Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IsDB in Brief 1.5
IsDB in Brief 1.5
1975 – 2019
Empowering People for a Sustainable Future
Table of Content
4 Overview of Sectors 28 Indonesia
8 Afghanistan 30 Iraq
9 Albania 31 Jordan
10 Algeria 32 Kazakhstan
11 Azerbaijan 33 Kuwait
12 Bahrain 34 Kyrgyz
13 Bangladesh 35 Lebanon
14 Benin 36 Libya
15 Brunei 37 Malaysia
17 Cameroon 39 Mali
18 Chad 40 Mauritania
19 Comoros 41 Morocco
21 Djibouti 43 Niger
22 Egypt 44 Nigeria
23 Gabon 45 Oman
24 Gambia 46 Pakistan
25 Guinea 47 Palestine
53 Sudan
54 Suriname
55 Syria
56 Tajikistan
57 Togo
58 Tunisia
59 Turkey
60 Turkmenistan
61 UAE
62 Uganda
63 Uzbekistan
64 Yemen
72 Water
80 Transport
84 Themes
1
other social services include relief, conferences, community services & community centers
2
others include Public Administration and Trade-related projects
Afghanistan
Joining Date: 20/10/1976
Capital Subscription: 9.93m
Percentage of total capital: 0.02%
Total Projects & Financing:36 projects worth USD 1585M
Completed Projects: 28
On Going: 08
Other Social
Transport Services Others
Albania
Joining Date: 21/08/1993
Capital Subscription: 9.23m
Percentage of total capital: 0.02%
Total Projects & Financing: 35 projects worth USD 575.6M
Completed Projects: 23
On Going: 12
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Development Mining Services
Algeria
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 1,285.59m
Percentage of total capital: 2.54%
Total Projects & Financing: 248 rojects worth USD 2,489.4M
Completed Projects: 245
On Going: 3
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Azerbaijan
Joining Date: 04/07/1992
Capital Subscription: 50.92m
Percentage of total capital: 0.10%
Total Projects & Financing: 66 projects worth USD 1,129.1M
Completed Projects: 58
On Going: 8
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Real Estate Services Others
Bahrain
Joining Date: 21/10/1974
Capital Subscription: 25.88m
Percentage of total capital: 0.05%
Total Projects & Financing: 91 projects worth USD 1,877M
Completed Projects: 79
On Going: 12
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry &
Development Mining Others
Bangladesh
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription:509.96m
Percentage of total capital: 1.01%
Total Projects & Financing: 377 projects worth USD 19,907.4m
Completed Projects: 321
On Going: 56
MCPS: USD 11,215M (under-implementation)
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Benin
Joining Date: 03/03/1984
Capital Subscription: 20.80m
Percentage of total capital: 0.04%
Total Projects & Financing: 88projects worth USD 853.9m
Completed Projects: 67
On Going: 21
MCPS: USD 570M (Completed)
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Information &
Transport Development Communications Others
Brunei
Joining Date: 03/04/1986
Capital Subscription: 128.36m
Percentage of total capital: 0.25%
Total Projects & Financing: 6 projects worth USD 49.9M
Completed Projects: 05
On Going: 1
Agriculture Finance
1 project 5 projects
worth USD
49.9m
Burkina Faso
Joining Date: 15/03/1978
Capital Subscription: 90.17m
Percentage of total capital: 0.18%
Total Projects & Financing: 161 projects worth USD 2,184.9M
Completed Projects: 107
On Going: 54
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Cameroon
Joining Date: 28/03/1977
Capital Subscription: 128.36m
Percentage of total capital: 0.25%
Total Projects & Financing: 95 projects worth USD 1,537.3M
Completed Projects: 44
On Going: 51
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Other Social
Transport Development Services
Chad
Joining Date: 26/03/1977
Capital Subscription: 9.77m
Percentage of total capital: 0.02%
Total Projects & Financing: 110 projects worth USD 814.7M
Completed Projects: 80
On Going: 30
MCPS: USD 450M (Completed)
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Comoros
Joining Date: 11/03/1980
Capital Subscription: 13.02m
Percentage of total capital: 0.03%
Total Projects & Financing: 35 projects worth USD 178.3M
Completed Projects: 27
On Going: 8
Cote D’Ivoire
Joining Date: 02/07/2002
Capital Subscription: 13.02m
Percentage of total capital: 0.03%
Total Projects & Financing: 69 projects worth USD 1,800.3M
Completed Projects: 26
On Going: 43
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban
Development Others
7 projects 2 projects
worth USD worth USD
428.1m 48.9m
Djibouti
Joining Date: 11/03/1980
Capital Subscription: 4.96m
Percentage of total capital: 0.01%
Total Projects & Financing: 90 projects worth USD 910.8M
Completed Projects: 67
On Going: 23
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Egypt
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 3,579.65m
Percentage of total capital: 7.07%
Total Projects & Financing: 258 projects worth USD 11,647.6M
Completed Projects: 198
On Going: 60
MCPS: USD 2,750M (under-implementation)
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Gabon
Joining Date: 03/03/1981
Capital Subscription: 54.58m
Percentage of total capital: 0.11%
Total Projects & Financing: 22 projects worth USD 496.8M
Completed Projects: 20
On Going: 2
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban
Education Finance Health Transport Development
Information and
Communication
3 projects
worth USD
45.1m
Gambia
Joining Date: 11/03/1980
Capital Subscription: 25.84m
Percentage of total capital: 0.05%
Total Projects & Financing: 125 projects worth USD 789.4M
Completed Projects: 93
On Going: 23
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Real Estate Services Others
Guinea
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 45.85m
Percentage of total capital: 0.09%
Total Projects & Financing: 131 projects worth USD 972M
Completed Projects: 93
On Going: 38
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Guinea Bissau
Joining Date: 16/11/1978
Capital Subscription: 4.96m
Percentage of total capital: 0.01%
Total Projects & Financing: 17 projects worth USD 21M
Completed Projects: 16
On Going: 1
Industry &
Agriculture Energy Health Transport Mining
Other Social
Services Others
3 projects 4 projects
worth USD worth USD
1.3m 15.7m
Guyana
Joining Date: 19/05/2016
Capital Subscription: 2.50m
Percentage of total capital: 0.01%
Total Projects & Financing: 7 projects worth USD 1.2M
Completed Projects: 03
On Going: 04
Other Social
Agriculture Education Health Services
Indonesia
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 1,137.95m
Percentage of total capital: 2.25%
Total Projects & Financing: 198 projects worth USD 5,056M
Completed Projects: 156
On Going: 42
MCPS: USD 3,300M (completed)
USD 5,165M (under-implementation)
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Iran
Joining Date: 22/02/1989
Capital Subscription: 4,174.63m
Percentage of total capital: 8.25%
Total Projects & Financing: 281 projects worth USD 5918.8M
Completed Projects: 252
On Going: 29
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Iraq
Joining Date: 23/09/1978
Capital Subscription:135.05m
Percentage of total capital: 0.27%
Total Projects & Financing: 61 projects worth USD 334.2M
Completed Projects: 56
On Going: 05
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry &
Education Finance Health Development Mining
Other Social
Services Others
15 projects 34 projects
worth USD worth USD
6m 299.8m
Jordan
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription:219.76m
Percentage of total capital: 0.43%
Total Projects & Financing: 157 projects worth USD 2,536.2M
Completed Projects: 141
On Going: 16
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Real Estate Services Others
Kazakhstan
Joining Date: 16/05/1996
Capital Subscription: 54m
Percentage of total capital: 0.11%
Total Projects & Financing: 67 projects worth USD 2,020.6M
Completed Projects: 49
On Going: 18
MCPS: (net approval) USD 1193M (completed)
Information &
Agriculture Education Communications Finance Health
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Kuwait
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 3,500m
Percentage of total capital: 6.92%
Total Projects & Financing: 85 projects worth USD 1,354M
Completed Projects: 82
On Going: 3
MCPS: (net approval) USD 21M (Completed)
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Kyrgyz
Joining Date: 03/11/1993
Capital Subscription: 25.84M
Percentage of total capital: 0.05%
Total Projects & Financing: 61 projects worth USD 340.9m
Completed Projects: 37
On Going: 24
Lebanon
Joining Date: 28/03/1977
Capital Subscription: 35.77M
Percentage of total capital: 0.07%
Total Projects & Financing: 105 projects worth USD 1,713.7m
Completed Projects: 77
On Going: 28
Information &
Education Energy Finance Communications Transport
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Other Social
Development Services Others
Libya
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 4,771.66m
Percentage of total capital: 9.43%
Total Projects & Financing: 36 projects worth USD 647.9m
Completed Projects: 34
On Going: 2
Information &
Communicar-
Agriculture tions Energy Finance Transport
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Development Mining Services Others
Malaysia
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 823.08m
Percentage of total capital: 1.63%
Total Projects & Financing: 98 projects worth USD 1,083.8M
Completed Projects: 87
On Going: 11
MCPS: (net approval) USD 40M (completed)
Maldives
Joining Date: 11/03/1980
Capital Subscription: 25.84m
Percentage of total capital:0.05%
Total Projects & Financing: 56 projects worth USD 562.9M
Completed Projects: 40
On Going: 16
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Mali
Joining Date: 15/03/1978
Capital Subscription: 50.92m
Percentage of total capital: 0.10%
Total Projects & Financing: 154 projects worth USD 1584.6M
Completed Projects: 107
On Going: 47
MCPS: USD 500M (completed)
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Mauritania
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 35.77m
Percentage of total capital: 0.07%
Total Projects & Financing: 159 projects worth USD 1,404M
Completed Projects: 121
On Going: 38
MCPS: USD 700M (completed)
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Real Estate Services Others
Morocco
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 256.69m
Percentage of total capital: 0.51%
Total Projects & Financing: 227 projects worth USD 6,701.3M
Completed Projects: 205
On Going: 22
MCPS: USD 2000M (completed)
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Mozambique
Joining Date: 30/11/1995
Capital Subscription: 25.84m
Percentage of total capital: 0.05%
Total Projects & Financing: 43 projects worth USD 435.5M
Completed Projects: 35
On Going: 08
Other Social
Transport Services Others
Niger
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 90.17m
Percentage of total capital: 0.18%
Total Projects & Financing: 155 projects worth USD 828.6M
Completed Projects: 110
On Going: 45
MCPS: USD 799M (completed)
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Nigeria
Joining Date: 08/06/2005
Capital Subscription: 3,874.52m
Percentage of total capital: 7.66%
Total Projects & Financing: 79 projects worth USD 1,151.6M
Completed Projects: 49
On Going: 30
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry &
Development Mining Others
Oman
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 142.55m
Percentage of total capital: 0.28%
Total Projects & Financing: 47 projects worth USD 2,033.2M
Completed Projects: 37
On Going: 10
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Pakistan
Joining Date:12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: USD 1,285.59 M
Percentage of total capital: 2.54%
Total Projects & Financing: 357 projects worth USD 11,690.2M
Completed Projects: 320
On Going: 37
MCPS: USD 2500M (completed)
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Palestine
Joining Date: 23/06/1977
Capital Subscription: USD19.55 M
Percentage of total capital: 0.04%
Total Financing: 63 projects worth USD 80.4M
Completed Projects: 57
On Going: 06
Information &
Education Energy Finance Health Communications
Qatar
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: USD 3,632.36m
Percentage of total capital: 7.18%
Total Projects & Financing: 20 projects worth USD 438.9M
Completed Projects: 20
On Going: --
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry &
Education Finance Health Development Mining
Saudi Arabia
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: USD 11,896.80m
Percentage of total capital: 23.50%
Total Projects & Financing: 294 projects worth USD 4,862.2M
Completed Projects: 227
On Going: 67
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Real Estate Services Others
Senegal
Joining Date: 20/11/1976
Capital Subscription: 47.81m
Percentage of total capital: 0.29%
Total Projects & Financing: 180 projects worth USD 3,060.7M
Completed Projects: 123
On Going: 57
MCPS: USD 760M (completed)
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Sierra Leone
Joining Date: 24/05/1982
Capital Subscription: 18.16m
Percentage of total capital: 0.04%
Total Projects & Financing: 72 projects worth USD 393.9M
Completed Projects: 49
On Going: 23
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Other Social
Development Services Others
Somalia
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 4.96m
Percentage of total capital: 0.01%
Total Projects & Financing: 72 projects worth USD 87.8M
Completed Projects: 58
On Going: 14
MCPS: (net approval) USD 5.3M (completed)
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Other Social
Transport Development Services Others
Sudan
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Key source of income: 232.95m
Percentage of total capital: 0.46%
Total Projects & Financing: 187 projects worth USD 1,607.1M
Completed Projects: 143
On Going: 44
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Suriname
Joining Date: 07/12/1997
Capital Subscription: 9.23m
Percentage of total capital: 0.02%
Total Projects & Financing: 31 projects worth USD 271.5M
Completed Projects: 14
On Going: 17
MCPS: USD 66M (completed)
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Information &
Transport Development Mining Communicatons Others
Syria
Joining Date: 09/09/1975
Capital Subscription: 18.49m
Percentage of total capital: 0.04%
Total Projects & Financing: 73 projects worth USD 772.4M
Completed Projects: 61
On Going: 9
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Other Social
Transport Development Real Estate Services Others
Tajikistan
Joining Date: 01/06/1997
Capital Subscription: 18.16m
Percentage of total capital: 0.04%
Total Projects & Financing: 80 projects worth USD 490.9M
Completed Projects: 57
On Going: 23
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Other Social
Transport Development Real Estate Services Others
Togo
Joining Date:18/11/1998
Capital Subscription: 18.16m
Percentage of total capital: 0.04%
Total Projects & Financing: 50 projects worth USD 611M
Completed Projects: 27
On Going: 23
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Other Social
Development Services Others
Tunisia
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription:36.40m
Percentage of total capital: 0.07%
Total Projects & Financing: 247 projects worth USD 3,683.1M
Completed Projects: 216
On Going: 31
MCPS: USD 870M (completed)
USD 1200M (under-implementation)
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Turkey
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 3,263.84m
Percentage of total capital: 6.45%
Total Projects & Financing:452 projects worth USD 11,121.1M
Completed Projects: 398
On Going: 54
MCPS: USD 1900M (completed)
Information &
Communica-
Agriculture Education Energy Finance Health tions
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Real Estate Services Others
Turkmenistan
Joining Date: 15/11/1994
Capital Subscription: 4.96m
Percentage of total capital: 0.01%
Total Projects & Financing: 18 projects worth USD 1,102M
Completed Projects: 13
On Going: 5
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Information & Other Social
Development Communications Services
UAE
Joining Date: 12/08/1974
Capital Subscription: 3,799.49m
Percentage of total capital: 7.51%
Total Projects & Financing: 67 projects worth USD 1,040M
Completed Projects: 52
On Going: 15
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Information &
Transport Development Mining Communications Others
Uganda
Joining Date: 29/03/1977
Capital Subscription: 24.63m
Percentage of total capital: 0.05%
Total Projects & Financing: 69 projects worth USD 719M
Completed Projects: 42
On Going: 27
MCPS: USD 295M (completed)
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
Uzbekistan
Joining Date: 27/08/2003
Capital Subscription: 13.44m
Percentage of total capital: 0.03%
Total Projects & Financing:75 projects worth USD 1,858.6M
Completed Projects: 38
On Going: 37
MCPS: USD 1300M (under-implementation)
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Information &
Transport Development Mining Others Communications
Yemen
Joining Date: 28/07/1975
Capital Subscription: 258.62m
Percentage of total capital: 0.51%
Total Projects & Financing: 150 projects worth USD 1,015.2M
Completed Projects: 119
On Going: 31
Water, Sani-
tation, Urban Industry & Other Social
Transport Development Mining Services Others
The IsDB recognizes that qualified human resources are the key for
sustainable socio-economic development programmes and has
given utmost importance of human development, vis-à-vis human
resources development among its main stream financing from the
very early days of its inception.
In 2017, the Bank also launched a Joint Programme with The World
Academy of Science (TWAS) in Italy for building critical mass in the
fields of Science, Technology and Innovation to address sustainable
development challenges of member countries. In addition, as a new
initiative for Least Developed Member Countries (LDMCs), a Joint
Scholarship Programme funded by the ISFD has been launched
with the specific aim of reducing poverty. This programme aims at
providing scholarships to financially impoverished and academically
meritorious to study vocational training and undergraduate pro-
gramme.
Despite the huge potential, some critical challenges are still ahead of
IsDB member states. These include:
Areas of Focus
What we do:
Causes:
Urban challenges in the 21st century include the increasing need for
people to move from place to place, rising demand for decent urban
housing shelter, difficulty to manage waste generated by the urban
dwellers, and higher water and energy consumption. When a city
fails to address these challenges, such a city becomes less compet-
itive, live-able and consequently loses its relevance as a key driver
for growth. A well performing institutional structure and adequate
financing are crucial requirements for cities to be compatible with
the global urban infrastructure standards.
What we do:
The three biggest ongoing water projects are in West Africa (Sene-
gal, Mali & Burkina Faso). The Western Tehran Sanitation Project in
Iran is the biggest sanitation project worth USD 211 million. Finally,
the Cocody Bay Environmental Improvement and Urban Develop-
ment Project in Cote d’Ivoire (Euro 234 million) approved in 2017, is
the biggest urban development project financed by the Bank and it
highlights a partnership and south-south cooperation between Cote
d’Ivoire and Morocco.
IsDB’s focus area include the following thematic areas under the
urban development operations:
The IsDB financing for transport sector has greatly helped countries
in their integration efforts within the national, regional and/or global
economy. These IsDB projects have enhanced mobility, accessibility
and supply of goods and services among member countries.
What we do:
In 2017, IsDB launched the first IsDB Member Countries PPP Forum
in Saudi Arabia. The Forum managed to increase awareness on the
importance of PPP within the region by bringing together more than
300 government officials and private-sector business leaders.
Themes
Fragile and Conflict Affected Situations (FCAS)
The IsDB Group has been actively engaged in various ways in build-
ing resilience and mitigating the adverse effects of FCAS. However,
IsDB engagement are mostly on a case by case basis and mainly
focuses on rebuilding physical infrastructure, renewal of human and
social capital, and participation in international aid.
The IsDB Group, so far, has provided more than $2 billion FCAS
operations in 40-member countries and Muslim communities in 19
non-member countries. IsDB interventions include relief assistance,
water and sanitation, education, health etc. but mainly focuses on
reconstructing physical infrastructure and rejuvenating human and
social capital, which are carried out through Trust Funds, Fael Khair
Program, Special Operations and ISFD.
To drive the Bank towards the above mentioned operating model, the
Bank adopted Integrated Strategic Programming Framework (ISPF).
The ISPF focuses on developing a new generation of Member Coun-
try Partnership Strategy (MCPS). This strategy defines IsDB’s inter-
ventions in the Member Country through an agreed upon approach
between the Bank and the member countries. The MCPS helps IsDB
and the member country to define a universe of interventions over a
period that focuses on maximizing developmental impact.
Through the MCPS process, IsDB has been able to mobilize resourc-
es, conduct sustained campaigns to disseminate its products and
services, and build strong country knowledge by understanding
emerging opportunities and challenges facing its member countries.
Based on the lessons learnt from the first batch of MCPS, the Bank
has initiated a second batch of MCPS with greater focus on achiev-
ing member country competitiveness and development effective-
ness, promoting innovative interventions and global value chains,
and expanding operations in several crosscutting areas including
Islamic finance, private sector development and Reverse Linkage
activities.
In the same spirit, the Bank has adopted even a larger mandate - Re-
gional Cooperation and Integration (RCI) which defines the process
by which countries coordinate, collaborate and invest to strengthen
integration of their economies, to mitigate shared risks and avoid
conflict.
IsDB launched the WTO-Program with the prime objective to help its
member countries upgrade their human and institutional capacities
to adjust to the new multilateral trading system. The aim of the Pro-
gram is to provide greater awareness to the Organization of Islamic
Cooperation (OIC) member countries on WTO Agreements and their
implementation and facilitate the process of their accession to the
WTO. It also serves as a forum where relevant officials from member
countries can exchange views and discuss various multilateral trade
matters.