EHRENFEST RNCIPLE :-

RetaTe Q.M ph ysical obser va bles to

ne et atciCal relaions
he rále of change of_ xpec FaHon
value of any M_physica observable
can be appronehed to 4he clatsical lau
Newfn's law)
tvery abm has speci
Ever Specru m hi ch
can
Can hetp uS d idintid Y the elem.en
Mathemahxall yi
t be an 0bservalble
d LA)= <A >
dt r t)_

<Y|A IYP>
LA
IA>
bra Ve clov has imteqra ond cOmplex
Ctnu ae
<41AY>) =
a Y'AL)ds
-C)

t t dt

USmqtime dependent dehrodingev

EguagfionReplacing deviva Hve of ime
HYC) t)
 H (xt)

dt
=i Hy
CKit)
y - AH Yt)_
*AY4dA
ihHY dt

/ih i i t
Subsihuhnq e O
-Y'AHY + YdA y)
idx(P*"AY
A idt
dt
Td (Ya v)-d ar Y)+

a 14
miticn opercawy
H S heY
HT A-
<41AH Y>+ ¥13A
IA
 HAY <P[A HY >+hk LA
h t

t
A

A o (A 1S
not expticilly dependaaf
on h me

LA=
dt
ZHPI
P or aee_pa hcte PE
SimlFancouuyy Comm ule each 0|har

H,P0
 Pi 2HA ]
dP i<[H,P1=
dt kP> is
Constant in im
im e
P is ComtGmt otion
we ar alkng abont expcetahhm
om
not eiqnv alyes
Valu
H
Opera fors m ule
Sel
d E >
Sel Com

dt
= sec0 mmu e
O

CE is conant In time

NOw A CFree porh'c e )

dcr 2t =i<[H,x ]2

2m

dLn)=
clt
2mh PIP,J-1P,XP
Px]=
d en)- i (if)<P)
d
[P]: P-i6)1Li6)
P*J=-ihP
Cn) =
<P
m
L P2 mdiM Classi cal elahun
clt derived rom QM
Not vud for aigen valu es
ie P-m d)

ony valid ov expecàhm v

a tuu

A H=P+V(X)_
d cA) =i <H A
dt
o
TVCX
2m

_P,P)
2m

2m m
H_Vx)P V-P
V-ih -(-hov
X
ih dv
force_
lwayS
c = <iK )v > aqatnoto radtent
d X

KP= dV
dX
= <F
YV= P
 V(K)Yx): Ey
2m X*
-2imn E -V)C)
-
k (x)
x
Y k x)
o
2 m E-v)
E V
E =VX)
E
vtx)

X
IMPLE ARMONIC OSuuAToR.
K

E =m ax
 Fd
Frz-k X
d'y
F : -kx
dX kxm
E m

m
m

YI -

Mulhplyung b

d * )JE0
t

L )E,

f +| kx*
2
 ur
X vturt at
1

D COn cave upwad

VY)=| Rx (OCalminima
YK6 Conaveco
(Cocel max)

VX) 2 F v (lka)

f-kx_
v CX)=- _F dx
Vr) Ex clx : kx _Ikx
=
E = V E V -eM
KE clcoa icclly-
Clonk
y
r bidd tn
DomainI
i

hk
2 m
- V_ 0

h'E 0

ELVOV VSE
-hk V- E
2m- V E