DYEING OF WOOL, SILK

AND COTTON IN
MALACHITE GREEN

BY
JOHN
ANDREW
STEPHEN. G
XII

CONTENTS
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2 INTRODUCTION
a) DYEING
b)TYPES OF DYE
c) MALACHITE GREEN
d)PREPARATION OF MALACHITE
GREEN
e) CHARACTERISTICS OF DYE
3 EXPERIMENT 1
4 EXPERIMENT 2
5 CONCLUSION
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

DYEING
Dyeing is the application
of dyes or pigments on textile materials such
as fibres, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving
colour with desired colour fastness. Dyeing is normally
done in a special solution containing dyes and particular
chemical material. Dye molecules are fixed to the fibre by
absorption, diffusion, or bonding with temperature and time
being key controlling factors. The bond between dye
molecule and fibre may be strong or weak, depending on
the dye used. Dyeing and printing are different
applications; in printing, colour is applied to a localized
area with desired patterns. In dyeing, it is applied to the
entire textile.

TYPES OF DYES
1)Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are
applied to fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and
modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dye baths.
Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at least partly, to
salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes
and cationic groups in the fiber. Acid dyes are not
substantive to cellulosic fibers. Most synthetic food
colors fall in this category. Examples of acid dye are
Alizarine Pure Blue B, Acid red 88 etc.
2)Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are
mainly applied to acrylic fibers, but find some use for
wool and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dye
bath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fibre. Basic
dyes are also used in the coloration of paper.
3)Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out
in a neutral or slightly alkaline dye bath, at or
near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium
chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)
or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Direct dyes are used
on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They
are also used as pH indicators and as biological stains.
4)Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the
fastness of the dye against
water, light and perspiration. The choice of mordant is
very important as different mordants can change the
final color significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant
dyes and there is therefore a large literature base
describing dyeing techniques. The most important
mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or
chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30%
of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for
 black and navy shades. The mordant, potassium
dichromate, is applied as an after-treatment. It is
important to note that many mordants, particularly
those in the heavy metal category, can be hazardous to
health and extreme care must be taken in using them.
5)Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and
incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However, reduction
in alkaline liquor produces the water-
soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which, in this leuco
form, has an affinity for the textile fibre.
Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble
dye. The color of denim is due to indigo, the original
vat dye.
6)Reactive dyes utilize a chromophore attached to
a substituent that is capable of directly reacting with
the fiber substrate. The covalent bonds that attach
reactive dye to natural fibers make them among the
most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such
as Procion MX, Cibacron F, and Drimarene K, are
very easy to use because the dye can be applied at
room temperature. Reactive dyes are by far the best
choice for dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at
home or in the art studio.
7)Disperse dyes were originally developed for the
dyeing of cellulose acetate, and are water-insoluble.
The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a
dispersing agent and sold as a paste, or spray-dried and
sold as a powder. Their main use is to dye polyester,
but they can also be used to dye nylon, cellulose
triacetate, and acrylic fibers. In some cases, a
dyeing temperature of 130 °C (266 °F) is required, and
 a pressurized dyebath is used. The very fine particle
size gives a large surface area that aids dissolution to
allow uptake by the fiber. The dyeing rate can be
significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing
agent used during the grinding.
8)Azoic dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble Azo
dye is produced directly onto or within the fiber. This
is achieved by treating a fiber with both diazoic and
coupling components. With suitable adjustment of
dyebath conditions the two components react to
produce the required insoluble azo dye. This technique
of dyeing is unique, in that the final color is controlled
by the choice of the diazoic and coupling components.
This method of dyeing cotton is declining in
importance due to the toxic nature of the chemicals
used.
9)Sulfur dyes are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton
with dark colors. Dyeing is effected by heating the
fabric in a solution of an organic compound, typically
a nitrophenol derivative, and sulfide or polysulfide.
The organic compound reacts with the sulfide source
to form dark colors that adhere to the fabric. Sulfur
Black 1, the largest selling dye by volume, does not
have a well defined chemical structure

MALACHITE GREEN
Malachite green is an organic compound that is used as
a dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial
in aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a
dye for materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Despite
its name the dye is not prepared from
the mineral malachite; the name just comes from the
similarity of colour.
Malachite green is classified in the dyestuff industry as
a triarylmethane dye and also using in pigment industry.
Formally, malachite green refers to the chloride salt
[C6H5C(C6H4N(CH3)2)2]Cl, although the term malachite
green is used loosely and often just refers to the
coloured cation. The oxalate salt is also marketed.
The anions have no effect on the colour. The intense green
colour of the cation results from a strong absorption band at
621 nm (extinction coefficient of 105 M−1 cm−1).
PREPARATION OF MALACHITE GREEN
Malachite green is prepared by the condensation of
benzaldehyde and dimethylaniline to give leuco malachite
green (LMG)
Second, this colourless leuco compound, a relative of
triphenylmethane, is oxidized to the cation that is MG:
C6H5CH(C6H4N(CH3)2)2 + HCl + 1⁄2 O2 →
[C6H5C(C6H4N(CH3)2)2]Cl + H2O
A typical oxidizing agent is manganese dioxide.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE
1. It must have a suitable colour.
2. It must be capable of being fixed to the material.
3. When fixed, it must be fast enough to detergents,
soaps, water, dry cleaning solvents, light and dil.
Acids.
 EXPERIMENT 1

AIM
The aim of this experiment is to prepare a malachite green-
dyed woollen/silk cloth
REQUIREMENTS
500 ml beakers, tripod stands, wire gauze, glass rod,
spatula, woollen/silk cloth.
Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic and malachite
green.
PROCEDURE
1. PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
SOLUTION- Take about 0.5g of solid Na2CO3 and
dissolve it in 250ml of water.
2. PREPARATION OF TARTAREMETIC
SOLUTION- Take about 0.2g of tartaremetic and
dissolve in 100ml of water by stirring with the help
of a glass rod.
3. PREPARATION OF TANNIC ACID SOLUTION-
Take 100ml of water and add about 1g of tannic acid
to it. Heat the solution.
4. PREPARATION OF DYE SOLUTION- Take about
0.1g of malachite green dye and add to it 400ml of
 water. On warming a clear solution of the dye
results.
5. DYEING OF WOOL/SILK- Take about 200ml of
dye solution and dip it in the woollen/silk cloth to be
dyed. Boil the solution for about 2 minutes. After
that remove the cloth and wash it with hot water 3-4
times, squeeze and keep it for drying.

OBSERVATION
The colour of the woollen/silk cloth dyed directly by
dipping in the hot solution of malachite green is fast.
 EXPERIMENT 2

AIM
The aim of this experiment is to prepare a malachite green-
dyed cotton cloth
REQUIREMENTS
500 ml beakers, tripod stands, wire gauze, glass rod,
spatula, cotton cloth.
Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic and malachite
green.
PROCEDURE
1)PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
SOLUTION- Take about 0.5g of solid Na2CO3 and
dissolve it in 250ml of water.
2)PREPARATION OF TARTAREMETIC
SOLUTION- Take about 0.2g of tartaremetic and
dissolve in 100ml of water by stirring with the help
of a glass rod.
3)PREPARATION OF TANNIC ACID SOLUTION-
Take 100ml of water and add about 1g of tannic acid
to it. Heat the solution.
4)PREPARATION OF DYE SOLUTION- Take about
0.1g of malachite green dye and add to it 400ml of
 water. On warming a clear solution of the dye
results.
5)DYEING OF COTTON- Cotton doesn’t absorb
malachite green readily. So it requires the use of
mordant. For dyeing a cotton cloth, dip it in NA2CO3
solution for about 10 minutes and then rinse with
water. Then put the water in hot tannic acid solution
for about 5 minutes. Now take out the cloth from
tannic acid solution and keep it in tartaremedic
solution for about 5 minutes. Remove the cloth and
squeeze it with spatula to remove the excess
solution. Now place the cloth in boiling solution of
the dye for about 2 minutes. Remove and wash the
dyed cloth thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep
it for drying.

OBSERVATION
The colour of the cotton cloth dyed indirectly by using
mordant and then by dipping in the hot solution of
malachite green is fast to washing and of high intensity
 CONCLUSION
DYE FABRIC RESULT
Malachite green Wool/Silk Fast
Malachite green Cotton Not fast to
washing. Low
intensity
Sodium carbonate Cotton Fast to washing.
soln. + High intensity
Tartaremetic soln.
+ Tannic acid soln
+ Malachite green
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeing
2)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachite_green
3)https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55440029/
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4)https://www.academia.edu/35573819/
DYEING_OF_FABRICS_AN_INVESTIGATORY_P
ROJECT_FOR_CLASS_12_CHEMISTRY