“Ashok Singh Pujara Student of Diploma in Civil Engineering Seti Technical School Dipayal, Doti Address: Melauli, Baitadi The Note's On Soil Mechanics-| Deponition of soil eH ae pide ay | soil mechanicy Objective of soil _mechanten Lormation of sil aed their types perm, ermine alibi a Inttrrelo tiand. Index Properties of sil: Ee heal Introckuction 1 r Specs fie _gravi4 = pot b Neng) ¥-dil} Kober content Particle size iatibeetion Consistency of sa/ln } | Dobrmination of fie i Unst.4l Soil Classification: U6 h A-3l| Purpose of sil clansrpication _- | 4.2 MET. Claanipic ten. 4:3| Te catio 4-41 Uni itn of ssi 4.61 Fiel dpa iia] Ao Monn wos 3 F£| Types of soil water ‘ater doble Permeability peat og I alege So sate aia a cl pete Saale A pls le clive stress Quick son oy [aperoomade ches ibubioh metho for toasted careaiy Compaction: UthrsJ Tato procloy tub Field compan methods | CHO» ae ee ee LM, Yo eaiFaoaedl abet EA (@nsalrdation= UibeT Tnhaduetion Primary and. p cons olrdortron itll The nal 5 The dante ont dena comoliela Hon _Preniwe- -void = comes _ cuniborwyizely Ved 8 Swed G-e, = often a¢_salane shogge | Cumpudatten o “stlelie ahiad Seay Seog ls ih = Tha T | Tnbo duction Mohr 5 Deleinalion — trent paromeder =, 38 Busupl lel imdb Dean Shs Vad, Sree 2-Vonlt | whim faitare —theer 2 ae ee eon geeeien F dPowe (ipit-9 Earl Pressure Theory = (Gta rap dadercrl earth, pressures A premue they cleining wally oop Ue dengn of relating wally i E9 hve] 1 os ad capaci: “ype of foundlodfon sg WU efinition Ona ond net foundation pressure aglus * — ty theory fee ay yo aor) jit fide fde obmensona Cfhet ef sync bie an LetHement of frunclatio —- eeenits “Introduction | Definition of “Soils soil defined as an “unconsolidated material cwmpsged_of.tolid — | portreley piduced. by civarkegraton_tr soa senaretmeaaaaes = Soil "It in the branch properties, behavious and. laa of soil cy shuctural mocerials. (inthe branch of tcionce_im which we study about the appli cation of law of mechanioa ttre — sain) and hydraulte) to Leng neering_problem baling with the sediment and other cansoid| ao feed ocuaulahon otal -paticlesprduced by cumleal andl — mnochani —bI |_A branch of pchans-abch sa uh the atken of fie 2 of face on | oil_and with the flow of wok in soil. Lez | neering I)_ON. applied sienco dealing eoith % plreatia} sige pl mes lp fotl Engineer ‘Hater transported soi) bs Adiuvia) Criver) 7 Ls marine (sea) @,_tlind_ blown deposi» loew, dunes and atoline. : Ls Lacwihyine (take) a pea vock_10_called Joil anapet cd by ¢ gravitational firce- colluviod coil talus pel |_ transported toil glacier. wal soil > Se The soll; wld coil.tives of pil mlechanien £ following are the maim objec il mechanics 3 ~ Ly —Q\\"Te_perfarn ~ Engineer in p_poil survey —_—_——__| @| “To clevelop ratenal it - samplingrclevice and coil comply @ ti : | nteet To ‘clevelop suitable soil feating eqwpmentr andl sil tah method." oe x maga Cena ely popete of 6f In-situ (field) andl ta: To analyne cin! i toil fat dlafo. z @! . To _underatan tof voriow factor on the soil cuch cs a tiatic ane oynamie_load, tee, water ond tomperatum. —____|| prineiple_of ‘soi! mechanica. —Gd|"To atpplement_the_eaph -To_sebe_ the practical Engineering problem: by app d vign use to found atian engineering nth at by. ae entice bleathn e_converie, -dluinkegration andl clecampesltion- fot tmpactraaut of racks onel convert ints aurtable pteces, | bil are firmed by clin kegrati atten rel clecompeaitien ef seek. The disintegration is cased a - Jo Physical Jmrechonical axalleny ——Hthemical_peatherng Payal aging seh weeny —— The physical wxathervye tr oro known os ebunkgration, In thin rocest_beg, ro _sbreade into_srmctlter rock = | ehermi cx! proper” _cloes not change. tince 10. chernteal sacten fake pos, Fence 19a banc fete per ticles,Pace S| Plant root: Gk root of tee pki Inta crack and finer of rock, Over the | peidedl Plar 2 fot [ ueathenig achan of ke. Therma) —— chong ni See eee ae aa of have t00t_becones ticker ine al cho integration. leathenng achen of te] font 2 During the cold climate enkvedl water info cracks and finer of rock. increase volume. Due zo increase in Volume sfress tnd 0 tock _cowang diaintegrafon. “Themes Expansion = Rock _have Age a a 4 ee mc) pe cg val — ®| Abrasion *- 4 | pbrasfon_of rack occurs undler tHe achon of 4 Flin ake > Blowing of win - Ly froving’ (ce Lo |The abrasion resuly formation of soil. sl@ & Ma tha proce hast sock amverke chernecal att : rock. chercal weathering renltr in the famabion of Very ary pasticles having banding parficles. ______ Chemical wecithering to due t _—_—_———______ Dpiydraten © Leaching. _@ Cabonation rbines with erras tong fume jfeorenorcle. Tan onan rock subjectee! tp cherteal fecempeoitan lp cxideien, AR + 207" => QFe202 »\[éoce: mines combines votth wake form new compound df From parent minerals de wh thi Garbonatien tl | Carbonelioxicle_ preven. in cmophere combines with wate and — farmed cwbenie acid. Thur firmed! coubonic acie reacts with rock. auinerals and causing clecompas tien, Calta + Had + C02’ —> Ca(Heos)9 ipplce ef re wad toniaes stghilly dnd reacts tilicade mineraly cut slecarnp onitisn. | Leach, ig - ; | Removal af soluble matertals 1 Ct o- Sil nthe proces_s1me mine&h clandvessiut of rock Vandl lebopaaitel cope ty coun deer peaitien,\ | Ir Lesolapcal Deccrnpenition = | Brenkabwn af oxganit matte insoil @ done entirely by micro- organ .Lacteria ard otter organinm indlerce icoul charyge fr He_nerrourehria by proc lng erganie ciel wht why 7 Seated Sot! ¥ ee Tr a Sf Pignesus metamerphe) | ecimentary | SL ck rock EN ey, | Se A i D—Tnagma | pyroclall : > 2 Fig:= treelogical cycle of roll ez] Ongrn of sui]. Gl pil are firmed by peatherina of racks due te mecharrea! doinkgaton 1 chunical decearpoarten. blinn a reck surface tne fir an apreciated ac ermpues nal gai land thus the soil are firmedl. Jui may be miiclerecl as an inckdental — material obtaingel fram Pe geargrcad eyele osich.goer an_contrnse in_nature. ae Ses ~ axcoaion 2 Kok I lophrwml | ny ‘%y le Fig- treolagical cycle sf oxtgin_ opto \ | 45 | calagical oy cot of ernatan, tramyparabith, deposition, upheaval ae sult (0 0 Cootineows proce. the soll tay ab tHe place of (ts ferrnation | _fustabove to known ay veitdal mil_bihen the sil has| ‘beon cleponke away fam Zhe place et avrgin 1s called transported ror, ne eesDate ——__ Poe ——___ wt eae ka ine Tianipacta ten madam — i boky ———> esi wind ——> Aeolian blaciy —> hlacal bravity —> collavic! a cligoniee in lake ~» [acwtine pesitec! in sea —> marine aS dead cance std —— mah. ate animals Teach los Jeucrye deporittd —> muck. pot Q) According to.ize of poncleo Cra) 7 “alk ti Joravel Jeosble] ee Fine Imeclurn coarse fine|mecl um|coarae : ae en 6slia Basie Terminology £ Interrelattons 3 #| Inhoduction = oil ho compler ard cinconsoliclated vit [uckrialn comsing tf 0 mint of volte paticles andl veic The veich may be confatn toly water, atr— ‘and wader ane air both. Ten, oll » mubhphare meitertls “ingle Phar solic Céally ccnp cel soit) | Solis + air (dry soil) O | “los phase - tlic + wakr Cjakwakd. soil) [Three phee ~ fold + woer-+ alr (fortraliy gaterrased /aetat soil) Phare diagrams s- bla gill pronation oyemahe_opprach led phove dag, A dion fhe 4pa_sich_ print rapoatl Inf soil called phoue cbiagram, I the content of scil do not have voids ne!_balanced fopedier 1s calle! phase crapram,.aragle phase TTY [we ve J (LL ond Ww. Feo 7_|Ve.-[v Tw = We J 4d Figesingle phase_atqgram v#| Too-phase diagram & Snide] © pac: = low pidicl -t Ww ‘+ ar I Pdo phase dl Tee pa cage presley ly oe pas alla — sslo=0) val | air Mo 7 Lil (eid 74 We | a Dey i? ds Fig. Too phe eoVv. Magi of wuld. -+ weight of air We ds ‘a= 6) . or [m= Ms Ze —_ S| fully aati Uclume = volume _0f solid -+ volume of wader a vba Vet vw) /[V= Ve+ wi | nteight = uetght_ef goed + welglet of wake Cw= wet ww) o [= py+ Mu] x =#|| Three Phase Diggram = The dtagram which peat the al) three components of ssil. i-e. solid, wat wee phase ‘diagrem. re pra) rirell the degen pa ly ald ma doil ty as shown below: in figuue : “wid PERO Ta em] Teone wader LEO OD Gs + BB oe a Wut Yue Vin = te v EZ + “— te See i fe = Gath igen __fig Teal pha clragram af Fil 7 poctialiy-stlfyyated soil ‘Ve Ve +o Wt We+ Ww +We (ve Met We) ‘Me weed [W= Weswi){wazo)Pace: — dt Pat Teminolggies and ther inter-relotrons :- 2% of basic Terminalogt ea: ee alcatel __@|| Void alin ) £ Gl UE ty the olurne of volt je Volume of soliol pavtreles._ Us denoted ty. fer ive. [Voiel ratio €) = Vv ] 2 C Vet 1®)| Porosity my : tall IF in the satio of yalume of void 4o the total yolume of sail mous. It in denoted _by ye Tein exprested in Peecentage. be. Th=u “1 Tae eye Q| Degree of sakwation (5/54) & bolt the ratio of volume of water b the tte! volume ef voles Ht in dencted by Sov 5’ anol its alo expressed In percentage. ie. [r= Vw x00 /] [EEE waco | ater Gnkent Ceo) & Lo Be rao _of weteht of wate to the wotght- of solid. thin denotec! by ‘Hin alno knowan 0) molnture caren? be. = Ww x 100% L_ Ws Tein expressed In_ percentage. os Gatnts of volume of lume by Bai. expired in ee egitie. —— Vo too y WY ane), = I-51] ole,) Pocenlyg of a'r vt verdes (no’) = | 214 the ratio of volume of aie V voids % He hsb the total vole 1 nat Lein dened boy") Lbs. cea enpresced in percentage, je Cha= May s00-h RoE va ae | [Bulk tanit Weloht Cy) \The_bult unit weight or moist un weight tat te ah of oil mate pe unit 6 fe ttdal volume of orl ras. Uta deriied by's bs Jel {> w] tov o» iJon. [can be also erated WV st by He ay Unit maght Ouse tt the welght of Loli! par unid of ite dndal — ta ere da deded tte tet fila Nese wid J a 7 Ont weight of solid (xs) = 4 te-atof-wight a-l o te vale of i drake re [he = be] fe Vs J D | Unit werht of wa Fo) -— tt Chock by ‘ohn IbDat Pege__— catwted cnt weight OSat)= Tie_butk unit weight ef a.soil rmple In ith fully saturate condrton i kasgan 04 saturated aba an be ce desined os the at rated woroht wf sotl mass i valume_(#-in_ dened. by Yat S ive [Mot = Meat] z C vit D) subromped unit weeght Diab e— Lol Te ni Voub T¢_Ulrat = satwatd weight of ‘toil ras hovig valune V. Wo = loose tn_weight afkr_tdweged —_ Yeub = rat — sae Citab = Weal = Ld Asis Bulk earity Luct defy [mount density (Soate) = intel by-| to the radio of man of soil to Pie volume of soil. Ht Gor oulke- ie FPpate = MM. kyl? L vd | ms Density > ol pele ea Dey density. fo the mats of soled per unifof its ablal volume of oit_mass=1t jn denokd by Yd pele fi or etdDate Pow ~ Olalerakd Density Crate The tateted Cnty Haan of tee coil mao satuated cample ful tial fl ttome- ncaa ty“ — pa = Ma = Vv OM ihonged denly Gosd=— 4 M63 ie uberrnecd mais of cet] solid per unit-Of ids toll vleg of. soit mass. Ut ip See Li fiw Density of wor Gas)= The ato ma facie te He wore of tae cll clay of cour tin denoted by ‘fe.Pate Page O) Specific nawwity of tall (os) | Pio Horatio of unt weight of solid fo the init weight of wade lad_4- Ln denobee by “bre: ie [ire =e 7 a wee relations between these laste Termi noloaiey & Relation between ¢, & and 5 /Prove that Srne= woz oll Here, we know that Pony es = may da ve = woeight dently o = W ye Vg @_ Wu y Ve eb untt weight z Vy Va Ws Mo Sr [yew o = Mw. Ww = Woy acc “ys Ww Sr Yu Ve wl = Vw yt = Wp OH x =n Vi Ty | Var = We ej = 4 = we Yw ote oe & Wa ts eo| = Ww = wo A Yu) L sr W = Ww ts Sr | 02 UG] /s Ys a ye aru. Ol = ww ye yt kid@| Fe prove: Yr iss oo itees - L ws To Prove: _n=_@ vane Here, we know thed, * To_prve: Yub= =. Ya a PR ty || Her we knew that, Yub = Yoot — Ys or Weub = G+0\ Yn — Yo +[ata/pse) le lezzy) Gre Yub = Yoo f ote 7] —Lare Jme . = Yu [ute -t-e Pease a [tab = Dh fate nef ____ a) ub = Yo Port] fe ie = ot s| [ab = ne. tu C Zte Jee PS | To Pave C=O 7 Yo (yew) — 2 a Lo] Here _we know tat, Fe Ww Vv. % Y= _Ws-tWw 7 Met Vu 1 = Ws + Wh a “fat et Vs [y+ Ww] Ms ol Y=. fe+w] 2! we know that : Cees Ges wale [= 0 ws then, es wu) oe Y= btw (440) CJ Co J 4+ WG) Coase ¥ [4+ wy |= oYw Cato) 7 . 1+ wo = G%w (1+) Ss ie wt op = Yo (i+w) Ee oa ¥ aWw Yuk = Yak= sD Val 4.4 ts a @ e= n are in (65 0 Gh a= % Ve = see (ost ga) a aeJ Nines" Yds Ow ; fd = Ye 140 EF re ee ee Yuk =[—1 yy Cate JPniaiaai Pepe ow Numericalss “GN6. suce volume of ment soil aicight e9m, tte Iey wttohf re ancl wpeufre Mavity of ald 11 2-68. Compute the | wato coment, peotenity ver) rath ond unif wei (al tiven that | Tota) volume 6f coil man (VY) = $0.cc | Tita) weight of maint soil GO = 959m. weight of chy soil (hic) = 5 gm Ipecific_gravity of solid Cl) = 206 eyght of water (Wu) = W= We = 95 ~F5 = 209m. bloke conkent Gu) = Ww Joo / | le S lI = 20 % 100 = &F% Ed We know that, Vso We = Fe = 28 CC. ys 2:68 ¥L jen, Vy = V— Ve | = 50-26 = gece: ‘ | e= 22 = 0.79 ae i @ Pros nity n= VvDate — Page dines The weight donaty of tou in agnilee -Te-specil™ grauty Tat totic 2-40 Gnd the mors tare content of.soil tn 15%.8 Calculate: Ochey denty. —# saseuaes| Ovotd ratio eee = @ Pocasiby. = @ segree of saturation 4 ———~ © Percentage of air voidr ——— —aHOP| Me have to given thal; Se —wieight densify Ot) = 2gm/ce specific gravity (o) = 2#6_ = Mointure content (a) = £57. = O15 _ ~ @ Dry clensity Gd) = ye = = 14+ glee. i Lt: It od @|| Vor! voto @) = 2 know that, Yd = @- Yeo ire % 444 = 240K4 +e ie GI Poresrt = 055 ze 14055, Q)| Degree ef saturation (f) =? WOOT WG Oty = ot eke 0 =07%6¢ = 43.04% ae ae @ | Percentage of cir with (ho) = 2 Rez Vb = Wy = Ww Vx WO Vv oo Sy ay Sra ay em : eo = nli-s) a = OE48 (4-07ia nt of 0 and bull unit weppht of t-6gmn/ce. The spccitec| i gaudy ia 2% - Detomine degree ef sa4ucation an / LY the rangle in tahuake, defrnine th unit weight ? —ildst_taver hat, water contin? Qe) = 20% Specific gravity (a) = 2-F @!_verd rao @ =? ify Lwerght density, (4) = partally satwasd coil fom on earth fll has nakwal eniehere 02 | wwe know that, Yel = Ke i+w Vd= £6 L402 Ye = 105 goo c again | Yel = Yo ie ow tes Qt ed “(Mw = £ gmlcc J ite 21 C= Ob | Degree of saduration = ° 2 MHe= Wi PEW4 = Oe ne = 0647 = 6FT% e€ oe ——_| tthe soil in fully saturc nee — | Thin,_fhe unit werght of coturatel ofl ig | Yeot = (ot $e \ » Yoo ate a Sfedtixoglyp = Lat gnle = L408 Henco, if Hae coll ofall saduyated then 7p ite unt weight in [Bat 2 29F gale-Qalo. il sop fas lon 2 ele rafio, wake contol on. td void. + beers epics at aidcechar Te jpecaic gravity ee 2. cal une werght of walee a es fe have a ball density (Wy) = 1.96 gm/oc dry density (OW = 1-92 ge/ cc. es _guavity G) = 2-66 nit weroht of water Yy) = dora ce. 0 Void ratio ce Wis Yeo 92 — 265 ¥1 Tere Le “e@= O54 D| Porosity Giz? Ms 0 — 054 =03506 = 36-044 » ave 140-54 P= 36-064 * @| wale canta! Ga)_= 2 ne Mol = Vy Lt+o % Fa = 190 L+w = O-1STF or 13-37 hf g ep of tation =P 2Dat Pees wr tnita_nadwel stale hoy 0 man of kp and vilume t6t0e ist ef saryple {Aa kg. The specufte gravity cfs] parte | lin om and Ja turetenknt, void ratio! Ae denut a ce puscsity! é | Si! taiven_that, | Plas: tf nateral soil (4) = 3k9_= 3000 9m i last of dies soil Pselidy MMe) = Doky = 2500 pm | Alast of woty Mw) = M-Ms =2000-2500 = 500 4m Titel volume (VIE ts0cc | gravity GQ) = 26 } Ql Bulk ceneity (64) = on ee = ggmIce. <1 Ske 29m Ico Dry density (td) = 9.64 c pear 1 werky candent Go) = fly = 500 0-2 | Ms 2500 Sd = 2 = £64 gmlcc- +0: 2 @ z | 2. fd = 46% gmice @l Void ratio @) =? 1 fl =_b. fn ive Abt = 26 KL ate fr. C= 0.56% ~©)| Poroaity r= 2 ¢ fo n= 2 are LR = 0556 0-3: I 140-556 Le OSHS oY B5-44 J,Dale, Solution @ Dawe Pos aang of satiwaled clay Ju a tofad ence - I-90 nf cli anaase 31-60. gon , the spoon qawtty of 1 ape n ones Polonyne momtine ondent aud yord salro: riven that, Tolal nats (CM) 14.90gm- Mass of dy seul solid (Mr) ~ 11560, pric gravity Gl = 265 motpine Cenfenl cay 2 i w= Mos ms Mu MMe = 4h IG66 = gogm then, we ao IA60 Ss Wt 001992 oy @ 1.929 Void ratio @ 2 fe = WG er wn j Sy E9.01923 6 25 2 Lally saforatd Z ts | 00509]dex Properties of Soil — Z| tnkoduchon + rod wear ee (Thoxe propectres which helps the dent fueatien andl clasification of soll, | thee properties ave called under preperties. rites woo helps the. {| gectechniceal engineer far predicting tuitabi bly of soil 0s fetndafien ay iuell a) conshuction mafertly. The so ix identify and claurfy oxith the help Hf fullewine properties: cific gravity of soil @ wat centat- © Particle size of seil seat petra al nde Lo Ue erty of cali, th che why ite (inden di yt : ie n= Se fan a, Giz ¥ Yo =e «One gta] , Olu 29. fw al pect “piaily ar.s0il 1 aloa defined Othe ratio of mam of given oe thse oltre owes on ep elem of wath abo he @z fr = eo Ha of same volunie af 4% temp. Mast 3 or toi eg tn -igali L9m_¢f mos oi natural: a Hin 7 Her val fr coame grain soil. Goravel —> 2.65 = 26 sland —3 2.65 2068 Silty sand Abh= 210 silt bh = 270, Thorganic wil > 268-2.g0 Oyganice soil 4.2.Pat Sena | | Dekamination cf speerfre gavity ¢ \Za find spectfic ory Ri jor! Sie mettrad be ued : Denuty Bottle ‘method : 4 Dll fycnemettr methed eae 4 La pecetie_grauty 1» mpatant proper hy whch vec! ti, fron, - Higa af han tate at datboton efe_ore_deturmimd.| Pyencmeer or dent ale i. evenly employe! te deere pee ———[ganity, SE _4 Take tply Chan deity bot 0 pycnometey andl defernune ths weight dw. Pad & Fra (ply bottle Cwerght ws) A kangen -wagh of day somple_in \placecl into pijenmomeder or density bottle ancl detains itn catight Oy h. Fig: emply hotflet chy son Cueight ka! —@| The distilled wale iv adeled ta i# ach ae Fit density botile in half fall wrth water. ctr in the tl romple_/ complete! HH} capalled ether by heating The wale adole to pycnanetr ot cerry bette fo Up full capacity ane! dekrmine HAs to b © lake singly beth ple wi ile pe sel | eveioht os Wt. oe OA aolatter chtounne th welt al phow 48,954 ropelely thn | find. spectfe_gravity of sell ma. 2 Ge weight of whe coerght of oguiverlenl value of wceley om a= Wy (webu) —Ciie-lig) tur iat) — (Warde) “Vhs ws | al Uy = is Wa = i Tec | Hake torkol of 10 ane th Gokrwiralian? } His defined ay the radio of mosr of vanfer_insoil ner f0.1001) of Solid j or weight of waler tb the weight of sali Hin devoted by. zs be w= Wy ps0 Of w= Mar y joo 4. Ws Mr Vad conttht of soi mosrcontolr ita sbength anol stabilify . ocwledlge of wader content nso Pass is escenbial incon bolipg lating of stability of oll kin \s0'l compaction operation, determing. the conualerey Limit, for uh of earthwork and -faundation._ Defomination of wate Empty | Uy) Container | wel ied soil Conesner _ Container al MpPonatur Required « | (wo wet-coil (ws) = “@neight balance Din cey_prachine.teu qual ttt he wl ane ache aus /empraty ea itn wergh{ becomes. t Coosrvalty hu’) —@ | atte Pm pea crarsie the cantarner 7019 Oven and — tae andl dy so pee ge | Zhen determination of water cenfent. Pillowing cokulation should be || macle Weight of oil = Ws 2 We_ | weight sul = "Wa = Aselght ef wader = Wise) —WWig- We) = _Ws- We By clefinion, warkrcenfeat Cw) = weight of water (Wai) seighF of so cl CWe) [wo = wea 20624]. C7 Gar we J Paiticle size Dptribution = ercerrtage ot pote dain debe oni defermnedl_ fee ely meh ni (et nah peti ana Sieve analysis nu uticle iy @ reader than gsll-- > fir resale eee tas Seinen a eh lt AL el al porticle ai size ovale tan 75 tp. i.e. ["rieve_qvalysin fer fine qoined scil— || fedimentalon omy. Chydhemeks “)O | siese Maalyss 3 | stil heed threegh sel of steve ortording fo 38. the sever are | —_ | devigned by the 20 of square apeonigg in ram or Xt. free op yareous_| sie sonigihg flan gomm fo p5.t1 are tse ; | fiewe aualyiin.ts_dovie fr coarse. qedved sil sei! con_be futhe divided inte gievel 7 4-25mm fog) vel: ut si 6. denn, LM, (0041, 425.U,244.41, 160. and 75-0. The sieve are stocked onover the sthe with decreasing firm top to | bottom , thu lovgeul opening in.kepl of top ond pan ls placed a \battevn of the comallest i ec egy =e Somm 2mm germ mm [_ aemm bot ‘ joram ane 4264) $:7510m 249. Pan 15041 Sieve shakey | 76L fig: For grovel Pan Sieve_shaker + Procedure x. (The grain size oF coame g A_known quontity ef air dhied vor! somple Clean all ‘the sieve and_arrange in aycending erder wil at top ci6ve and clone it athh id: Add the required qutndity of-seil at typ cee and clone + ‘Then _placo_alt the anger in Hi shakers a awangementy at lewt (5-26) minute, LE ELL | — A) forl_retain_in_each sieve R fi the _parcen wticlel finer than | | Io ——| uted in the analyse.Then, \Sieve size | Rotatned soil Lcumm ” of | _—_| mata inegmy| se | retained soi! _| tc] Bigg at a'r ay by latb=P | Cy. Pee=g 100-4 = 0% A] sei aintibution Cave [ami log Giaph)e [str ee a = wo @ sil —|-S}-4e — } Se 4 = 4 i i wit Qvot o¢1 oJ 1 40 409 size. Az Fine grained sai B = (worse grained sil SHeef Slope( uniform soil) taell gracled soil Con able Fechit size (size of particle at yo Y possi whith ad 40 “pass 6 = Size tf particle ot 60 A “pawing.fincas Pina _#\ (pefficient of wniformity (Cu) | The degree of a ra esl to cfiuen! of uniferrnty. Thin detinedas the ratio of Lhe diameky' ee eee Yo of vail fee than a cules ck | the cleomettt of the particls, whieh has to 7 of particles —_Teertain size. Te co-efficient oh unifonaity ty expraced a: Cus Deo Ds0 where, Do = ter of patticles comrespandiAy to 60% Dio = Dinmekr of partly cerrerpondiny tv J0% finer =t| Q- eMicient of cenvadwe ode ClThe tum by alyo us ti yO sbi i ir pailed. Thin i expressed ou z Coz Da0 Dro¥ Deo Wher, Oso = Diamekr of padtitla_ewresponding +o 26% fines n tha i 7 nd, eater than ond Cc inn bi were » OF Soil ollThe ution of povticle_of dierent arze in_asoi ‘unil prot 46 calielan grocling of soil.Det —— Patton Ke Cunfengy ¢ of foil = i Se te npmalal apne — |r eeroson_0 ite cnsintey. Lt 0 et corel (onda the lege Financ of soil Corwafecy of ceil h expres cu vegy atl Sy bedi. [ =| Bm t ming = 3 ae % OI Lowe Linit (oi) | Hin defined a» the bouneley of igus a Ap Tt en a ak al mall wil of ‘choar shenoth. Uhereteye Lp utd ral ofall ee | works conknt eo anil af ech the tastll in ged state. —- = @ |Ploste Li Je Hin Olefin und 4 1 hehieen semegalel sa Hea acd plas of a Hah iatyatine. contend at rahich 0 nble (crack lll - info thread _approvioakly erm inn diamekr, ;be | Shuuakage bint Crs (tis defined athe bomdry of wats between folid.ctat anol seri Lid stad of stil. mabe detined oithe lowest wake Content at | hich vedluction in wader content ill nat coure dlecrease in volume | lof oil may. Sees rent. a cattenberg Lina Pay Iu | The» range of seater bekwce! d Droit ond plaste Limit in cafled th a Plastic Indy. It in denoted 2 ie.[Tp = We~ Wp 5 [[Pasteity tncee| ak | rae ©. | non-plate | end, gravel | eben leon 1-F | low. Plastic all more coheuve Hay som 4-dt Mmediam-Platic _\ silt clay _\nue cohesive than silt als |e [af >it Aigh- flashic clay | @hesive tnd cS Luly dads CET The inclew batt cued it the conuinkeicy of un-linfurbed soil Is called iui nee be Kinthe ratio of natural water Conket of it_to_the its_plauttidy index - ttn done ot by Tq. iefTe ote] x soot Ty, Te = ve, sor! is tn_soltd or corni-coled state Ty = 0, Soilia vege stiff. That sl. influ sft I 74, Soil-0 2 = ; | Conateney Iudex (J ___—_—_—__—_} Ly] Hix clefired! 04 the ratio of munw_potinal water | content of sort ah the plasty te aim Hin dem by Te, = Z [Tem $e— ae |Dai: ——___ Page——___ Tf, Te = ve", soil tn in rout ode Tso In ——_ Te =4, wil 19 in ploshe stat Te Sd, foil in semi-solid or sold stake = | Delermninatton of Liquid! limit anol Plaske brid = Detomination of Liguail kmit Ce] & (The clevico wed 4 And the Li w Casagranda soil. re Louse! brmmid.os Casagranda soil. Th -conlasyq_brass cup which uel be raed ard allo allowed! ty fallona hare! rubjer base by torr handle. dle. Ther are Allowing procedures tb finda Lequid birntt: Abs of im ust rough Lt sieve iy taken, [ktr mix hh intl war. 2 potion of park. is kept m-the cup anol levelled 4.0 manu ALLL! | Eb jamm. oove (channel) bf the climension Amm x J2mm x rim Jo cut with the help of Arm. grooving. tool. ECE The_handle in tumed at the mle of 2 revolu on The number_of blow necessary te cleat the Mn The_warer_content_e¢ coil n_atered ond the proces i eee! b Adjusti ccaler conten! i sucha way thed the numbers. blows lene woou Lh within Y 40-50 blows connie atleast four fer. [AL plol_ of water contn! against a le The ceive in obtained in known on “flow curve. * The_twoder_cantint corresponding, to 25 blown 19 domed equiel Droit. ebbDelerninetion of Plaske tut (Wel = fellowryg procedures ave adepkel to findeut _plastre About 420 gm Of specimen paving Arpugh 4254 Keve in _\ doken 410 nuxed Uroughly with ontlled wary. | | Absut so gm of Plate soll ta_rolled 4a forma ball | rollecl ona gla plate trfrthe hond unfit_it 9 farmed in the | | foun. of Abvead. ef arm dhamekr. __,_______| -Tt_cwambling cloes not take place tn the thrtad_ia inte Q_ | Thin_pr Thread fort just cruntbinng ov @ olrameste of zm. ‘The cvumble_ thread ip deited spr war shen of rolling anol remould ing is repe tts io_foundowt before dlr 7 maven. je w= Ww we [2= ws— Wa] Wa Relative clentity | Field-density © Leia definecl a the ratio of the difference between the veil rate ef tull mth loosest wade anol ith_nocwol stad to the ols teren | bokoren_voiol radio_in th leonert slate and cleneit tak. 2 denoted by Tp o Ro inalno called degree of index olegree_of density ia dees Cmax — Cmin} = Cmax — © apata Soni for Nation Fical cero void ray [Te don relive lruty-t»_cue di tebe pcos lof the cohesionlear sol “onal _gen ose, medium [cee tel vey dent! fuck af vod ai | Natural lee of coheatonle soil in nth eset fin = _@may — @max enrox — Emin = Ro 20 Gl If the natural deporte f chestonleus/l in in ita cenvesk fom. be @=emin. » Roz emax— @ Emax = &min = _€mot — Emin a “tne = Onin Ro= f Abies | Tf Ro"fn-snore thon_o_onel [eu Han 1 fhen indumedliok sete fer ontuval depesit taker placein Pog: ——— = tmax—¢ ___ ——— max = emi pee i Me howe fled, ——__________ ez fut [ite Gy Su9] Ld. ate. seed factting the. value of '@° én eg! ———_—_———— Td= 24) eta i}= [aia ~t} ai, sateen [Se—+]= am = : [fadmin Sd maa = fasw — 7 Usdin Pa [TG so — G fw] Canin felmox =i ast, (amin “td J 4 qe Utdoin“sdoox] = ff = Comin Sela felmin ~ fdnon — Sdmin ras tdman* Ldlein =_ftd— min “fd edmax —ddmin ee dar NT = Smax [fd—Sdmin" aa iu x a Oo miTt Index (TJ + (Thin dope of fen carve obtained between the numbes cf blastn; | wakr content in Casagrande sete of cledrnnartion of sepwid ny je. Flow qolex, Te = Wi —. og aa ue twa) 5 — ft ws! Water _|| Conkent \ wa il Ns ne Number of blows —> #|| Toughness Index (Fr) Sol ft the pate of plasticity taden to flew index be Tr = Ip Te achvity Sl of soil (A) = Ll ie tain pl pl ade preg iy ad 7 ie e Me pata Index = of Loy faction pass fom Le sheet # - | Sensifivety of soil Ge) ¢ cllt.n defined as the rato ef undigturboct tel wale ___|thength at the same water content- mia St= (Qu) wurclinturbed = (uJremoulded- e where. 7h Ins —_|direcl wwetghing ane the motsture content of coilts cledernined by rams] Delemmmation sf fvelel Densrty | Gy Cove Cutler allied = go ete [Thin method t» comparitvely accel ene in. whch cove ce nfo growed torth rameer blows. - |The cutter m then dugore Reon grocnnd arg soil | endl ia hirnmecd off:to thatye lume of coil contained Legual ds Joner_volume_of core cute |The weight of si conpleely_ fin core cudter is then clekermined b morphine contend tat | Thin meted sutlabk for soil howngy cohesion andl hee fam gravel, , boulder and pebble sity = Vv where, b= weight ef movt sat! i Ve Volume of soi! epual e_mienal_volume- 6f core cutkr _, ite cleferrnvng. wader contort of coil, the dy cenit ef rit in compel, Od? [vie] i Ce) JPlostictty tnclex Liquidity inden eel Conn in eriy Index EE tequid tim toutie /tmt Ol Cu= Deo Dio Ollcc= o Di0 ¥Ds0 ize of portcle at fo’ passing. D0 =s70 Of particle wi Jo% put Coffecttve’ size). Mesut wo ,¥ a+e whe G-+w-h_.¥ Lt wh fr @ Yd = s+0 GO) $1.0 = wae —wicals % ~Te 4 Ail sample hes a Lrqutdl Limit 26% andl o flow inde 4 the plant Limit jn 16-7. Determine The platicify. mdr. aoa want contol of olin. natural condétnn in the fielel in 04° find he nurptency incor. We ave 2b giver thad, iene Js 26y plastic bimit (h) = es6y = 0:25 £5. vel watr content (w) = 20 Ye = 0.9 Plasticity index (Ip) = Ly = PL. 95 - 0-15 = 010 ', Ip = 010 = 40%96) fe Page: “gnvo:2| The fllowing propertin were deter mined tx uo soil k'and “| as ee | te Bate | | Lequid Gmit 0:62 0-24. 1 Ls| wader contint se 0-2) | eI Plastic_Limit 0-26 o19 | | speufy guavity of suid ZR 2. 6% | we | Degree of soturation i i | us |Which of the five soil O.cntanu more clay particky ? | l r wet ? @ hor “greccter dey dlersity €: ® ho greater void yao? +! Give, reason for your answer? : 1 ol” | Lreve Plasticity inden (xp): i Gl for soil ‘x= Ip= Le= PL = 062-086 | T= 026 - wl for soil “Ys trys le pe 024-019 0-45 ——Reaaisn| Her, lex ef soi) “X'tagrecdey thon toil Y. | La eis lay ee hype Wat density (Ve) & For foil ‘x Y= + G-w » Yh ite! = Ut wh es 4 Lt tot Sr TAIL + OC MPD gt | L+ CBR aR ll Lak, co 4.85 gm lee. Wey = 1-85 galce2.67 + 0-96 #AL At OH See po y= agm/ec = Aeon: | Hence, soll has greorke ovet densify a Density CY) t Ll] fer soil x” Ls for soil 'Y" Y= 9h Wy = rey Ltw a+wW = 185 SR £4+0-26 L408 Yay = 4.34. 9m) ce ly = 4-6 gmlcc Rensan| Hence soit Y’ hau greader dey dleruity | vorel ratio (e).2 | For soil: Ls Fir soil 'Y? 21 Sez witn fre = Ws, CF wa or = 0:27 2 ex = 4 076 ~ Reson!) foil 'X’ hor greakr void ratio.i “paos| Steve analy wos cmduckel on a se mwa eotgll Jeaegr reset} were a Sieve sizeGnm) aon nee som [oar TaaeTenuy if. 83 | too 160 [345 [ize | 67 : 3601 | 460 | von ae [43 | Ls || oraw the size drohibudten Gnve and dekrmine be coefficient of 1 nat tii of curvature _and effectve 120: rE SoD + _ 1 ‘height So aap (i) = J000 gm. a) 4 |caleeatoton hos been in tabuloy frm are given below: Sieve hat te ee emmulaie | ¥« Of Pasing stealom) (7) _|retasned [Yo retarned | (fener than neve size) |, to. gs | aay es Ot: Fi. +95 | 400 tov: 18:3 81-F% |b 2. 163 16.3% 346 65-44% av 166 JG y- B06 49-4-"fo oe | 345 | gagy | 61% ato 1 0-426| 493 | ja.g% | grax 22.6 Hi 0200] ¢F OFT B4.1% 159 > { 055 36 BbYe 8F-9°% Jaa 1 00th | 44 44/0 920 aA i LPan 80 ah 100'%» 0 From _serni_log- graph: Djo> O11 , D207 0:55, Dene 4-F 1 : Coefficient of cunrformity (Ca) = Deo = 4.5 — 15-45, O10 Odd Cus 76.45) Ll a Ci 2 Dag oon = 4-62 _ Dis Doo OU LE 4 1G = 16g Gh Fhfectve_vee = Duo 2 Cow = ot) a= ze —— result of the.sieve analy of aBoil are given below To man of gotl_19_g00,gm. acre [jem [4-3] anna | Sra [o-drmm] 426.0] 23241| 05-40 | 740 | Jon (as retained [2% 97] 409" [go 9 | 509 | 4609 $4697] 5 9" 5597] ase” 26qm us| yaw the patie size clinfibudton cure and find the coeftren lof unifer migy and cvefficrent_of curdadure. Soluticns Lieve [veil eiumd]y> ef soil \lommuleive —]'% of Poung- | 20 (nm) | Com refoined _[% retained | (Ye of finer. Ro | 36 | 4-689 2.889 96-Itl Bo) 40 |4.44 | 8399 ‘gt. 60 |! ~ 496, Bo__| 6-89 S41 BR FEL 2 150 | so 667 | 23.085 b6125 4 350 | 667 | 50-55 49-650 ob 140 | 45-566 |. 66-408 13 B92 0.495 | si5 | 12-998 | 48-e¢¢ PLUG o21d| 56 Gat 84-996 15.004 ons | a6 889 __| G8: Bas ans. | 0-075 | 25 +E | GS-64 839 Pan_| 45 &323 [100 Q L (Tehl_moss 64 soil (0) = $06 Gm Gl from _temi-loy - graplh Deo = 1-6, D90 = 0-5F, O10 = 0-19 ©| Coefficient of uniformity (Cu) = Deo = 4.6 = 12-05 _ O10 018 — 14.31] ne Dox D1 16% 49 wl@= nes] ig = 0413 J| ocr oor Gon areas f { faa =" | Sore | | [prraro | 1 art = nee | ve | pt2 00 15:0 =0@ | 10-076 Lunit-4. 5/1 Classification —— 4 pefuvton so | lt the arrangement 6t coll into differnt queupy ruch dat soil _| a particalar group. | fonpene of soil ClaatPrcabion i= eoritical or setentific purpose & Engineering ideas. far general zatan and advance ment of soil scence by. different, To provide a common lang For 11 wage to_engineen ond stink for the | exchanging of infrmaon nid exprrence rogar lotta ud soil. di Practical or Field Purpore for in defferent seherne if eayy wor “Te correlag® weith behaviour of sol under pectfre te. Basse Requirements inal Aa vo tle cation +WE! foil clamificalten tyilon ¢ D) mre clarnpication gyiten * ; [inst —» Marsacheessetter Instilale of Technology] “Thr ype voces eveleped by rot. Gr Gibhy af Mz M1 Up, re ct en al a ae analy and diviclel fy Nain foun groupn ’ @ Grave/ —> Powtele alco greeter than 2mm | Sond > farticle gize behweon 0.01 to 9mm SH — Particle size Lejween att to bo2t Clay —> fartic size test phan 2-0. c as Clay | seit Saud Coravel | Fine [ae carne [Fme {adi yes O-069NIM O-006MM O-09MN OOGMM G-2mN Gm 2mm he—_fiie grained” soil 4. coaune grained ier? nal clovificabion igs of soll ae § _j = {He 0.0 banguler sort casa ticatton cyst aleveloped by Vs gorean fp ce et i if An texture refers fo appearance of soil parfiele, si ———|pltion pt here ue lok only poste aie £76 «we thir_clavitica 5 a ——— 1) ft tat fin the pecentage ef sand, at one cle Ltleviy Fen_percent d, en sul ave plolted clang Ayce lo pet etal damph ohh dn) eg (he sel ix cloniity acacia ie zr h LA )_t zone | t Mes. + pete, sar 7 pie, a on la lee in_pordle 4 ee cama - | Atcha Clauiticahon mood utah fy destjbing wane graiid Fi ae ep me 9 fo eth eta dee| fa eg: sei conlamng 20 ls pent P'on thio chart and. wal. be He € 90 Joo nas wet [ult (eu 53)] i fT Fig Tedaral clourfication of Jul ESI Cvhed sch fclion Gum = ts Le won firatly develeped_by Casagranda in s94@ cand_later in 19% modified by “Bureau of reclamation ond cropa.of Cngineen_of Wit! The syton based on_particle site disbibutfon and_plostietly charac. intica of soil. [2 inclucles the field tdenftfecaHon te Lav wells ir suttable fr bo (cca fll gid. Soll user both puiniogy oy Pamary letter Cymbal) feng Letier Capmbol) a= trvavel Wis well- graded $= sond. P= poorly graded 2H mM — silt M —> non=plastic nes C= Coy ~ C= plastic fines ———_O_= Organic => (wn plostresty —_ Sea tome eee teeba] Th thin syskm, toil clouified mm 15 groups [three prowess A= Coome grain soil = __B- Fine graxin il cH Heghh organic soil. © oarme gratn gol Lol The coo! phere more Han 0% af the soil in redeunel on vss (01076 mm) sieve. QI Gravel t-nare thon 07. of te ceil relawed on 4.26m00 sieve a Clean _(oravel dess thon 5% puss on FF 01 sieve. Hell guaded gavel aw) = (u >< ond Gz tts. Poorly graded gravel (UP) ~_not_meet above condition. aravel with fine = mor thon 32h to M sere Silty gravel (Get) pomberg fermi! below a= Line tnd, 0 Tp. if. sand & pore thon 150% of the soil payed on dem seve. | Clean dand :- Les than 5% _fine_porticles Well graded _tond (Su)> Cu>¢ ard = be Poorly graded sond (50) ». Alek meet above condition ®) Jone with ine* Leth mor hon x29 eh fine. 0, lly _Sond Cp) flemberg Orvt below actine and Ipc ae ee i aettedall acl cua Bie cae gid =UIE grovel wih dnt (5-124) Nomad as Gul on GP Oe Ht abwe A-Line and Ip72- it fund with Fine Cs-40 /e\-3 plomed as Shim i gy Spelt1s, Te_s0il where mort ing on #5 Ll sleve. a) Fine guain sorlalns vidal in info fwo man group)’ je. | Low Plostcity fine sold High Pauley feta. ee 1 Thor Tnorgan' a Vc Clay. of iow Pest CL: Digan lof bw plosieyy Oe. ine dil —» be in of low plouticity —Me. pe blab i High Ploseity Fine sil —» WL>50 % Thorganie_a | Inorganic Pop Iugh plasticipy — i ciby al | OL Argisnie_srlt ef high” plot Eesha ©, ganic Soil + | Organre soil are fine grained soil with organi vackn Att fle lm ol Dep figuid bit, the soil con be ergante pate ence bel aes te a nt 2 oro peat ag le dl ult b ae ee eer mutt weil ond hove -frerous dexture. a CH wee l 40 ne sine I MH i ool oY as f= Mx — = sees eer Ody zo to qo sf % 60 FRE Unified soil classification Jystkm (Lec)| Field Dderdification of Jo teat naloral sila uahich ove encountered tn fiekl ore rotahirey A900 more_vanietion They ray ho contasn samme organic reg, ina partially ee fully cco stede. Te mate i ther none) | after_the_major component.» minor conponent_tn_cideled ay on a dpechve. Zbe_pure soil in ono voviely can be sbieined only. a Manufactuxn, grificially, Tate ie |The atte ‘at fick) ab mmuier sul con cop niente deneteaned uncler_the headings sf coame grained ono fi | soil materials. Gravel etc aal pas arse stl ints coarae grained variehes ond -silta , fall ink fine jqralned varieties: a | The gener tule_te_clencribe stoi! consioteres. inthe Heh x_preentedl in Table bolow: pal Conviokney| Field Sadicationy ini vey Stitt |_prttle or very hardl SHE | Con not be mmualded in fingern Firm | Con gmt be moulded in Anger by song Soft} ecuily moulded in fhe fingers Very doft| Excludes between th us etn the fingers when _squeered | Fable > Consistency fiom 1d. Inspection a ‘ele! Ienhification of toils done by follow ways? | Gravel _verow tond—> Visual Erominalon “ornare Sayel versus tilt» Drspernion ext j —> Oy P i 4 Sil vernus cloy <3 Vin tl Examination a {Het -cuel_Monipulate shengil Tl- Thread ov falling fet” Pe eee Diloteney Ter! ete oo a renal Test Touphnes Tel2 Girovek Venus fonds The mam coxsttuerls_of are grained nekriale are cand air | Co essmm to 4-260) ond gravel alze (4.16 0m toa ltt the percentage of gravel in grecikr thon snd, then fhe soil in | gravel eine sand. can be do poet Can be done by vinwal ontnbaa. ve, angulowty, dimension (particle dize). pee i (ooine Ve five sof | Te identify the coarse qramecl il, J so Lsanpl a st don a ft Surface.anel seen. JF more than 50% of the parheler are_umnible tothe naked eye, the soil in_coarse gramed ele fe. a [+ becovnes chéticult zo distingetnh tna oma fom gin Je orttideration espectal|y when the sand tn ve madwials look Like dust except in tat lt my le darker in cohur Hthon von. + con be ehfferenfiakd by Dtopeinion Tat. Dinpemton Tet = ol Thin" useful for_mnking 0 rough estioade op cand ond silt prsent na madera. ae a f x Procedhanea - Qa al of soil_f r faken m a gl linder and _| i wiles Ip eille. andl_pacticles settle don rT about 30 sec if the “cle dna Ga ea he ph — a ‘atte i In Ghout $6 cm. @® Lil povticles dake a bngey time within abou! 20— 24os0c. to sett hy pm hl icley dake lover fie tr or nay | I@) St vs Clog Uy The gran stee of ane. clay con not b exominction . for thin, a microace yt [he laborer: —__ — ts ay takmg_ntott soil_on fi er ioe touch Anger each other,” feel vough If it in samcly- or silly taut feel smeolh_1 tfc Ino,t£ee squecced soll hepucen finger pnololure mmea rd quickly, it fuck clay stk tothe Bayer ant el for tn, my le fllanigy die ima be adiph o_eliy t | vilt_ ane algal fan. Soe —_ 3 G@[Viowwl eomwation G 5 fhe_wottal examination dda be torial aut by rackeceye wih efrence trate, ongulority and grading chavackritics. © Met avd! Manip clade shenglh Tek Take o small quantity of the sil specimen and feo CC ef wader Q| Then make ceube shape Jocomer) fond_placed rin sun oro ct ino°c_ émporature. an the cube shape specimen. < fandy. Jo'| —> weak easily. 4 re eT tage eee Tread ov faling Tals ral ge om orial ald Be wal El Me inka Bl no Loep Wn pia dle tt qe make thread Upto gm diameler 01 munedeadly coumbler_eittout exrearning fread Sond bane fl dat eed Biel te = Ole, comortel nto Heel oom ethout cubed iUnit-5\Soil blater and Effective Stress 7, #1 til sake ond the types Ls il woter po fhe meintur present m the vordn of a voll masr. hon most significa ffi on behave abl bf can be_br A 6 pe oe eee Coe a vi hal Cree water) -@ _beld_Warer. ‘| QD Cravitatonal Hater © — 6] ravitatt es ta lhe he soil under the achisn of ify. Tite tn shih per rough roll under the achian a graulpy_and Als apthe vais vr gore spare in the soil —__| devel of gra oil Ie Pally gatuvoted. It _alno called free wate. Vv | Hetd wor £ | Held water io the retained im the_porer and! it con't mae under ithe Acti vity lt in divide @ Shruchwal_water @ Abs fe. © Copillagy water @ theuetal Waters Gl The form of woler remove in the ate sgpiek dch sat 2 — lin chemical i not vem ae 0. n rature > 300° | Ol Absorbed tod = (Thin 4ype of waler can Le ese va digi. Hh = such way yeplacecl again tn : -fo_coo! dawn 0 —_o lg ke re Thi, ts renormenon. by which wer iv soil pores ries ho : tpl aero eae fue Thugs called heght lof captliarth /¢ occam ‘due surfxe temrion force:a pa oi) to pass ware fed eal 14 | io the proporty of 1 ne them mn cg aa une ty flow though ah set cael Sith Hydraulic fal iz ll Hydrewlte_ho lifference in elevations of wort ku —_ | ! inte ino cotl mast [tt the loan of head through the wl eS tT : [n= hs-he = head losy In L Js = hydraulic headrey'n Loud ee eee eee Ee i fe Darcy Law * velo dlasliy-pepitonal to — Lepdaale grain? a “yn | ie ord al Vz kf——® Lkloder kvel in_uprreort = hy water level tm ee zh: Total hee = het |The hydrowke gradient ar = head coming Flow length of seepage pa t= ha-h — bs se “fae h ma Determination of cuefticiont of Penrealbilrty : In the laboratory the coefficient sf permeability of sil detomned By ———_ Alle boraftny: Method : —— ee eee S inal had tld: Ck> 10°F] eT @ varinble head Hotind-La0-%< k 22 ¥ 20 = 220 KN /m> _Pore_watr pressure (U) = 40 x¢ = 40 kim? Effective J fie) = 2004-0 te el [at _ i cada= iaebosee uk Aton dept ton Eh aud. otis allel bt cy » Be lqrund wader table in sm below The ground surface if has @ degree Scateaton wf 25%7 plot the clagram slewing Me vantahien 1 of total phew pore wader pressure pnd effechve sie The void voto of He sand it_o: is_0-#0- Toke =266, Fy =toKallm Here ts ik O= (to Sud y, lk dey = Ca ire “okgree of Saturation Ip 45-7 Us [25 + O-¢5reAWy= 244 Kalm= Viton / a se £4 44 kel in? & Jota) shets (=) = 0 fc=0-46 | am Pore ‘under praxare W) = 0 Gfective siren F)= 0 tyad Ab level 6-8. ‘Total strom Gx = Vr eh = Ptetg 2 = 62.99 lm? Pore unity Proyure @) =O Hiective ghros (= $232 —0 = 52.92 Nim @)| At level _c-c.! Toda choy Go) = Veehy Maho = 17.94.49-+19-29, 2 & = 184.62 kN/o® ha= dor, # = 40 Kile | Hiftdie Sing) = DLE 6 tal fro.he op lager b 2:50 Ahop (oxy 2-46.90 Micke ty dable ty at depth of 4-5 a JO% 16. ) on | Nal = 20-25 eal fo). The below the sucface ond the zone it Copiilieng saturation | L0_aboe the worer dable - Draw the diagrams Showing the | vavlction ef el ore, poe vonde preaure-orel cbfectIvestea, re, Gt be = as SCE LM FEK ATA MRT HI = 4218 EN |ePew Pili ON had A. nat Of an upece ger rath. pat | un * weroht of fee ates the 40h tive chess of the bottm of the. Cn er 01 air ure 4 gn, 0 + fable i Ym below the of _| -@ Gachy af the proud ' @®_1m_wbove the ground a, 4 golh-| Here, Pag cate at end ot below VT | bo: love [gael nt Totol.ohess G5) = £8 ¥S + eRe 4 =142 Wim? Pore water Pressure (= sox @-d)-+ 20% 4 = 6bkal/m? ' effective Jie (Z)= ct U= 14.2 60 = 96 kn/m?. aye-T || then ble_exarctt (2; a Le = detatlr? Total thet Go) = 18434 2a x4 = 142K Inf tee unity Prue (= soys-+ dong = galing [om Vencstee® | _Effective_they @) = 149-40 = 42 kal lm. ij Cose-7 | ble Raysusis i 4 Then,_at betfum ef the lower kvel. son Vag? S60 ne Total sire G4 = 18 x8+ 22% 4-+ 40 KL = 162KN It Live waley presjure (0) = Joxt-+ 10x 2-+do% a = = 80 kw/me 1 ftutive shen C= t59— go = Fa kA Im™which evebfitient af pevmeably_'0 om | that the Flow thraugh He pipe _2om? Ida —|6f wakes pangs cal | fellee! worth toned. Sl) Given Had, elt iy ——Ceefterd 0 prvenblity C= ga guchate = & niidew ann esta _ | Crosn-sectronal_ovea cf pipe (A) = 5 0cm™ - | Level cifference between fe ne (he-be) ="6 i pala a te_poce epltn oF cv by ute mechanical meen to tierease chy. ify of coi. The proven n ccompatned by expulsion of arr andl “volume of walty inthe | [ooil seman unchanged. ar ait] bupent of ful Conpactionz Fea ale tncreate the shea ahength_ovel bearing capacity | {To reduce _compreani bitty [To reduce _pormeaboilify. QB ‘To reduce quelling aril ahunkage potenti. tl Loboratary Gr fon Test [The compaction charactyintey can be arnerned inthe laboratory by iéferent method: 3. Standard Proctor Test 2 Modified acter Test / Modified puro Text yet: fandarel Procter ‘Tel oller | Re. Pacor developed proce ue for J ty! ‘he omenction of soll in fhe loboratayy ar in sess. The_pncle fr anynp a ei out compaction tet in dencribed \ |f Z| B bolts: tl * —t ) Toke 35 bp wf. cmple punt LIZZ LAL ALL A. thresh 4-46 sieve. Detachable bare plate | ® Take 9 pide mould of tow inm Cig: flondord Proctor Tent J diometerarcl_122-2mmn height with capacity 10cm. ___ ftoch o_delahable calor *® mowl) wth a base pode of the bottom Qu thovwn in fg, | _the somple wth ame wafer ond cnpactino- anil by vommer Loonunting of te6 kg mona_fal lg. sie ly th ho herght of Zoomm —|iin vee equal lovyer-,etch layer reivinp ts Blount of ratte. —__,$$$, the weight - eee ee Od dy, bulk dennit fey a | Repeed the prac ma wg ng. toe wake cnt wot He wh of comple ita oe [Plot the curve | ater ronkin ee ifome (eT) 8 ardent sa) _____Fiy+ compaction curve | oafiecl pike Test? erat Thin tuk in madgfied farm of the vandard racer tut ue needa 71 ela lor de he pa us up. the woe or-T sar] ___ | in jut the moukl 19 wed come 2H t lo fiat wel in fordard racer tod. dm Foe Lo] A rommer_comating of 4-57 may” waler onknt—> | alliug freely theoiph @ homght of Crigscompaction cave] — lesoram compact the sol: Therein conga nthe fe ea loyer rene 28 lu. of tommner.futon _ffeceg- compactor a [The various facPorn afketing the Compaction Ore on Biles | sate content Lb \ itm dithtult to compact dry svil as the wale confent im Increased the’ comme) more workable pregence a Init ties tmpacin salto deny af cone ane cll can be corppocked is lngher doy derulfy ther fine’ groune Ce nge ee enw sal ight de ergy Tranayni —ss = i | Comp fon of 0 amount of eneray trargmitted 10.00. Higher the compaction load will be cusianide eet Om: Of MPT inh her Pi A Ae idrmirtured + Compaction characennten af the sole ingest Ay igen. icdouals known as adm lave ite, ene and Bmp. gla Fi ion Of Juils 2 loxyern af zoornm fy Sooram in thickney9. 2ach lasyey 19 coxph | a fpedtied arb by nano of ny tchon xetupmert. The vortus equi oy are: ® Sm a wheel ler ® sheep fant fale! a oo © Pneumatic Roller i a Vibratory Roller bt i | 6 Vibi lode. i c © Tmpact “PomnveraPowe Smooth Uiheoled! Rollers “| froth caheoled roller ave ved fo. comact well rade conrge geared lors ane! non- plogte fine pian silo Diog we ne anit for {eeniform andy and tify rarity. theep Foot Roller theep fick rollem are nimity fo amtolh heeled rollers excep! Mat the contatn mumereter projecting ‘ee! abort 00.mm Jo 256000 Jono wi 07 encl_ovea of Teo: Te rollers are suidable for bth play | 0nd non-ploatie fine grained rails and for marge geotnel sails wilh _|more than’ 20 %h fines >|They are suitable far ccame grain ond fine gram git Preumahe Ayre _|voller_consiat_9 to 15 ole fred thle be awa: The_wheol - Ms arranged that whole coverage length ta oblatnedl.im one_poa of ale [Vibrating rn Thy ler ih i Ahicknen. can be_congch ine al upta wm smaller thickaes.’ ,-e_ued_nef he oe perder m onal 3 ey migy Posber Opera annual doerad ii aioe Ib imporsiol. to tired. bg ae ee anal.| Compactor anil fees 7 “ 2- Core_CuHer method. a) = | Thea_method 1 le . mi egy rth circular bale taker The hyn place tothe fred a rn 7 pv ined. Lio ne . oma anki bate - Now, he oy take [eX sand bottle valve fand cone \ TR Tray Fig fond replocenent _methed e_woeight efond Allg. hole dekrmined ctfh there dato G nd _the thy 19 0! tweraht tothe hole = tevoht of le before = Wa. Leight of fond boHlle OF g ree Meleight of filing Contcal funnel_= Wa (en h_ofaand filly. be hole = bl2—ble-W4 Unit _wetght af 1 | Volume of gand, Ve Wa-We-ble = Volume of hele | — —f __ eS —|w a dlentity, Yd = VY Abe —|l ther w=anter ConkntPew __ oe Core cutter Method > Th thin_method, 0 cyl ical core cutfer witb dot 0 placed wre cutter 4o prevent damage to the edgen of the cutter ape emily into the ground for ite full_holght cuel » dokenout- The supine tonne nde furl out froen fhe_known cre /o] OF te. cutter. Volume onl mature cant sll deter ena, Con be_cerppudeel an filleon, : i eupht_bf_eutfer = Ws a Height Of sorl + cul Height of joil_ = W |__Volume of cutter. oe Bulk denittyOie bla — We = Vv : : | Bom V7). orn ha Fig Core cutter meted C Tin mei _avtob‘rto dne_ tae aol ihe expored and Cutter con be easily driven. _ gee ee