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CHAPTER 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATION CHAPTER 2 DECEPTION DETECTION

DEFINE DEFINE
* Legal Medicine • deception detection
* Forensic Medicine • truth
* Medical Jurisprudence • hypnosis
* Law • observation
* Forensics • interrogation
* Medicine • confession
* Legal • admission
* Jurisprudence • corpus delicti
* Civil Law
* Criminal Law KNOW
* Remedial Law • lie detector or polygraph
* Special Law • word association test
* Evidence • psychological stress evaluator
* Medical Witness • truth serum administration
* Ordinary Witness • narcoanalysis or narcosynthesis
* Expert Witness • alcohol intoxication
• scientific interrogation
KNOW • emotional appeal
* The scope of Legal Medicine • mutt & jeff technique
* The nature of the study of LM • bluff on split-pair technique
* History of Legal Medicine in the world & Philippines • stern approach
• narration (lengthy and time consuming)
DIFFERENTIATE
* legal medicine | forensic medicine | medical DIFFERENTIATE
jurisprudence • extra judicial confession | judicial confession
* ordinary physician | medical jurist • voluntary ej confession | involuntary ej confession
* direct evidence | curcumstantial evidence EXPLAIN
* ordinary witness | expert witness • psycho-physiological response process
• why: reasons polygraph examination
EXPLAIN inadmissibility in court
* the Forms of Law • why hypnosis is not admissible in court
* principle of stare decisis • requirement for admissibility of interrogation in
* application of LM to civil law court
* application of LM to crim law • extra judicial confession
* application of LM to rem law • judicial confession
* hearsay information • judicial admission
* privileged communication • maltreatment of prisoner is a crime
* dying declaration • the tokyo declaration
* how evidence are preserved
* preponderance of evidence ENUMERATE
* proof beyond reasonable doubt • methods of deception detection
• factors that may cause error during polygraph test
ENUMERATE • signs and symptoms of guilt
* branches of law • different types of criminal offenders
* basic principles of law • inferences that a person is not telling the truth
* persons authorized to perform autopsies during interrogation
* when autopsies shall be performed • kinds of confession
* types of medical evidence • element of the crime in maltreatment of prisoners
* kinds of evidence necessary for conviction
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CHAPTER 3 MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF · (Characteristics of blood) Man | Woman | Child

IDENTIFICATION · Human hair | Animal hair
DEFINE · Male hair | Female hair
· Identification · Gait Pattern · (Age based on hair) Children | Adolescent | Old
· Mannerism · Portrait Parle’
· Dactylography EXPLAIN | DISCUSS
· Dactyloscopy · The Law on Presumption of Death
· Poroscopy · Gait Patterns
· Bibliotics · Methods of approximating the height of a person
· Graphology · How scar is made and how to determine the age of
· Questioned document the scar and its characteristics
· Disguised writing · Anthropometry
· Rape · How light affects ID
· Infanticide · Fingerprinting
· Seduction · How to get fingerprint impressions on dead bodies
· How handwriting is proved; about witnesses; What
KNOW rule/s?
· Rules in Personal Identification · Steps to be undertaken to minimize conscious
· Law of Multiplicity of Evidence in Identification efforts to disguise Handwriting
· How Identification is done · Handwriting characteristics of Illiterates
· Points of ID applicable to living person only · Handwriting characteristics of Old Aged persons
· Points of ID applicable to both living and dead · Legal Importance of Sex ID or determination of sex;
before onset of decomposition Rules and Laws
· Points of ID that may easily be changed · Legal Importance of Age ID or determination of age;
· Points of ID that may NOT easily be changed] Rules and Laws
· What is Bertillon system · Hess’s Rule or Haase’s Rule
· Dental ID
· Handwriting, Handprinting, Handnumbering ENUMERATE
· Forgery · Importance of Identification of a Person
· Skeleton Examination or Bone determinations · ID characteristics that may easily be changed
· Examination of the product of conception · ID characteristics that may NOT easily be changed
· ID of blood and blood · Forms of Gait · Factors included in the examination
· ID of hairs and fibers of gait pattern
· Laws involved in: · Kinds of Facies · Extrinsic factors in ID · Scientific
o presumption of death Methods of ID
o survivorship · Advantages of Fingerprinting as a means of ID
o right of suffrage · Types of fingerprint patterns
o capacity to contract marriage · Purpose of Handwriting Examination
o rape · Characteristics of disguised writing
o seduction · Points determined by examination of the bones
o infanticide · Legal Importance of Sex ID or determination
o abduction · Parts of the hair

DIFFERENTIATE CHAPTER 4 MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH

· Methods of ID by Comparison | Methods of ID by
Exclusion DEFINE
· Plain method | Rolled method (Fingerprinting) · Death
· Visible print | Plastic print | Latent print · Ante-mortem
· Traced forgery |Simulated forgery | Spurious · Post-mortem
forgery · Algor Mortis
· Qualified seduction | Simple seduction · Rigor Mortis
· (Characteristics of blood) Arterial | Venous | · Post mortem caloricity
Menstrual · Post-mortem lividity
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· Putrefaction · Factors accelerating cooling of the body in death

· Marbolization (body & surroundings)
· Stages of Muscle Reaction after death
KNOW · Kinds of post-mortem lividity
· Importance of death determination · Factors modifying Rate of Putrefaction
· Laws involved in (death): · Factors influencing changes of the body after burial
o Extinguishment of personality · Considerations in the duration of death
o Succession and Property determination
o Partnership Agreement and Agency
o Criminal Liability CHAPTER 5 MEDICO-LEGAL INVESTIGATION OF
o Civil Claims DEATH
o Presumption of death
o Presumption of survivorship DEFINE
· Changes in the body following death · Inquest Officer
· Condition simulating rigor mortis · Autopsy
· Hypostasis and Lividity · Negative Autopsy
· Importance of Cadaveric lividity · Negligent Autopsy
· Point considered that infers the position of the body KNOW
at the time of death · Crime Scene Investigation
· Putrefaction of the body · Equipment needed in CSI
· Chronological changes of the body in Putrefaction · Disposal of collected Evidence
(External | Internal | Temperate | Tropical | · Examination of the dead body in the CS
Submerged in water · Advantages of starting autopsy on the head
· Bacterial influences and destructive agents in · Procedure of Autopsy
decomposition o Examination of the Head
· Mummification o Abdominal and Chest Wall Examination
· Saponification o Abdominal Cavity
o Neck Organs
DIFFERENTIATE o Extremities
· Brain death | Cardio-Respiratory death · Laws involved in
· Legally dead | Medically dead
· Rigor Mortis | Cadaveric Spasm | Muscular INVESTIGATION OF DEATH:
Contraction o People authorized to investigate death
· Ante-mortem clot | Post-mortem clot o Act creating the NBI
· Hypostatic lividity | Diffusion lividity o Nearest Kin
· Contusion (Bruise) | Post-mortem hypostasis o Right person to give consent for autopsy
o Death caused by Suspected Violence or crime
EXPLAIN | DISCUSS o Persons authorized to perform autopsy
· (Methods of detection) Examination of the heart
· (Methods of detection) Examination of the o DIFFERENTIATE
Peripheral Circulation · Autopsy | Post-mortem Examination
· (Methods of detection) Cessation of Respiration · Hospital (Pathological) or Non-Official Autopsy |
· Estimating time of death based on temperature Medico-Legal or Official Autopsy
· Changes in the muscle after death
· Physical characteristics of post-mortem lividity EXPLAIN | DISCUSS
· Autolytic or Autodigestive changes after death · Importance of Crime Scene Investigation
· Salient features peculiar to ML autopsies
ENUMERATE
· Kinds of death · PROCEDURE OF AUTOPSY
· Signs of death o Guidelines in the Performance of Autopsy
· Factors delaying cooling of the body in death (body o Precautions to be observed o Rules in the
& surroundings) examination
· Religious Objections to Autopsy ENUMERATE
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· The person in the government authorized to make
death investigations
· Stages of Medico-Legal Investigation
· Composition of the Search Team
· Methods of Conducting Search
· Kinds of autopsies
· Who can give the consent for autopsy
· When shall autopsy be performed
· Persons authorized to perform autopsy
· Manner of deaths that SHOULD be autopsied
· Stages in the Post-Mortem Examination
· Mistakes in Autopsies
CHAPTER 6 CAUSES OF DEATH
· Proximate or Secondary cause of death
· Mechanism of death
· Questions that must be answered if signs of violence
are associated with the Natural cause of death
· Penal Classification of Violent Deaths and the
Requisites
ENUMERATE
· Manner of Death Classification
· Medico-Legal classification of the causes of death
· Considerations that death is caused by trauma
· Classification of Trauma or Injuries
· Penal Classification of Violent Deaths and the
requisites of the crime involved
· Pathological Classification of the Causes of Death

DEFINE
· Cause of Death CHAPTER 7 SPECIAL DEATHS
· Immediate Cause of Death
· Proximate Cause of Death DEFINE | TERMS
· Mechanism of Death · Judicial Death
· DOA · Capital Punishment
· Violent Death · Execution
· Syncope · Euthanasia
· Asphyxia · Dyspnea · Starvation
· Coma · Orthothanasia
· Dysthanasia
KNOW · Suicide
· Instantaneous Physiologic Death
· Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS or Crib Death) KNOW
· Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death (SUND) · Arguments for and against death penalty
· Deaths due to Natural Cause · Common methods in committing suicide
· Penal Classification of Violent Deaths · Automatism Suicide
· Pathological Classification of the Causes of Death · Causes of Starvation
· Death under Special Circumstances · Length of survival of a person
· Laws involved in · Laws involved in:
o Limitations established on death penalties
CAUSES OF DEATH: o Case point: § Legarda v Valdez § McElvaine v Brush
o Impossible Crime o Criminal Liability of Violence o On death penalty in the Philippines o About
that Accelerates death Euthanasia
o Refusal of Medical Attention o Assisting in death
o Penal Classification of Violent Death o Requisites of o Suicide
Crime causing Violent Deaths DIFFERENTIATE
o Death under special circumstances · Active euthanasia | Passive euthanasia
· Acute starvation | Chronic Starvation
DIFFERENTIATE
· Natural Death | Violent Death EXPLAIN | DISCUSS
· Suicide | Homicide | Murder · Arguments in favor of death penalty
· Arguments against death penalty
EXPLAIN | DISCUSS · Euthanasia
· Primary purpose of a Medico-legal autopsy · Psychological classification of suicide
· Cause of death · Evidences that will infer death as suicide
· Immediate or Primary cause of death · Medico-legal questions of death due to starvation
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ENUMERATE CHAPTER 9 MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF

· Methods of Judicial Death PHYSICAL INJURIES
· Other methods of Capital Punishment DEFINE | TERMS
· Types of Euthanasia · Physical Injury
· Ways of performing Euthanasia · Vital Reaction
· Who may perform euthanasia · Locus Minoris Resistencia
· Extensive injury
· Mutilation
CHAPTER 8 DISPOSAL OF DEAD BODY · Mayhem
· Embolism
DEFINE
· Burial
· Inhumation KNOW
· Cremation · Physical Injury brought about by physical violence
· Exhumation · Laws involved in:
o Legal classification of physical injuries
KNOW § Mutilation § Serious physical injuries
· Concept of possession § Administering injurious substances or beverages
· Is death certificate necessary before burial? § Less serious physical injuries § Slight physical
· Burial in case of death by suspected violence or injuries
crime § Physical injuries inflicted in a tumultuous affray
· Burial in case of death by dangerous communicable
diseases DIFFERENTIATE
· Depth of grave · Mortal wound | Non-mortal wound
· Laws involved in: · Penetrating wound | Perforating wound
o Persons charged with duty of burial o Right of · Coup Injury | Contre-Coup Injury | Coup Contre-
custody of body Coup Injury
o Time within which the body shall be buried · Contusion | Hematoma
o Burial ground requirements
o Funerals EXPLAIN | DISCUSS
o Use of body for scientific purposes · Commotio Cerebri or Cerebral Concussion
o Exhumation · Open wounds
o Cemetery permit in exhumation · Effects of wounds
o CASE on: § Philips v Montreal General Hospital · Healing of wounds

DIFFERENTIATE ENUMERATE
· Inhumation | Burial | Funerals | Exhumation · Causes of physical injury
· Classification of wounds
EXPLAIN | DISCUSS · Special Types of wounds
· Time of Burial or inhumation · Types of wounds
· Donation of Parts of Human Body · Musculo-skeletal injuries
· Forms of abrasion
ENUMERATE · Kinds of shock
· Methods of disposal of the dead body · Kinds of wound healing
· Who are the people authorized to sign death
certificate in emergency cases?
· When is cremation not granted?
· Persons wo can grant permission to detach part or
parts of human body (before and after death) for
medical, surgical, and scientific purposes
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CHAPTER 10 MEDICO-LEGAL INVESTIGATION OF · Skull | Cerebrum or Cerebral (brain, meninges) |

WOUNDS Vertebrae | Lungs | Heart | Diaphragm | Abdomen
DEFINE | TERMS (stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas) |
· Wound Pelvis (urinary bladder, uterus, vagina) | Extremities
· Contusion
· Abrasion KNOW
· Laceration · Head and Neck Injuries
· Punctured · Injuries in the Chest
· Stab · Abdominal Injuries
· Hacking · Pelvic Injuries
· Perforated · Extremities
· Defense wounds
· Gunshot wounds DIFFERENTIATE
· Incised wounds
· Direct head injury | Indirect head injury
· Extradural or Epidural Hemorrhage | Subdural
KNOW
Hemorrhage |Subarachnoidal Hemorrhage | Cerebral
· Rules to be observed by MDs in the examination of
Hemorrhage
wounds
· Outline of the ML investigation of physical injuries
· Which of the wound caused death? EXPLAIN | DISCUSS
· Which of the wound was inflicted first? · Medico-legal questions in Intracranial Injuries
· Laws involved in: o Physical injuries · Injuries to the lungs
· Injuries to the heart
DIFFERENTIATE · Injuries to the diaphragm
· Ante-mortem wound | Post-mortem wound · Abdominal Injuries
· Homicidal wound | Suicidal wound | Accidental
wound ENUMERATE
· Factors influencing the degree and extent of head
EXPLAIN | DISCUSS injuries
· How wounds are determined if inflicted during life · Classification of head injuries
or after death · Types of Skull Fractures
· Complications of lung injuries
ENUMERATE · Injuries of the limbs
· Possible causative instruments used in inflicting
injuries
· Extrinsic Evidences in Wounds CHAPTER 12
DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES CAUSED BY EXPLOSION
CHAPTER 11
DEFINE | TERMS
PHYSICAL INJURIES IN THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE
· Explosion
BODY
· Detonation
· Blast Wave
DEFINE | TERMS
· Coup Injury
KNOW
· Contre Coup Injury
· Death or Physical injuries noted in high detonative
· Coup-contre-coup Injury
explosions
· Locus Minoris Resistencia
· Factors affecting radiation
· Hemorrhage
· Concussion
DIFFERENTIATE
· Contusion
· Diffused Reactant Explosion | Condensed Reactant
· Fracture
Explosion
· Crushing Injuries
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EXPLAIN | DISCUSS § Manufacturing, Acquisition, Disposition, Possession

· Effects of Atomic Explosion to the human body § Selling and Purchasing
§ Licensing
ENUMERATE § Discharge
· Concerns in determining Explosions § Surrendering
· Classification of explosion as to source of energy o Alarms and Scandal
· Place of Atomic Explosions
· Rays emitted by radioactive substances during DIFFERENTIATE
explosion · Firearms (Low Velocity | High Velocity)
· Sources of Radiation o As to wounding power
· Natural sources of radiation o As to nature of the bore
· Man-made sources of radiation o As to manner of firing
o As to nature of magazine
CHAPTER 13 · Contact fire | Loose contact or near fire | Short
GUNSHOT WOUNDS range | Medium range | Long range or Distant Fire
· Gunshot wound entry | Gunshot wound exit
DEFINE | TERMS · Suicidal GSW | Homicidal GSW | Accidental GSW
· Firearm · (Ballistics) Interior | Exterior |Terminal | Medical
· Detonation
· Revolver | Pistol | Rifle | Shotgun EXPLAIN | DISCUSS
· Cartridge · Parts of a FIREARM
· Ammunition · Mechanism of Firearm Action
· Primer | Case shell | Powder or Propellant | · Determination of Trajectory of bullet inside the
Projectile or Bullet body
· Bullet’s Kinetic energy · Odd and Even Rule in GSW
· Bullet efficiency · Instances when there is no GSW exit but the bullet
· Ballistics coefficient is not found in the body
· Soot | Smudging | Fouling | Smoke Blackening · Gunshot wounds as suicidal
· Powder grains · Gunshot wounds as homicidal
· Powder burns · Gunshot wounds as Accidental
· Abrasion collar or Contusion collar · Basic Principles involve in Firearm ID
· Contact fire | Muzzle imprint
· Entry wound ENUMERATE
· Exit wound · Death or physical injuries caused by powder
· Russian Roulette propelled substances are due to?
· Classification of firearms
KNOW · Types of Small firearm which are of medico-legal
· Firearms and Projectiles interest
· Determination of number of fires made · Principal Parts of a cartridge or ammunition
· Clothing effects on bullets · Movements of bullet on trajectory
· Special considerations on bullets · Destructive mechanism of gunshot is due to?
· Capacity of the victim to perform volitional acts · GSW entrance appearance is due to?
· Why is Xray important in GSW · Instances when the number of GSW entry is less
· Shotgun wounds than GSW exit
· Procedures and Tests for the presence of · Problems confronting Forensic
gunpowder residues · Questions expected to be answered in court
· Tests for presence of Primer components · Importance in determining the gunpowder on the
· Markings and Striations skin of the victim
· GS injuries in different parts of the body
· Laws involving: CHAPTER 14
o FIREARM THERMAL INJURIES OR DEATHS
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· Factors influencing the effect of burns in the body

DEFINE | TERMS · Proofs that victim was alive before getting burned
· Thermal Injuries to death
· Thermal Death · Findings that prove that death was due to burning
· Malaise · Kinds of Electrical burns
· Giddiness
· Syncope CHAPTER 15
· Lethargy PHYSICAL INJURIES OR DEATH BY LIGHTNING AND
· Delusion ELECTRICITY
· Convulsion
· Delirium DEFINE | TERMS
· Sepsis · Lightning
· Heat Rupture · Sledge Hammerblow
· Heat Stiffening
· Chemical Burns KNOW
· Radiation burns · Elements of lightning that produces injury
· Points to be considered in making a diagnosis of
KNOW death due to lightning
· Death or Injury due to COLD · Death or physical injuries from electricity
· Death or Injury from HEAT · Mechanism of death in Electrical Shock
· Medico-legal importance of Heat Injury · Treatment or management when electrocuted
· Medico-legal aspects of burns and scalds · Laws involved in:
· Time required to completely burn a human body o Death Penalty by Electrocution
· Age of burns
· Investigation of death in a conflagration
· Treatment of Corrosive Substances Injury DIFFERENTIATE
· Laws involved in: · Alternate Current | Direct Current
o Arson
EXPLAIN | DISCUSS
DIFFERENTIATE · Effects of lightning in the human body
· Intentional Fire | Accidental Fire
· Burns | Scalds ENUMERATE
· Ante-mortem burns | Post-mortem burns · Classes of burns due to lightning
· Spontaneous Combustibility | Preternatural · Factors which Influence the Effect of Electrical
Combustibility Shock
· Thermal burns | Chemical burns
· Contact burn | Spark burn | Flash burn CHAPTER 16
DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES DUE TO CHANGE OF
EXPLAIN | DISCUSS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (BAROTRAUMA)
· Primary cause of death in cold injury
· Local effects of heat (Scald, Thermal Burns, DEFINE | TERMS
Chemical Burns, Electrical Burns). · Atmospheric Pressure
· Characteristics of scalds · Bends
· Characteristics of burns · Chokes
· Hypoxia
ENUMERATE · Anoxia
· General effect of heat injury · Paper Bag Pressure
· Other names for: HEAT CRAMPS | HEAT
EXHAUSTION | HEAT STROKE KNOW
· Dupuytren’s Classification of burns · Nitrogen Narcosis
· Purposes of Intentional Fire · Aircraft injuries and fatalities
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· Ante-mortem Hanging | Post-mortem Hanging

DIFFERENTIATE · Hanging | Strangulation by Ligature
· Hyperbarism | Hypobarism · Accidental | Homicidal | Suicidal [Hanging]
· Accidental | Homicidal | Suicidal [Strangulation by
EXPLAIN | DISCUSS Ligature]
· Henry’s Law · Accidental | Homicidal | Suicidal [Smothering]
· Effects of High atmospheric pressure · Accidental | Homicidal | Suicidal [Drowning]
· Effects of Low atmospheric pressure · Schaefer’s method | Sylvester’s method

ENUMERATE EXPLAIN | DISCUSS

· Body effects during release of gas from the body · Classification of Asphyxia by Hanging
fluid in decreasing atmospheric pressure or ascent. · Mechanism of Drowning
· Mechanism of floating of the body in drowning
CHAPTER 17
DEATH BY ASPHYXIA ENUMERATE
· Types of Asphyxial Death
DEFINE | TERMS · Causes of anoxic death
· Asphyxia · Phases of Asphyxial death
· Dyspnea · Classification of Asphyxia
· Apnea · Manners of death in Manual Strangulation
· Tardieu Spots · Special forms of Strangulation
· Strangulation · Causes of death in Drowning
· Lynching · Conclusive findings that COD is drowning
· Throttling · Classification of War Gases
· Smothering
· Choking
· Burking CHAPTER 18
· Café’ Coronary DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES DUE TO AUTOMOTIVE
· Emphysema Aquosum CRASH OR ACCIDENT
· Edema Aquosum
· Champignon d’ocume DEFINE | TERMS
· Collision
KNOW · Front Impact Crash
· Mechanism of death by hanging · Side Impact Crash
· Asphyxia by Strangulation · Rear Impact Crash
· Asphyxia by Suffocation · Roll Over Crash
· Foreign bodies usually seen in Choking · Ejection of the Occupant
· Asphyxia by Submersion or Drowning · Suicidal Crash
· Time required for death in drowning · Acceleration-Deceleration Injury
· Medico-legal aspects in drowning · Whiplash
· Gettler’s Test
· Compression Asphyxia KNOW
· Death by Crucifixion · Automotive Crash [Human factor, Environmental
· Asphyxia by breathing Irrespirable Gases [Carbon factor, Mechanical factor]
Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Hydrogen · Pedestrian-Vehicle Collision
Cyanide, Sulfur Dioxide] · Motorcycle Crash
· War Gases
DIFFERENTIATE
DIFFERENTIATE · First Collision | Second Collision
· Anoxic death | Anemic Anoxic death | Stagnant
Anoxic death | Histotoxic Anoxic death EXPLAIN | DISCUSS
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· Medico-legal importance of Autopsy in Vehicular CHAPTER 20

Accidents CHILD ABUSE OR NEGLECTED CHILD

ENUMERATE DEFINE | TERMS

· Factors responsible to an Automotive Crash · Child Neglect
· COD of death of PV collisions · Child Abuse
· Evidences in Vehicular Crash · Battery
· Assault
CHAPTER 19
DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES DUE TO ATHLETIC KNOW
SPORTS · Acts or Omissions Affecting Child Welfare
· Other Battered Victims
DEFINE | TERMS · Laws involved in:
· Sports Development o Child and Youth Welfare Code {General Duties of
· Athlete Parents | Report of Maltreated or Abused Child |
Freedom from Liability of the reporting Person or
KNOW Institution
· Boxing o Right of Parents | Right to discipline the child
· Wrestling o Deprivation of Parent’s Authority
· Contact Sports o Duties of Parents under the Civil Code
· Knock-Out o Parricide
DIFFERENTIATE o Abandoning a Minor
· Rotation (Angular) Acceleration blow | Linear o VAWC
(Translational) Acceleration
DIFFERENTIATE
EXPLAIN | DISCUSS · Child Abuser: Intermittent | One-time | Constant |
· Reasons why Boxing should be prohibited, and Ignorant
should be permitted
EXPLAIN | DISCUSS
ENUMERATE · Social Reaction to Child Abuse or Neglect
· Aspects of Sports Development
· Potential Injuries in Boxing ENUMERATE
· OTHER NAMES for Child Abuse or Neglected Child
· Causes of Child Abuse
· Classification of Child Abuser
· Considerations that a child may be a victim of child
abuse
· Social Reaction to Child Abuse and Neglect