,6$UHFRPLHQGDWHQHUHQFXHQWDOD
UXJRVLGDGHQORVVLJXLHQWHVFDVRV

$VLHQWRVPyYLOHV

6LVWHPDGH$MXVWHVGH  6LVWHPD GH $MXVWHV GH HMH
DJXMHUR~QLFR ~QLFR
 K  K  +  + 
+ J + J  * K * K
 I  I  )  ) 

$VLHQWRVLQGHWHUPLQDGRV

6LVWHPDGH$MXVWHVGH  6LVWHPD GH $MXVWHV GH HMH
DJXMHUR~QLFR ~QLFR
 M  M  -  - 
+ N + N  . K . K
 P  P  0  0 
       1 
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas


$VLHQWRVILMRV

6LVWHPDGH$MXVWHVGH  6LVWHPD GH $MXVWHV GH HMH
DJXMHUR~QLFR ~QLFR
 Q  S  1  3 
+ U U  3 K 5 K
+
   V  5  6 


1RUPDOL]DFLyQGHDMXVWHV\WROHUDQFLDV

&XDQGR HO DJXMHUR HV GH PHQRU GLiPHWUR TXH HO HMH HV QHFHVDULR
HMHUFHU XQD IXHU]D R SUHVLyQ SDUD HQVDPEODU ODV SLH]DV HQ IUtR
HQWRQFHV VH GLFH TXH HO MXHJR HV QHJDWLYR \ TXH KD\ DSULHWH R
LQWHUIHUHQFLDGHOPHWDOODQRUPDV$6$H,62GDQORVGHWDOOHVSDUD
ORVGLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHDMXVWHTXHVHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDU
ƒDMXVWHV ³VHPLSULHWRV´ GH SRFD IXHU]D TXH UHTXLHUDQ SUHVLRQHV
OLJHUDVGHPRQWDMHWDOHVFRPRVHFFLRQHVGHOJDGDVDMXVWHVGHODUJD
ORQJLWXGSLH]DVH[WHULRUHVGHKLHUURIXQGLGR
ƒ$MXVWHVGHPHGLDIXHU]DSDUDSLH]DVRUGLQDULDVGHDFHURDMXVWHV
IRU]DGRVRSRUFRQWUDFFLyQGHVHFFLRQHVOLJHUDV
ƒ$MXVWHV GH PXFKD IXHU]D HQ SLH]DV SHVDGDV GH DFHUR \ DMXVWHV
IRU]DGRVGHVHFFLRQHVPHGLDV
$MXVWHV IRU]DGRV FXDQGR ODV SLH]DV SXHGHQ VRSRUWDU DOWRV HVIXHU]RV
FRQVHJXULGDG/RVDMXVWHVSRUFRQWUDFFLyQ FDOHQWDQGRHOEXMHRFXER
R HQIULDQGR HO HMH R DPEDV RSHUDFLRQHV D OD YH]  VRQ DSOLFDEOHV
FXDQGR HV LPSUDFWLFDEOH HO DMXVWH D SUHVLyQ /DV SLH]DV DSDUHDGDV
GHEHQVHUFODVLILFDGDVHQORWHVSRUJUXSRVGHGLPHQVLRQHVSDUDTXHOD
FDQWLGDG GH DSULHWH R LQWHUIHUHQFLD GHO PHWDO QR YDUtH PXFKR
REWHQLpQGRVHXQDLQWHUIHUHQFLDPHGLDLGHOPHWDO



Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas























Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

7ROHUDQFLDVHQODORFDOL]DFLyQGHDJXMHURV
)UHFXHQWHPHQWH KD\ TXH HQVDPEODU GRV R PDV SLH]DV PHGLDQWH OD
VXSHUSRVLFLyQGHDJXMHURVDSDUHDGRVSDUDSHUQRVRWRUQLOORVHQGRQGH
OD SUHFLVLyQ HV LPSRUWDQWH 6L ORV DJXMHURV HVWiQ SUy[LPRV D XQD
SRVLFLyQ GH DSDUHDPLHQWR \ VRQ GH GLiPHWUR DOJR PHQRU ODV SLH]DV
SXHGHQMXQWDUVHSDUDHOHQVDPEOH\HVFDULDUVHORVDJXMHURVKDVWDGDUOH
VXGLiPHWURFRUUHFWR(VWRFRQVWLWX\HXQSURFHGLPLHQWRTXHSURGXFH
DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH XQ EXHQ DSDUHDPLHQWR \ TXH VXHOH VHU PiV
HFRQyPLFR 6LQ HPEDUJR VL HO HQVDPEOH KD GH VHU LQWHUFDPELDEOH
GHEHUiQ FRQVLGHUDUVH ODV GLYHUVDV WROHUDQFLDV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV \
HVWDVGHEHQWHQHUYDORUHVSUiFWLFRV

6XSRQJDPRV TXH VH GHVHD VLWXDU GRV SDUHV GH DJXMHURV XQ SDU HQ
FDGDXQDGHGRVSLH]DVTXHVHYDQDHQVDPEODU\TXHXQSDUWLHQHOD
VHSDUDFLyQPtQLPD/±7\HORWURODVHSDUDFLyQPi[LPD/7
&RQVLGHUDQGR OR DQWHV H[SXHVWR VREUH ORV DVSHFWRV HVWDGtVWLFRV
YHPRV TXH HV PX\ SRFR SUREDEOH TXH RFXUUD HVWD FRPELQDFLyQ
SDUWLFXODU GH SLH]DV FRQ VHSDUDFLRQHV H[WUHPDV HQ XQD RSHUDFLyQ GH
HQVDPEOHKHFKDDOD]DUWDQLPSUREDEOHHQXQSURFHVRGHIDEULFDFLyQ
FRQWURODGR TXH HV FDVL VHJXUR TXH QR RFXUULUi 6LQ HPEDUJR
DGRSWDQGR HVWD FRPELQDFLyQ QXHVWUDV FRQFOXVLRQHV HVWDUiQ HQ HO
³ODGR GH OD VHJXULGDG´ +DFLHQGR HO DSDUHDPLHQWR D~Q PDV
LPSUREDEOHVXSRQJDPRVTXHH[LVWHODSHRUFRQGLFLyQJHRPpWULFDHV
GHFLU TXH ODV SLH]DV WLHQHQ HO GLiPHWUR PtQLPR GH DJXMHUR \ HO
GLiPHWURPi[LPRGHSHUQRSHUPLWLGRVSRUODWROHUDQFLD5HFRUGHPRV
ODGHILQLFLyQGHMXHJRPtQLPR-P 'PG0SHURWDPELpQYHPRV
TXH 'P ± G0  7 VLHQGR 7 OD WROHUDQFLD SDUD OD VHSDUDFLyQ GH
DJXMHURV/
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

'H OR DQWHULRU VH GHGXFH TXH 7  -P R 7  -P R VHD TXH OD
WROHUDQFLD 7 SDUD OD VHSDUDFLyQ GH DJXMHURV GHEH VHU GH YDORU GREOH
TXHHOMXHJR-SDUDDJXMHUR\SHUQR
8Q HVWXGLR JHRPpWULFR DQiORJR GHPXHVWUD TXH VL KD\ PDV GH GRV
DJXMHURVODWROHUDQFLDSDUDODVHSDUDFLyQHV
7 -P¥§-P
(Q HVWH FDVR VRQ QHFHVDULDV ODV WROHUDQFLDV HQ GRV GLUHFFLRQHV \ HV
SUHIHULEOHTXHVHDQODVPLVPDV
&XDQGR KD\D PDV GH GRV DJXMHURV ORFDOL]DGRV FRQ UHVSHFWR D RWUR
GHEHUiKDEHUXQ³DJXMHURSULQFLSDO´ RVXSHUILFLHGHUHIHUHQFLD FRQ
UHVSHFWRDOFXDOVHVLWXDUiQORVRWURV5HVXOWDPiVHFRQyPLFRORFDOL]DU
GRVDJXMHURVSDUD“PPSRUHMFRQUHVSHFWRDRWUR\ORVRWURV
DJXMHURV D “PP TXH LPSRQHU XQD HVWUHFKD WROHUDQFLD HQ
WRGRV ORV DJXMHURV \ RUGLQDULDPHQWH ORV UHVXOWDGRV VRQ LJXDOPHQWH
VDWLVIDFWRULRV 3DUD OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH DJXMHURV VRQ SUHIHULEOHV
WROHUDQFLDVELODWHUDOHV/“7
















Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

7(16,21(6(1&,/,1'526'(3$5('*58(6$

&DVRJHQHUDO

/D )LJ PXHVWUD HO FDVR JHQHUDO GH XQ FLOLQGUR GH SDUHG JUXHVD
FDUJDGRUDGLDOPHQWHHOFXDOHVWiVRPHWLGRDXQDSUHVLyQLQWHUQDSLD
XQDSUHVLyQH[WHUQDSR\DXQDIXHU]D β ODFXDOVHDVXPLUiTXHDFW~D
UDGLDOPHQWH  (VWD ~OWLPD HV XQD IXHU]D SRU XQLGDG GH YROXPHQ GHO
FXHUSR 'HELGR D TXH OD FDUJD VH GD HQ  GLPHQVLRQHV VyOR HVWDUiQ
LQYROXFUDGRV HVIXHU]RV SODQRV 6L LPSXVLpUDPRV XQD FDUJD D[LDO HO
WHUFHUHVIXHU]RSULQFLSDOFDPELDUtDGHFHURDσD





&XDQGR VLQ Gθ  HV UHHPSOD]DGR SRU Gθ OD HFXDFLyQ SDUD HO
HTXLOLEULRUDGLDOGHIXHU]DVTXHDFW~DQVREUHXQHOHPHQWRGHORQJLWXG
G/ )LJ HV

σU UGθG/ σW GUG/ Gθ± σUGσU UGU GθG/±β UGθGUG/ 

/XHJRGHGLYLGLUSRUUGθGUG/GHVSUHFLDQGRORVWpUPLQRVGHVHJXQGR
RUGHQ\UHDJUXSDQGRWpUPLQRVODH[SUHVLyQDQWHULRUVHUHGXFHD
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas


σW −σ U Gσ U
− − β =         
U GU

'HDFXHUGRFRQODFRQYHQFLyQXVXDOWRGRVORVHVIXHU]RVQRUPDOHVVRQ
WRPDGRV SRVLWLYRV FXDQGR VRQ GH WUDFFLyQ 7RGRV ORV HVIXHU]RV
DFWXDQWHV VREUH HO HOHPHQWR GH OD )LJ VRQ UHSUHVHQWDGRV HQ VX
GLUHFFLyQSRVLWLYD

/DHFXDFLyQLQYROXFUDHVIXHU]RVGHVFRQRFLGRVσU\σWGHPDQHUD
TXH SDUD GHVDUUROODU HFXDFLRQHV TXH H[SUHVHQ GLFKRV HVIXHU]RV HQ
IRUPD VHSDUDGD FRPR XQD IXQFLyQ GH U GHEHUiQ GH LQYRFDUVH RWUDV
UHODFLRQHV\DFRQRFLGDV

$VXPLHQGR HO PDWHULDO FRPR LVRWUySLFR KRPRJpQHR \ HOiVWLFR HO
~QLFRGHVSOD]DPLHQWRSRVLEOHGHXQHOHPHQWRGLIHUHQFLDOGHPDWHULDO
WHQGUiTXHVHUUDGLDOFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQOD)LJ6HREVHUYDTXHHO
HOHPHQWR VXEWLHQGH HO PLVPR iQJXOR Gθ DQWHV \ OXHJR GHO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGX3RUORTXHODVGHIRUPDFLRQHVLQYROXFUDGDVVRQ
GX \ X
εU = εW = 
GU U
   
    
 

'H ODV \D FRQRFLGDV
HFXDFLRQHVTXHYLQFXODQ
HVIXHU]RV \
GHIRUPDFLRQHV

( (
σW = (ε W + υε U )  \  σ U = (ε U + υε W )   
 −υ   −υ 
 

6XVWLWX\HQGRODVHFV  HQODV  TXHGD

( §X GX · \ ( § GX X·
σW =  ¨
+υ ¸ σU =  ¨
+ υ ¸   
 −υ © U GU ¹  − υ © GU U¹
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas


6XVWLWX\HQGRHQWRQFHVODVHFV  HQODV  


( § X υ GX  GX υX · ( § G  X υ GX υX ·
¨ + − − ¸ − ¨ + − ¸−β =
 − υ  © U  U GU U GU U  ¹  − υ  ©¨ GU  U GU U  ¸¹


ODFXiOOXHJRGHUHRUGHQDUDGHFXDGDPHQWHVHUHGXFHD

G  X  GX X  − υ    
+ − =− β
GU  U GU U  (

/D HFXDFLyQ DQWHULRU HV OD HFXDFLyQ GLIHUHQFLDO TXH YLQFXOD X FRQ U
$QWHV GH UHVROYHUOD GHEHPRV GH FRQVLGHUDU ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH OD
LQWHQVLGDG GH IXHU]D β \ U /D ~QLFDIXHU]D FRP~QPHQWH HQFRQWUDGD
HVODIXHU]DGHLQHUFLDURWDFLRQDO/DLQWHQVLGDGGHGLFKDIXHU]DVREUH
XQD XQLGDG GH YROXPHQ HV  ρω  U  GRQGH ρ \ ω UHSUHVHQWDQ OD
J
GHQVLGDG \ OD YHORFLGDG GH URWDFLyQ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH 'H DKt TXH OD
HFXDFLyQ  VHUiUHVXHOWDSDUDHOFDVRGHβ ρωUJ

,QWHJUDQGR  \VXVWLWX\HQGRβ

GX X  − υ  ρω  U 
+ =− + & 
GU U ( J

0XOWLSOLFDQGRWRGRSRUU
GX  − υ  ρω  U 
U +X=− + &  U GHODFXDOVXLQWHJUDOHV
GU ( J

 − υ  ρω  U  & U 
UX = − + + &         y
( J 
  
 − υ ρω U & U &
X=− +  +        
( J  U
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas


6XVWLWX\HQGR OD HF   HQ ODV HFV   VH REWLHQHQ ODV HFXDFLRQHV
GHVHDGDVSDUDORVHVIXHU]RVHQIXQFLyQGHOUDGLR

(&  (&   ( + υ )ρω      
σW = + − U
 ( − υ ) ( + υ ) U  J

(&  (&   ( + υ )ρω       
σU = − − U
 ( − υ ) ( + υ ) U  J


< FRPELQDQGR DGHFXDGDPHQWH ODV FRQVWDQWHV GLFKDV HFXDFLRQHV
SXHGHQVHUHVFULWDVFRPR

.
σ W = . + 
− . U          
U
.
σ U = .  −  − .  U         
U

&DVRVSDUWLFXODUHV

&DVRJHQHUDOGHFLOLQGURHVWiWLFR Z SL≠SR≠ 

(QGLFKRFDVR. . \ODVFRQVWDQWHV.\.VHGHWHUPLQDQGH
ODVGRVFRQGLFLRQHVGHERUGHFRQRFLGDV

 σ U _U = U = − SL 
L

 σ _U = U = − SR 
R


2EVHUYDU DWHQWDPHQWH ORV VLJQRV QHJDWLYRV /RV YDORUHV SRVLWLYRV GH
SUHVLyQ FDXVDQ HVIXHU]RV GH FRPSUHVLyQ QHJDWLYRV  VREUH OD
VXSHUILFLH /D DSOLFDFLyQ GH GLFKDV FRQGLFLRQHV GH IURQWHUD HQ OD HF
 SHUPLWHREWHQHUORVYDORUHVGH. \.ORVFXDOHVVXVWLWXLGRV
HQODVHFV  \  OOHYDQDODVHFXDFLRQHVUHTXHULGDV

Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

   
σW =
SL UL − SR UR
+
( SL − SR )UR UL      
   
UR − UL UR − UL U

   
SL UL − SR UR ( SL − SR )UR UL       
σU =  
−  
UR − UL UR − UL U

/DHFXDFLyQX U SXHGHREWHQHUVHIiFLOPHQWHGHODHF  UHDOL]DQGR
ODV VXVWLWXFLRQHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV 'LFKD HFXDFLyQ LQYROXFUD ODV
FRQVWDQWHV GHO PDWHULDO ( \ ν  HQ WDQWR TXH ODV HFXDFLRQHV GH
HVIXHU]RQR

/DVHFXDFLRQHV  \  VRQFRP~QPHQWHOODPDGDV(FXDFLRQHV
GH/DPpSDUDFLOLQGURVGHSDUHGJUXHVD

&LOLQGURHVWiWLFR VRORSUHVLyQLQWHUQD 

/RV HVIXHU]RV SDUD HVWH FDVR VH REWLHQHQ VXVWLWX\HQGR SR   HQ ODV
HFXDFLRQHV  \  

SL UL

§ UR ·¸
 
.  UR     
σW =  ¨  +  = . +
 ¨ ¸ 
UR − UL © U ¹ U

SL UL §¨ UR ·¸
  
.  UR     
σU =   ¨
 −  = . −
¸ 
UR − UL © U ¹ U

/D )LJ PXHVWUD JUiILFDPHQWH TXH VH SXHGHQ YLVXDOL]DU σU \ σW
FDOFXODQGR


SL UL 
. =  
UR − UL
[σ W ]U = U = .
R

\
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

ª § UR · º
  
UL + UR   
[σ W ]U =U = σ W PD[ = .  «  + ¨¨ ¸¸ » = SL  
L
«¬ © UL ¹ »¼ UR − UL


&LOLQGURHVWiWLFR VRORSUHVLyQH[WHUQD 

&XDQGRSL ODVHFXDFLRQHVGHHVIXHU]RVTXHGDQ

− SR UR §¨ UL ·¸
  
.  UL     
σW =   ¨
 +  = . +
¸ 
UR − UL © U ¹ U

− SR UR §¨ UL ·¸
  
.  UL   
σU =   −  = . −
UR − UL ¨© U ¸¹

U

\DQiORJDPHQWHVHSXHGHQYLVXDOL]DUJUiILFDPHQWH )LJ FDOFXODQGR


−S U
. =  R R  
UR − UL
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

[σ W ]U =U = . 
L

\
ª § UL · º y
  
UR + UL 
[σ W ]U =U = .  «  + ¨¨ ¸¸ » σ W = − SR  
R
«¬ © R ¹ »¼
U UR − UL


&LOLQGURURWDQWHQRSUHVXUL]DGRFRQDJXMHURFHQWUDO

(Q OD SUiFWLFD ORV FLOLQGURV URWDQWHV H[LVWHQWHV XVXDOPHQWH WLHQHQ
IRUPD GH YRODQWHV HQJUDQDMHV SROHDV YHQWLODGRUHV LPSXOVRUHV GH
ERPEDV HWF /DV GLPHQVLRQHV D[LDOHV GH GLFKRV PLHPEURV VRQ
QRUPDOPHQWHSHTXHxDVFRPSDUDGDVFRQHOGLiPHWURH[WHULRU
&RQSR SL ORVHVIXHU]RVUDGLDOHVVHUiQQXORVHQODVVXSHUILFLHV
LQWHULRU\H[WHULRU/DVXVWLWXFLyQGHGLFKDVFRQGLFLRQHVGHERUGHHQOD
HFXDFLyQ  R  DUURMDQORVYDORUHVSDUDODVFRQVWDQWHV&&R
.\.$OFRQRFHUGLFKRVYDORUHVODVHFXDFLRQHVGHHVIXHU]RSXHGHQ
VHUHVFULWDVFRPR

 +υ §
¨  

UL UR

 + υ  ·¸    
σW = ρω ¨ UL + UR + 
− U
¸
J © U  + υ ¹
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

 +υ §
¨  

UL UR

·

σU = ρω ¨ UL + UR − − U ¸   
J © U ¹

'LFKRVHVIXHU]RVVHYHQJUiILFDPHQWHHQOD)LJ



'H ODV HFXDFLRQHV DQWHULRUHV VH YH TXH ORV HVIXHU]RV UDGLDOHV YDOHQ
FHURHQUR\UL7DPELpQVHYLVXDOL]DHOUDGLRSDUDHOFXDOHOHVIXHU]R
UDGLDO HV Pi[LPR 'LFKR YDORU VH SXHGH FDOFXODU DQDOtWLFDPHQWH
GLIHUHQFLDQGRFRQUHVSHFWRDUHLJXDODQGRDFHUR\YDOH U = UR UL /D
VXVWLWXFLyQGHGLFKRYDORUHQ  GD

 +υ
ρω  (U − U )     

σ U  PD[= R L
J

(OYDORUPi[LPRGHσWRFXUUHHQU UL\YDOH

 +υ §   −υ ·      
σ W PD[ = ρω  ¨ UR + UL ¸
J ©  +υ ¹
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas


7DPELpQ VH REVHUYD TXH SDUD FXDOTXLHU YDORU GH U  σW VLHPSUH HV
PD\RUTXHσU

&LOLQGURVyOLGRURWDQWHQRSUHVXUL]DGR

(VWHFDVRFRP~QPHQWHOODPDGRHO³GLVFRVyOLGRURWDQWH´LQYROXFUD
HVIXHU]RVREWHQLGRVVXVWLWX\HQGRUL HQ  \  

 +υ §   + υ  ·      
σW = ρω  ¨ UR − U ¸
J ©  +υ ¹
 +υ
σU =
J

( )
ρω  UR − U      


$PERV HVIXHU]RV WLHQHQ
VX YDORU Pi[LPR HQ U
GRQGH

 +υ
σ U PD[ = σ W PD[ = ρω  U
J
   
    



/DFXUYDGHGLVWULEXFLyQGHHVIXHU]RVVHPXHVWUDHQOD)LJ


&ULWHULRVGHIDOOD

9LVXDOL]DQGRODVILJXUDVDQWHULRUHVVHREVHUYDTXHHQFDGDFDVRODIDOOD
VH SURGXFLUtD HQ ODV ILEUDV  PiV LQWHUQDV $VXPLHQGR FHUR ORV
HVIXHU]RV D[LDOHV ODV VXSHUILFLHV LQWHUQDV FUtWLFDV GH ODV )LJV  \ 
HVWiQ VRPHWLGDV D HVIXHU]RV XQLD[LDOHV 3DUD HO FDVR GH OD )LJ HO
FHQWURGHOGLVFRURWDQWHHVWiVRPHWLGRDWHQVLyQELD[LDOSXUDHQWDQWR
TXH HO FLOLQGUR SUHVXUL]DGR LQWHUQDPHQWH )LJ  HVWi VRPHWLGR D
WHQVLyQFRPSUHVLyQELD[LDO
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas


7HRUtDGHOHVIXHU]RQRUPDOPi[LPR PDWHULDOHVIUiJLOHV ODIOXHQFLD
RFXUULUi FXDQGR HO PD\RU GH ORV HVIXHU]RV QRUPDOHV HQ HO FLOLQGUR
DOFDQFHHOYDORUGHOHVIXHU]RQRUPDOPi[LPRHQXQHQVD\RGHWUDFFLyQ

σWPD[≤6X1


7HRUtDGHOHVIXHU]RFRUWDQWHPi[LPR PDWHULDOHVG~FWLOHV 

τPD[  σW  σU  \ HQ OD VXSHUILFLH LQWHULRU GHO FLOLQGUR HV
2
ro ( pi − po )
τ  2 2 
ro − ri

τPD[”6\V1 FRQ6\V 6\ 

(O WHUFHU HVIXHU]R SULQFLSDO HV HO ORQJLWXGLQDO 
S L UL  − S R UR 
σO   
TXHWLHQHYDORUHVLQWHUPHGLRVHQWUHσW\σU\
UR − UL
HO FXDO VH FDOFXOD HQ XQ FLOLQGUR FHUUDGR HQ OD KLSyWHVLV GH TXH HV
XQLIRUPH\TXHODVHFFLyQHQFXHVWLyQQRHVWiSUy[LPDDORVH[WUHPRV




Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

$-867(6)25=$'26<325&2175$&&,Ï1

(VWRVDMXVWHVVHXWLOL]DQSDUDFRQHFWDUFXERVREXMHV\HMHVFXDQGRVH
GHVHDWHQHUXQDFRQH[LyQHVSHFLDOPHQWHUtJLGD

(O DSULHWH R LQWHUIHUHQFLD GHO PHWDO HV L  _δK_  _δV_ 'V'K GRQGH
'VHVHOGLiPHWURGHOHMH GLiPHWURH[WHULRUGHOFLOLQGURLQWHULRU \'K
HV HO GLiPHWUR LQWHULRU GHO FXER PHGLGRV DPERV HQ HO HVWDGR VLQ
HVIXHU]R
6DEHPRV DGHPiV TXH FXDQGR KD\ GRV HVIXHU]RV QRUPDOHV
SHUSHQGLFXODUHVHQWUHVt σ\ σODGHIRUPDFLyQHQODGLUHFFLyQGH σ
HV ε σ (υσ( VL OD GHIRUPDFLyQ ORQJLWXGLQDO HV GHVSUHFLDEOH OR
FXDO DXQTXH QR VHD HVWULFWDPHQWH FLHUWR VH VXSRQH IUHFXHQWHPHQWH
ODV GHIRUPDFLRQHV XQLWDULDV εK εV GH ]XQFKR \ HMH HQ GLUHFFLyQ
WDQJHQFLDOVRQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH 'V≈'K 'LSDUDHVWHSURSyVLWR 

δ h σ t h − υ hσ rh
εh = =   
Di Eh

δ s σ t s − υ sσ s
εs = =        
Di Es
HODSULHWHRLQWHUIHUHQFLDGHOPHWDOHV

σ t h − υ h pi σ t s − υ s pi
L  _δK__δV_ 'L> − @  
Eh Es
TXH VH XWLOL]D SDUD FDOFXODU S FRQRFLHQGR L GRQGH σUK σUV SL \ ORV
HVIXHU]RVVRQDOJHEUDLFRV

6LDPEDVSLH]DVVRQGHOPLVPRPDWHULDOHQWRQFHVODH[SUHVLyQSDUDOD
LQWHUIHUHQFLDVHUHGXFHD

Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

S'V ª'  + '  '  + '  º


L= « V R + V K »      
 
(
¬« 'R − 'V 'V − 'K  ¼»



\VLHOHMHHVPDFL]R

S' V ª  'R  º
L= « » GHODTXHVHSXHGHREWHQHUODSUHVLyQHQ
( «'  − '  »
¬ R V ¼
OD FDUD GH VHSDUDFLyQ SDUD XQ GHWHUPLQDGR DSULHWH GH PDWHULDO L
/XHJR HO HVIXHU]R WDQJHQFLDO HQ HO FXER VH REWLHQH VXVWLWX\HQGR HO
YDORU GH SL GHGXFLGR GH OD HFXDFLyQ DQWHULRU \ KDFLHQGR SR  HQ OD
HFXDFLyQGHσWLTXHGD

(L ª ' º
σ WK = «  + V  » TXHHVXQHVIXHU]RGHWUDFFLyQ6LVHGHVHD
 'V ¬ 'R ¼
HQFRQWUDUHOHVIXHU]RPi[LPRGHVHJXULGDGHQHOFXERKDFLHQGRSR 
HQ OD HFXDFLyQ GHO HVIXHU]R FRUWDQWH HQ OD VXSHUILFLH LQWHULRU GHO
FLOLQGURTXHGD

(L
τ=  HMHPDFL]RGHOPLVPRPDWHULDOTXHHOFXER 
 'V

 3DU \ SRWHQFLD WUDQVPLWLGD HQ HMHV DMXVWDGRV D
SUHVLyQ

6LVHSUHWHQGHXWLOL]DUXQDXQLyQDSUHVLyQHQWUHHMHVSDUDWUDQVPLWLU
XQ SDU GH IXHU]DV KDEUi TXH YHULILFDU TXH QR VH SURGX]FD URWDFLyQ
UHODWLYDHQWUHORVHMHVDFRSODGRV
6L ORV HMHV HVWiQ HQVDPEODGRV FRPR VH PXHVWUD HQ OD ILJXUD HO SDU
Pi[LPRVLQGHVOL]DPLHQWRTXHSRGUiQWUDQVPLWLUVHSRGUiFDOFXODUGH
ODVLJXLHQWHIRUPDHQIXQFLyQGHODSUHVLyQGHFRQWDFWRSGHODXQLyQ
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas


G)U = G)1 µ = SG$µ = S5Gϕ O µ 

G0 = G)U 5 = S5  Gϕ O µ 


0U = ³ S5  Gϕ O µ π  S5  O µ      


'H OD H[SUHVLyQ   SRGHPRV GHGXFLU OD SUHVLyQ GH FRQWDFWR
QHFHVDULDSDUDWUDQVPLWLUXQSDUGHYDORU0U

0U
S=         

π 5 O µ

6HUHFRPLHQGDXQYDORUµ \SDUDVHUYLFLRVHYHURµ 

*HQHUDOPHQWH HO SUREOHPD VXHOHVHUGLPHQVLRQDUODXQLyQSDUDTXH
VHD FDSD] GH WUDQVPLWLU XQD GHWHUPLQDGD SRWHQFLD D XQ UpJLPHQ GH
JLURGDGR(QHVHFDVRHOSDUTXHKDGHWUDQVPLWLUODXQLyQVHUi

: Z W VHJ : &9  V : &9   
0 U 1 P = = = 
1 USP π 1 USP π 1 USP

 )XHU]D GH WUDFFLyQ Pi[LPD HQ XQ DMXVWH D
SUHVLyQ

Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

6LODXQLyQXQHGRVYDULOODVHQODVTXHHOHVIXHU]RSULQFLSDOTXHKDGH
VRSRUWDUHVGHWUDFFLyQODIXHU]DPi[LPD )TXHVHSRGUiDSOLFDUVLQ
TXHVHSURGX]FDHOGHVOL]DPLHQWRHQWUHODVSLH]DVVHSRGUiFDOFXODUGH
ODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD



)PD[ = )1 µ = S $µ = π 5 Sµ O      


'LPHQVLRQDPLHQWRGHXQLRQHVDSUHVLyQ

6HDQDOL]DUiHOGLPHQVLRQDPLHQWRGHODXQLyQHQFXDQWRDODVHOHFFLyQ
GHO DMXVWH \  WROHUDQFLDV GH GLVHxR TXH DVHJXUHQ VX EXHQ
IXQFLRQDPLHQWR
(Q ORV GRV DSDUWDGRV DQWHULRUHV VH KD DQDOL]DGR OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD
SUHVLyQ GH FRQWDFWR \ OD SRWHQFLD WUDQVPLVLEOH R HO HVIXHU]R Pi[LPR
GHWUDFFLyQWUDQVPLVLEOHSRUODXQLyQVHJ~QVHDHOFDVR(VWDSUHVLyQ
VHUi OD PtQLPD TXH DVHJXUH OD VROLGDULGDG GH ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH
LQWHUYLHQHQHQODXQLyQ HVGHFLUTXHQRVHSURGX]FDHOGHVOL]DPLHQWR
HQWUH HOORV  'LFKD SUHVLyQ PtQLPD GHWHUPLQDUi GH DFXHUGR FRQ OD
HFXDFLyQ   OD LQWHUIHUHQFLD PtQLPD LPLQ TXH GHEH KDEHU HQ OD
XQLyQSDUDTXHVHWUDQVPLWDHOSDUUHTXHULGR
3HURDGHPiVVHGHEHUiDVHJXUDUTXHODLQWHUIHUHQFLDHQWUHODVSLH]DV
QR VHD H[FHVLYDPHQWH JUDQGH GH IRUPD TXH OD SUHVLyQ GH FRQWDFWR
KDJDTXHVHSURGX]FDODURWXUDSRUVXSHUDUVHODVWHQVLRQHVPi[LPDV
DGPLVLEOHV GHO PDWHULDO /D LQWHUIHUHQFLD Pi[LPD VH FDOFXODUi SXHV
DVHJXUDQGRTXHODVWHQVLRQHVQRVXSHUDQODVPi[LPDVDGPLVLEOHVHQ
QLQJXQDGHODVSLH]DVGHODXQLyQ
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas


(QODSLH]DH[WHULRU\VREUHODVXSHUILFLHGHFRQWDFWRODVWHQVLRQHVVH
SRGUiQ FDOFXODU GH DFXHUGR FRQ OR YLVWR HQ HO FDStWXOR VREUH
WHQVLRQHVHQFLOLQGURVDSUHVLyQσU S
 
      σW S 'V + 'R 
'R  − 'V 
σr


 σt σt


 σr


3DUD HVWD SLH]D VH VXHOH XWLOL]DU HO FULWHULR GH ODV WHQVLRQHV
WDQJHQFLDOHVPi[LPDV

τPD[ σWσU ≤6\V1

3DUD OD SLH]D LQWHULRU VH VXHOH XWLOL]DU HO FULWHULR GH ODV WHQVLRQHV
QRUPDOHVPi[LPDVTXHHVPiVFRQVHUYDGRUHQHVWHFDVR YHUFtUFXOR
GH0RKU 

µσPD[»≤6\1

&XDQGRVHHVWiWUDQVPLWLHQGRSDURVRSRUWDQGRHVIXHU]RGHWUDFFLyQ
VHKDEUiQGHFRQVLGHUDUDGHPiVODVWHQVLRQHVGHULYDGDVGHHOOR

$OUHDOL]DUODFRPSUREDFLyQGHODVUHVLVWHQFLDVGHODVSLH]DVLQWHULRU\
H[WHULRU VH GHWHUPLQDUi OD SUHVLyQ Pi[LPD GH FRQWDFWR TXH SXHGHQ
VRSRUWDU \ FRQ HOOD \ GH DFXHUGR FRQ OD H[SUHVLyQ   OD
LQWHUIHUHQFLD Pi[LPD LPD[ TXH SXHGH VRSRUWDU OD XQLyQ VLQ TXH VH
SURGX]FDODURWXUD

(OGLPHQVLRQDPLHQWRGHXQDXQLyQDSUHVLyQHVWitQWLPDPHQWHOLJDGR
D OD WROHUDQFLD GH IDEULFDFLyQ GH ODV SLH]DV TXH LQWHUYLHQHQ 8QD YH]
FDOFXODGDVODVLQWHUIHUHQFLDVPi[LPD\PtQLPDVHKDEUiGHHOHJLUXQ
DMXVWHQRUPDOL]DGRTXHFXPSODFRQGLFKRVUHTXHULPLHQWRV

Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas

3DUD HO FiOFXOR GH IDFWRUHV GH VHJXULGDG GH XQLRQHV PHGLDQWH
LQWHUIHUHQFLDXWLOL]DUHPRVODH[SUHVLyQ

2 2
1 §σ · § τ ·
¨ ¸ +¨ ¸ 
N ¨S ¸ ¨S ¸
© y ¹ © ys ¹

FRQ6\V 6\¥ 9RQ0LVHV \6\V 6\ 7UHVFD SDUDPDWHULDOHV
G~FWLOHV R XWLOL]DQGR HO FULWHULR GH 5DQNLQJ R 0RKU &RXORPE SDUD
PDWHULDOHVIUiJLOHV FRPSDUDQGRFRQ6X 

0RQWDMHGHXQLRQHVDSUHVLyQ

(O HQVDPEODMH GH XQLRQHV PHGLDQWH LQWHUIHUHQFLD HV XVXDOPHQWH
IDFLOLWDGR PHGLDQWH HO FDOHQWDPLHQWR GHO EXMH KDVWD TXH VH KD\D
H[SDQGLGRXQDFDQWLGDGSRUORPHQRVLJXDOTXHODLQWHUIHUHQFLDDQWHV
GH SRGHU GHVOL]DUVH VREUH HO HMH /D YDULDFLyQ GH WHPSHUDWXUDV ¨7
UHTXHULGDSDUDSURYRFDUXQLQFUHPHQWR δHQHOGLiPHWURLQWHULRUGHO
DORMDPLHQWRSXHGHGHWHUPLQDUVHPHGLDQWHODH[SUHVLyQ

¨7 δαGL

GRQGH

δ L LQWHUIHUHQFLDGLDPHWUDO LQ 
α  FRHILFLHQWH GH H[SDQVLyQ WpUPLFD OLQHDO
ž) 
¨7 YDULDFLyQGHWHPSHUDWXUD ž) 
GL  GLiPHWUR LQLFLDO GHO DJXMHUR DQWHV GH OD
H[SDQVLyQ LQ 
8QD DOWHUQDWLYD DO FDOHQWDPLHQWR GHO EXMH HV HO
HQIULDPLHQWR GHO HMH XWLOL]DQGR XQ UHIULJHUDQWH
WDO FRPR HO KLHORVHFR 8QDYDULDFLyQGHž)
HV IiFLOPHQWH REWHQLEOH VROR PHGLDQWH
HQIULDPLHQWR 
       &DOHQWDPLHQWRSRULQGXFFLyQ
Departamento de Diseño Mecánico
Elementos de Máquinas





You might also like